Hmongtown Marketplace

Last updated

Hmongtown Marketplace
Hmongtown Marketplace Saint Paul Minnesota logo.png
Hmongtown Marketplace East Building close.jpg
Hmongtown Marketplace East Building as seen from the parking lot, facing North
Hmongtown Marketplace
Location Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
Coordinates 44°57′41″N93°06′34″W / 44.96139°N 93.10944°W / 44.96139; -93.10944
Address217 Como Ave, St Paul, MN 55103
Opening date2004 [1]
Previous namesInternational Marketplace
ManagementJameson Liu [2] [3]
Owner
No. of stores and services200–300 [6] [1] [7]
Total retail floor area 6 acres (260,000  sq ft) [7]
No. of floors1
Public transit access
Website hmongtownmarketplace.com

Hmongtown Marketplace is an indoor-outdoor marketplace focused on Hmong American products and culture in the Frogtown neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Hmongtown was the first Hmong-owned and operated marketplace in the United States and is today noted for its cuisine and produce.

Contents

Locally it is variously referred to as the Hmong Farmers Market or Hmong Flea Market, or simply "Hmongtown" to emphasize its role as a cultural hub like a Chinatown, not just a retail location.

Description

Two buildings in north Frogtown at 217 Como Ave [10] contain more than 200 vendors who sell traditional food, clothing, and home goods especially from Hmong and Hmong American culture, including from Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. [11] [12] The market is designed to simulate open-air markets in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and Vientiane, Laos. Produce vendors sell culturally specific fruits, vegetables, nuts, and other edible plants. [13] Hot and ready-made food vendors sell a variety of dishes such as roast meats, boba tea, papaya salad, and bánh mì. [1] Home goods include green market, electronics, religious supplies, and garden tools. [14] [15] A bank branch staffed by Hmong-speaking employees was added in 2024. [16] [17] [18]

It's easy to forget, when you're walking past the crowded indoor stalls or outdoor vegetable stands in Hmongtown Marketplace that you're in the American Midwest. The sounds, smells, voices on TV and faces proclaim, "Southeast Asia!"

Why you should visit St. Paul, Washington Post [19]
Outdoor summer market booth selling potted vegetable plants Outdoor market at Hmongtown Marketplace Saint Paul Minnesota.png
Outdoor summer market booth selling potted vegetable plants

In the summer the market nearly doubles in size with an outdoor market in the surrounding paved lot that brings the number of vendors up to 300 or more. [6] The outdoor market is sometimes referred to as the Hmongtown Farmers Market and sells produce as well as meat, clothing and textiles, herbal medicine, live potted plants, and home products. [20] [21]

The large size and foot traffic have led to the nickname "Hmong Mall of America". 600 people work inside, as many as 20,000 customers have been noted during events, and there is capacity for more than 300 stalls. [7] The interior footpath complexity due to the many stalls has been described as "labyrinthine" and "byzantine". [22] [20] Because of the wide variety of products and services offered at Hmongtown, it is referred to as many different kinds of markets, such as a mall, a supermarket, a flea market, a farmers market, a marketplace, and a food hall. [23] [24] [25] [9] Locally it is variously referred to as the Hmong Farmers Market or Hmong Flea Market, or simply "Hmongtown" to emphasize its role as a cultural hub like a Chinatown, not just a retail location. [6] [24] [26]

Name

The idea of a "Hmongtown", so named as a Chinatown, has been documented in the Hmong American community for some time. In the 1997 book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down , which documents one Hmong refugee family's difficulty with the United States' healthcare system in the decade after Hmong began seeking refuge in the United States, author Anne Fadiman details a Hmong community leader in Merced, California named Blia Yao Moua who at one point pursued a Hmong American-oriented housing complex he called "Hmongtown" which would be designed to remind demoralized refugees of Laos. [27] Hmong American poet Bryan Thao Worra describes Fresno as a Hmong American city alongside other ethnicities, and entitles the poem (and Fresno) Hmongtown. [28]

Hmongtown founder Toua Xiong said in 2000, four years before Hmongtown was realized, that the goal of his neighborhood business ventures were to "turn Frogtown into Hmongtown". [29] His marketplace concept was opened as International Marketplace in 2004, and renamed Hmongtown Marketplace in 2009. Xiong has since encouraged leaving "Marketplace" out of the name in order to emphasize Hmongtown as "[n]ot just a bazaar but a community unto itself." [6]

History

Hmongtown was the first Hmong-owned and operated marketplace in the United States. [30] [31] The market was founded as International Marketplace [30] [32] in 2004 by Saint Paul, Minnesota entrepreneurs and real estate devlopers Toua Xiong and Nou (Vang) Xiong. [1] [33] [5] Hmong people were persecuted in their homelands following the Laotian Civil War known as the Secret War and the Xiongs wanted a place for first generation immigrants such as themselves to gather as though they were at home. The marketplace originally had many video stores that sold footage of and movies set in Laos and Thailand as part of that nostalgia. [31] Hmongtown serves a similar role to the Minnesota Hmong community as Hmong villages and ethnic Hmong marketplaces in countries of origin such as Vietnam and Laos, which are cultural and social hubs. [34]

Toua Xiong spent his childhood in Laos before his family escaped to a refugee camp. He, a younger brother, and his parents joined his teenage brothers in an American-run refugee camp when he was twelve. In 1986 at seventeen years old, he and his wife Nou Vang immigrated to St. Paul, Minnesota and settled in Frogtown. [6] In three years he gained college degrees in business and accounting. [11] [30] He has a master's degree in accounting. [35]

Foodsmart

External image
Mia minneapolis logo.svg
Minneapolis Institute of Art collections
Searchtool.svg Painted depiction of Foodsmart on a Hmong American business corridor Hmong American politician and artist Cy Thao includes Hmong businesses like Foodsmart in the upswing of Hmong American history: "After 25 years of being in America, our communities are beginning to take root. The children are getting a first rate education. Opportunities are beginning to open up. Hmong businesses are popping up everywhere. It’s a sign that we will make it here too." [36]

Prior to opening Hmongtown, the Xiongs owned and operated the Asian grocery store Foodsmart (now doing business as Sun Foods [37] ), part of the Unidale Mall strip mall on University Avenue in Frogtown, with a second location in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. Opened around 1996 [35] with business loans, the grocery hosted an 80 stall farmers market in its parking lot, a ready-made hot food Thai and Hmong restaurant and buffet, [38] an event hall, and a Hmong sausage processing facility which sold 700 pounds of sausage daily. [39] [40] Toua's goal was to "turn Frogtown into Hmongtown". [29] [41] [37] [42] [43] [44] (From 1981 to 2005, the number of Asian businesses on University Avenue in Frogtown grew from one business to more than sixty businesses. [45] )

Foodsmart was involved in community initiatives: hosting the Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotans get-out-the-vote events and community engagement about the Metro Transit light rail Central Corridor construction in 2007. Representatives from Foodsmart served on the Central Corridor Business Advisory Council. [46] [47] [48] It hosted fundraisers for local Hmong institutions such as the Hmong Cultural Center Museum, which was founded during a meeting at Foodsmart. [49] [50]

The New York Times recommended Foodsmart's daily Hmong food buffet in 2002. [51] Star Tribune recommended the Thai and Hmong food in 2001. [52] Toua Xiong received a minority business leader award for Foodsmart from Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal in 2002. [53]

The Xiongs moved on to develop the multi-vendor International Marketplace with a goal to provide Hmong with more economic opportunity. [42]

International Marketplace

The 6-acre [7] Hmongtown site was previously Shaw Stewart Lumber Co. on Como Avenue, north of the St. Paul Capitol building. [54] The two original buildings remain as the East Building and West Building. Toua Xiong didn't realize the obstacles to redeveloping the property for grocery and retail when he rented it from the lumber company, having only recently become a business owner and an English speaker. Renovations to meet regulations included a sprinkler system, more toilets, exhaust fans in restaurant spaces, and an upgraded larger sewer pipe to connect to the municipal system. Despite setbacks, he opened International Marketplace in 2004. [6] [55] [56] [57] It was one of the biggest Hmong-owned businesses in Minnesota. [58]

In 2009 the Xiongs bought the property from the lumber company and renamed it Hmongtown Marketplace. [7] [30]

Impact

Hmong people at a marketplace in Ha Giang province, Vietnam Hmong people at a marketplace in the Ha Giang Province in 2014.jpg
Hmong people at a marketplace in Ha Giang province, Vietnam

Hmongtown aimed to provide a social and economic hub to newly-immigrated Hmong. [11] It has been credited with creating hundreds of jobs and other entrepreneurial opportunities for much of the Minnesota Hmong diaspora. [59] Most of the vendors speak only a Hmong dialect and not English, which Toua Xiong says has allowed them to maintain employment and start a business while still acclimating to America. [6] [11] [30]

In 2010 Toua Xiong was awarded the Immigrant of Distinction award for his work at Hmongtown from the Minnesota-Dakotas chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers Association. [30]

Hmongtown was featured in an Emmy Award-winning episode of CNN's United Shades of America with owner Toua Xiong and local Hmong American chef Yia Vang in 2019. [60] [61] Andrew Zimmern featured papaya salad, fried intestines, and bitter bamboo soup from Hmongtown on Bizarre Foods America in 2012, and the popular Hmong sausage with purple sticky rice meal on Bizarre Foods: Delicious Destinations in 2016. [62] [63]

Culture

Hand-forged traditional Hmong garden tools for sale at a stall inside Hmongtown Tools for sale at Hmongtown Markertplace Saint Paul Minnesota.png
Hand-forged traditional Hmong garden tools for sale at a stall inside Hmongtown

Hmong are the largest Asian diaspora in Minnesota, and Minnesota has the second-largest Hmong population in the United States. [64] Hmongtown is a staple of local Hmong life and creates a sense of community and belonging. [1] [26] [65] Less than four miles away is a similar Hmong American marketplace called Hmong Village. The markets and surrounding Asian businesses are in the Little Mekong Cultural District, a business district with a high concentration of Asian businesses and cultural sites. [55] [66] [12] [67]

While the focus is Hmong culture, the marketplace contains shops and stalls with proprietors and products from any of the cultures that can be found in the surrounding neighborhood Frogtown, which in the 20th century became the most ethnically diverse neighborhood in Saint Paul. [68] [69] [70] [18] Nepali, African American, and Mexican vendors have been noted. [71] [72] More than half of Hmongtown's visitors are white. Owner Toua Xiong aims for the market to be welcoming to those new to Hmong culture. [73] [11]

Art and crafts

Stalls selling woven wares at Hmongtown's East Building. Hmongtown Marketplace East Building weaving booth.jpg
Stalls selling woven wares at Hmongtown's East Building.

Vendors at Hmongtown sell traditional Hmong textile art such as kawm (woven baskets) and forms of Paj Ntaub (flower cloth) such as batik dyed cloth (Paj Ntaub nraj ciab/cab [74] ) and story cloth, which depicts scenes from Hmong life and history. [75] [72] Basketry includes Blue Hmong baby carriers. [76] Embroidery thread, coins, beads, metals, and other materials for making Hmong textiles are available from multiple vendors. [77] Some textiles are made abroad and sold by family at Hmongtown. [78]

Hmongtown provides a place to perpetuate Hmong culture such as textile art. A participant in a study on Hmong youth recalled how spending time at her mother's Hmongtown stall encouraged her to become a Hmong Paj Ntaub embroiderer: "Over winter break, my mom had a stall at Hmongtown Market so I went with her to help her. I was tired of not doing anything so I started embroidering again. That’s when I realized that if I did not continue to embroider then I would not know how to embroider in the future. And if I had children, they would not know as well, and if my sisters did not know how to embroider, there would be no one who would know." [80] [26] [79]

Ten story cloths by Hmongtown textile artisans Sy Vang Lo and Khang Vang Yang were exhibited at the Mathers Museum of World Cultures [81] and the Northern Illinois University Pick Museum. [82] Vang Lo led the Hmong Folk Art Center in Eagan, Minnesota [83] and the traditional work of her family is included in the Minneapolis Institute of Art collection. [84]

Light boxes of photography from Hmong American artist Pao Houa Her, whose work was selected for the Whitney Biennial, decorate the West Building food court seating area. [85] [86] [87] The exhibit is accompanied by text from Hmong American poet and playwright May Lee-Yang. [88] Her's artwork being displayed simultaneously at the renowned Walker Art Center and Hmongtown was praised by Walker’s curatorial fellow in visual arts Matthew Miranda as a "break in the art world decorum" that "subverts the white view in museums." [89] [90]

Other featured artists have included Tetsuya Yamada and HOTTEA. [91] [92] [90]

Cuisine

Stalls selling fresh produce at Hmongtown Marketplace Produce stalls at Hmongtown Marketplace Saint Paul Minnesota.png
Stalls selling fresh produce at Hmongtown Marketplace

Hmongtown is noted for its prepared food and quality produce, with the Star Tribune calling it "one of the state's top culinary gems" [15] and Saveur enthusing it is a "destination" for cooks. [55] Five-time James Beard Award-nominee Diane Moua recommends the prepared food. [93] Food critic Andrew Zimmern says it is "the country’s best little-known ethnic market." [94] Minnesota Monthly included Hmongtown in their "'culinary canon' of essential local eats" [95] list the "Foodie 40", saying Hmongtown is "one of the great, affordable flavor adventures in the Twin Cities" and calling it "ground zero" for good chicken wings. [96] [97]

The average price of a meal is less than $15 and restaurants are open all day for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. [98] Individual restaurant stalls and a food court serve traditional Hmong and Southeast Asian meals, snacks, and street food. [99] Because Hmong are a diaspora, Hmong cuisine is a fusion, so dishes at Hmongtown come from Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and even China, Japan, South Korea, and Mexico. Difficult to find outside of Minnesota, Hmong-style barbecue is prominent, including traditionally prepared and cold Hmong sausage (nyhuv ntxwm hmoob), which is a pork sausage flavored with Thai chili and herbs like lemongrass, and sai krok , a traditional fermented pork sausage. [55] [100] [101] [102] [103] Dishes popular among Hmong such as pho (or the Hmong version of pho called fawm [104] [105] ), khaub poob (red curry noodle soup), [106] [107] larb (minced meat salad), nab vam (tapioca dessert), purple rice, [23] boba tea, mangonada, [108] and papaya salad are widely available from multiple restaurants. [109] [110] [111]

Spicy Hmong sausage from Como Meats butcher and deli inside Hmongtown Marketplace's East Building Hmong sausage spicy at Como Meats Hmongtown Marketplace.jpg
Spicy Hmong sausage from Como Meats butcher and deli inside Hmongtown Marketplace's East Building

Notable vendors and dishes include:

Hmongtown is recommended for its cuisine in many travel guides such as Lonely Planet and Condé Nast Traveler . [114] [115] [116] [117]

An outdoor market that sells much of the same merchandise as the indoor market operates from May to October. It has an emphasis on fresh produce and starter plants for gardening vegetables. [118] [119]

Longan such as those sold at Hmongtown Longan fruit flesh & skin.jpg
Longan such as those sold at Hmongtown

Produce commonly available at Hmongtown has Southeast Asian origins and is difficult to find in mainstream groceries. A large portion of the produce is locally grown by Hmong farmers. [20] [102]

Produce includes rambutan, [120] [55] Hmong yellow and red cucumbers, [55] bitter melon, [55] [23] purple lemongrass, [55] [23] [20] sugar cane, [55] Thai chili, [55] pea eggplant, [55] [23] dried imported bamboo, [55] [20] winter melon, [55] radish greens, [55] bok choy [55] varieties such as Shanghai bok choy, [121] Chinese broccoli, [23] Thai basil, [20] longan, [20] [102] lychee, [20] pomelo, [30] mangosteen, [30] persimmon, [102] okra, [122] and jackfruit. [121]

Events

In June 2016 Hmongtown held the first Hmongtown Festival, a two-day music and cultural festival focusing on Hmong history and culture. The festival is held annually. [11] Owner Toua Xiong who learned to sing and play guitar in a refugee camp played at the first festival. [6] Minnesota Governor Tim Walz and Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan took part in the festival in 2019. [123]

Health

Hmongtown vendors sell traditional Hmong and Southeast Asian medicine such as herbs and imported over the counter drugs. [55] Traditional Hmong herbal medicine is difficult to find, so vendors at Hmongtown attract customers from all over the world and play a role in preserving Hmong culture. [2] Local hospitals such as M Health Fairview and Regions Hospital purchase post-partum Hmong herbs from Hmongtown as part of an effort to improve birth outcomes with culturally competent care. [124]

Because of its reputation as a Hmong community hub, Hmongtown is often targeted for public health initiatives. Hmongtown participates in outreach around testing for breast cancer and reducing consumption of heavy metals from skin lightening products and fish. [125] [126] [127] [128] The market also held vaccine clinics during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. [129] [3]

In June 2013, law enforcement raided Hmongtown and confiscated hundreds of pounds of illegal medication, including penicillin, opiates, and mislabeled over the counter medication. Vendors were subjected to full body searches. Cultural differences and language barriers were blamed, although Ramsey County Sheriff's office spokesperson Randy Gustafson said that vendors had been previously warned against selling the products confiscated. 14 vendors were ultimately charged with "selling misbranded drugs, possessing and selling drugs that require a license, selling syringes, and unlawfully possessing poison." [130]

The Minnesota Department of Health started an educational series with Hmongtown vendors to explain drug safety and American regulations in response. [131] [130] A similar incident occurred at the nearby Hmong Village shopping center in 2018. [132]

Expansion

Hmong Cultural Center Museum Hmong Cultural Center Museum-11.jpg
Hmong Cultural Center Museum

Hmongtown plans to expand to Hmong senior daycare and senior housing, and include more Hmong cultural activities such as an art gallery, music performance, and permanent history exhibits. [6] Underground parking and an office building are also planned. [7] In 2018 a joint state grant was issued to Hmongtown and the Saint Paul Port Authority to investigate the rehabilitation potential of a contaminated lot for future residential and commercial mixed use. [133]

Off-site expansion includes nonprofits and museums. Through Hi Hi LLC, Toua Xiong and his wife Nou Xiong founded a Hmong and Karen cultural center and museum a few blocks from Hmongtown. He also runs Hmongtown Connections, a cultural exchange program that runs Hmongtown Festival. [30] [134] [135]

In 2025, Xiong plans to open a second Hmongtown location in the former Sears space at the Maplewood Mall. [136] [137] The 14 acre space would be developed into a marketplace and additional services aimed at younger customers than the original Hmongtown targets. [138]

Similar markets

In 2009 a group of Hmong American entrepreneurs opened Hmong Village in St. Paul. Four miles from Hmongtown, Hmong Village offered a similar experience, with a large warehouse renting individual stalls to vendors to sell wares and goods. It is also known for its food and produce. [12] [66] [55] [139]

In 2014 the Pacific Produce grocery store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin renovated part of their warehouse store into Hmong Town Market, which hosted ready-made food stands run by Wisconsin Hmong American entrepreneurs. [140] [141] [142]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minnesota</span> U.S. state

Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the south, and North Dakota and South Dakota to the west. It is the 12th-largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd-most populous, with around 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes"; it has 14,420 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each. Roughly a third of the state is forested. Much of the remainder is prairie and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", which is Minnesota's main political, economic, and cultural hub and the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Paul, Minnesota</span> Capital city of Minnesota, United States

Saint Paul is the capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County. Situated on high bluffs overlooking a bend in the Mississippi River, Saint Paul is a regional business hub and the center of Minnesota's government. The Minnesota State Capitol and the state government offices all sit on a hill close to the city's downtown district. One of the oldest cities in Minnesota, Saint Paul has several historic neighborhoods and landmarks, such as the Summit Avenue Neighborhood, the James J. Hill House, and the Cathedral of Saint Paul. Like the adjacent city of Minneapolis, Saint Paul is known for its cold, snowy winters and humid summers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</span> Metropolitan area in Minnesota, United States

Minneapolis–Saint Paul is a metropolitan area in the Upper Midwestern United States centered around the confluence of the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is commonly known as the Twin Cities after the area's two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Minnesotans often refer to the two together simply as "The Cities". The area is Minnesota's economic, cultural, and political center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport</span> Airport in Minnesota, United States

Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport — also less commonly known as Wold–Chamberlain Field — is a joint civil-military public international airport serving the Twin Cities in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is located in Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory. Although situated within the unorganized territory, the airport is centrally located within 10 miles of both downtown Minneapolis and downtown Saint Paul. In addition to primarily hosting commercial flights from major American and some international airlines, the airport is also home to several United States Air Force and Minnesota Air National Guard operations. The airport is also used by a variety of air cargo operators. MSP is the busiest airport in the Upper Midwest.

KARE is a television station licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, serving as the Twin Cities area's NBC affiliate. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on Olson Memorial Highway in Golden Valley and a transmitter at the Telefarm site in Shoreview, Minnesota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong language</span> West Hmongic dialect continuum

Hmong or Mong is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Southwestern China, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. There are an estimated 4.5 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 Hmong Americans as of 2013. Over half of all Hmong speakers speak the various dialects in China, where the Dananshan dialect forms the basis of the standard language. However, Hmong Daw and Mong Leng are widely known only in Laos and the United States; Dananshan is more widely known in the native region of Hmong.

Minneapolis–Saint Paul, also known as the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, in the state of Minnesota, United States of America, has two major general-interest newspapers. The region is currently ranked as the 15th largest television market in the United States. The market officially includes 59 counties of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and extends far to the north and west. The radio market in the Twin Cities is estimated to be slightly smaller, ranked 16th in the nation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong Americans</span> Americans of Hmong birth or descent

Hmong Americans are Americans of Hmong ancestry. Many Hmong Americans immigrated to the United States as refugees in the late 1970s, with a second wave in the 1980s and 1990s. Over half of the Hmong population from Laos left the country, or attempted to leave, in 1975, at the culmination of the Laotian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minneapolis</span> City in Minnesota, United States

Minneapolis is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. Located in the state's center near the eastern border, it occupies both banks of the Upper Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the Twin Cities, a metropolitan area with 3.69 million residents. Minneapolis is built on an artesian aquifer on flat terrain and is known for cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes", Minneapolis is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks, and waterfalls. The city's public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maplewood Mall</span> Shopping mall in Minnesota, United States

Maplewood Mall is a super-regional shopping mall in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States. It is near Interstate 694 on the Saint Paul side of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Maplewood Mall opened in 1974. It was later renovated and expanded in 1996. It is managed by Washington Prime Group of Columbus, Ohio. The mall's anchor stores are Barnes & Noble, JCPenney, Kohl's, and Macy's with one vacant anchor last occupied by Sears.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong cuisine</span> Culinary traditions of Hmong people

Hmong cuisine comprises the culinary culture of Hmong people, an Asian diaspora originally from China who are present today in countries across the world. Because Hmong people come from all over the world, their cuisine is a fusion of many flavors and histories in East and Southeast Asia, as well as modern diasporas in the Western world such as the United States. Most dishes are not unique to Hmong culture, but are rather served in a Hmong style developed during centuries of migration across cultures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neighborhoods in Saint Paul, Minnesota</span> Communities and neighborhoods in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Saint Paul, Minnesota, consists of 17 officially defined city districts or neighborhoods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frogtown, Saint Paul, Minnesota</span> Neighborhood in Ramsey, Minnesota, United States

Frogtown is a neighborhood in Saint Paul in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Built around University Avenue, the Thomas-Dale neighborhood is colloquially known as Frogtown. Historically, Frogtown was a subsection of the current Thomas-Dale neighborhood. It is bordered by University Avenue on the south, the Burlington Northern Railroad tracks to the north, Lexington Parkway on the west and Rice Street on the east.

The Hmong people are a major ethnic group in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. As of 2000, there were 40,707 ethnic Hmong in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The 2010 U.S. Census stated there were 66,000 ethnic Hmong in Minneapolis-St. Paul, giving it the largest urban Hmong population in the world. Grit Grigoleit, author of "Coming Home? The Integration of Hmong Refugees from Wat Tham Krabok, Thailand, into American Society," wrote that the Minneapolis-St. Paul area "acted as the cultural and socio-political center of Hmong life in the U.S."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WFNU-LP</span> Radio station in Minnesota, United States

WFNU-LP is a community low-power broadcast radio station licensed to Saint Paul, Minnesota, serving Frogtown and much of Saint Paul on 94.1 MHz. The station has a hyper-local focus on the Frogtown community and surrounding neighborhoods. Programming is varied, with multiple genres of music to local talk with community members. WFNU-LP broadcasts from an antenna on top of the Frogtown Square building on the corner of University Avenue and Dale Street in Frogtown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jay Xiong</span> American politician

Jay Xiong is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2019. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Xiong represents District 67B, which includes parts of Saint Paul in Ramsey County, Minnesota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yia Vang</span> Hmong-American chef

Yia Vang is a Hmong-American chef in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong sausage</span> Long thick pork sausage seasoned with herbs

Hmong sausage is a long thick pork sausage from Hmong culture seasoned with herbs like lemongrass and Thai chili pepper. The sausage is popular during Hmong New Year celebrations. The exact recipe varies depending on factors such as clan and individual immigration background.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "What's at Hmongtown Marketplace?". Meet Minneapolis. Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  2. 1 2 Williams, Nick (July 18, 2023). "For this Minnesota family, medicinal plant business preserves Hmong history". Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   2839533448. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Minnesota Repurposes Transit Buses to Give COVID-19 Vaccines to Communities That Need Them Most". Building Better Cities. June 10, 2021. ProQuest   2539920805 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  4. "Starter Plants at HmongTown Marketplace". YouTube. HmongTown Marketplace. June 9, 2023. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  5. 1 2 "Business Increasing for Largest Refugee Group in Minnesota". Voice of America News / FIND. Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC. April 23, 2007. ProQuest   190540931 . Retrieved November 24, 2024 via ProQuest.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Moskowitz Grumdahl, Dara (November 30, 2018). "Meet the King of St. Paul's HmongTown". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Key Enterprises LLC. ISSN   0162-6655. ProQuest   2130281108. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023. Also available in The Essential Dear Dara: Writings on Local Characters and Memorable Places ISBN   9781681342757.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burger, Kevyn (September 2017). "Immigrant Success Stories: Tales of Four Minnesota Entrepreneurs from India, Nicaragua, Laos and Nigeria – and a Visit with the Head of Global Minnesota". MinnesotaBusiness. Vol. 27, no. 9. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Tiger Oak Media. pp. 18–24. ISSN   1539-6452. EBSCOhost   125122002. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2024..
  8. Rhodes, Kim (March 11, 2016). "Mastering the Market: Hmongtown Marketplace". The Mac Weekly . Macalester College. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  9. 1 2 "Explore the Vibrant Hmong Culture at Hmong Town Marketplace in Saint Paul, Minnesota". Wassup Minnesota. September 17, 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  10. Tillotson, Kristin (July 21, 2012). "Afternoon idyll, Hmong-style" . Star Tribune . ISSN   0895-2825. Gale   A297325092. ProQuest   1027442728.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Finding Minnesota: Hmongtown Marketplace". CBS News Minnesota. WCCO News. June 5, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 Atoigua, Zeta (February 2, 2024). "DAY 39: Hmongtown Marketplace, Saint Paul, Minnesota". Asian & Pacific Islander Americans in Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  13. Lee, Mai Na M. (December 7, 2021). "Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  14. Johnson, Cecilia (November 8, 2022). "These 16 Twin Cities Grocery Stores Have Really Great Cafes Inside Them". Eater. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rayno, Amelia (May 2, 2018). "10 must-eat foods at St. Paul's two massive Hmong markets". Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   2033979140. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  16. Niepow, Dan (September 27, 2024). "HmongTown Marketplace Gets a Stearns Bank Office". Twin Cities Business. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  17. Thamer, Sarah (October 18, 2024). "New office brings much-needed banking resources to HmongTown Marketplace". MPR News . Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  18. 1 2 KFAI (July 23, 2012). "St. Paul's Frogtown Neighborhood". AMPERS. Retrieved October 30, 2024. This is now the most diverse neighborhood in the most diverse county in the state of Minnesota.
  19. Kaplan, Melanie D.G. (October 9, 2019). "Why you should visit St. Paul". Washington Post. EBSCOhost   wapo.a9126bb0-da3f-11e9-ac63-3016711543fe. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ross, Jason (June 11, 2012). "A Chef's Guide to Shopping the Hmongtown Marketplace". Minnesota Monthly. Greenspring Media, LLC. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  21. Vang, Pa Der, ed. (February 25, 2020). Staring Down the Tiger: Stories of Hmong American Women. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 58. ISBN   978-1-68134-150-7. OCLC   1142813312. Project MUSE   89648.
  22. Halpern, Ashlea (June–July 2019). "The Twin Cities...Where You Can Take a World Food Tour without Leaving Minnesota". Bon Appetit. Vol. 64, no. 5. Conde Nast Publications. pp. 43–46. ISSN   0006-6990. EBSCOhost   136476278. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2024..
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summers, Joy. "The First Five Dishes to Try Inside Saint Paul's Hmong Food Halls". Visit Saint Paul. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  24. 1 2 "Hmong Food and Culture in Saint Paul MN". LTH Forum. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  25. Writer, Lori (May 19, 2009). "A Day In the Kitchen of a Hmong Family". The Heavy Table . Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  26. 1 2 3 Bodenner, Zachary Jay (2014). ""Knowing Who You Are": The Role of Ethnic Spaces in the Construction of Hmong Identities in the Twin Cities". OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Center. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  27. Clapsaddle, Diane (2008). "PinkMonkey Literature Notes on... The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" (PDF). PinkMonkey. p. 32. Retrieved October 30, 2024. Two of these included Blia Yao Moua and Jonas Vangay. Both had studied in France and had been offered jobs there. However, they believed if they stayed there, they would feel guilty, because of their obligation to the Hmong community. They had earned leadership roles in Merced, but little money and little peace of mind. They helped the community negotiate the public assistance labyrinth and were part of a group of four or five people who had no private life whatsoever. Blia had an ambitious housing scheme - called Hmongtown - that involved the purchase of land and the building of houses that would remind the people of Laos. He thought it would boost their morale, and they would take good care of it. But when the author returned to Merced a year later, no one had heard of Hmongtown and Blia had left. He had burned out and stopped working for the community.
  28. Thao Worra, Bryan (2018). "Hmongtown". In Lewis, J. Patrick (ed.). The Poetry of Us: With Favorites from Maya Angelou, Walt Whitman, Gwendolyn Brooks, and More: More Than 200 Poems that Celebrate the People, Places, and Passions of the United States. Washington, D.C: National Geographic. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-4263-3185-5.
  29. 1 2 Harris, Phyllis Louise (November 22, 2007). "The elusive Hmong cuisine". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Treacy, Mary (July 4, 2010). "Toua Xiong, Immigrant of the Year". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Twin Cities Enterprise. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  31. 1 2 "Hmongtown Marketplace". Religions in Minnesota. Carleton University. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  32. Harris, Phyllis Louise (November 22, 2007). "The elusive Hmong cuisine". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  33. Marks, Joseph (January 26, 2008). "Hmong business leaders tour UND on Friday". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest   462594294 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  34. Yangh, Saulkdi (August 11, 2023). "Agriculture & Land Relations in Hmong Culture". Learn Uake. Hmong Museum. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024. Bustling Hmong farmers markets such as Hmong Village (MN), Hmong Town (MN), or those in Brooklyn Park, MN would become social hubs where family, friends, and Hmong kin connected. These spaces would quasi act as a mini-Hmong village at the heart of a foreign country.
  35. 1 2 Jean, Sheryl (March 25, 2003). "Southeast Asian Small-Business Owners Get Financing in St. Paul, Minn., Area". Pioneer Press / Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest   464314000 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  36. "#49, Cy Thao". Minneapolis Institute of Art. 1993–2001. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  37. 1 2 Melo, Frederick (September 5, 2013). "Farmers markets: Not all follow same rules". Twin Cities. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  38. Nelson, Rick (September 20, 2002). "Small spaces that cover all bases: [METRO Edition]". Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   427509549 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  39. "Ethnic Consumers Propelling Category Growth". Supermarket News. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Penton Media, Inc., Penton Business Media, Inc. and their subsidiaries. September 17, 2001. Gale   A79291243 . Retrieved November 7, 2024 via Gale General OneFile.
  40. Martyka, Jim (June 28, 2002). "A picture of diversity". Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal. 20 (4): S38. ISSN   1540-1847. ProQuest   212248803 . Retrieved November 24, 2024 via ProQuest.
  41. "Laos and the still mighty dollar". The Economist . September 7, 2000. ISSN   0013-0613. ProQuest   224062429. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  42. 1 2 Share, John (April 4, 2004). "Companies position for Hmong influx". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  43. Baladad, Rita (February 1, 2016). "Hmong Archives Is Making the East Side Freedom Library Its Permanent Home". Minitex. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  44. "How AURI Works Part II". AURI. January 21, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  45. Corrie, Bruce P; et al. "The Transformation of University Avenue by Asian Immigrant Business 1981-2005" (PDF). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Department of Business, Concordia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  46. Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotan (November 1, 2011). "Sunset Review Report" (PDF) (report). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 18, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  47. "Washington Avenue bridge report expected in fall". Making Tracks (newsletter). Metropolitan Council. July–August 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  48. "Loop proposal has serious drawbacks". Making Tracks (newsletter). Metropolitan Council. February 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  49. "Hmong Cultural Center 2006 Annual Report" (PDF). 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  50. Hartlep, Nicholas D; Xiong, Brian V (Fall–Winter 2018). "The Hmong Archives as a Community Resource for Social Studies Educators in Saint Paul, Minnesota". The Journal of Educational Foundations . 31 (3 & 4). Caddo Gap Press: 118–149. ISSN   1047-8248. ERIC   EJ1211797 . Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  51. Mydans, Seth (April 5, 2002). "JOURNEYS; A Fallen Saigon Rises Again In the West". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  52. Iggers, Jeremy (August 30, 2001). "RESTAURANT REVIEW Thai, Hmong dishes shine at Foodsmart: [METRO Edition]". Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   427430004 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  53. "Business Journal honors 16 local minority business owners". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder . Vol. 67, no. 48a. July 4–10, 2002. p. 1. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  54. Bergin, Mary (November 30, 2014). "Twin Cities see new link: New light rail line turns St. Paul and Minneapolis into much closer siblings". ProQuest. Chicago Tribune. ISSN   1085-6706. ProQuest   1628724884 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Raposo, Jacqueline (December 11, 2015). "Taste Stuffed Chicken Wings and Magical Herbs at St. Paul's Hmongtown Marketplace". Saveur. Another Little Whisk LLC. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  56. Larson, Susan R (September 7, 2007). "Abroad at Home: Report from a Southeast Asian Food Court". In Nightingale, Kimberly (ed.). 2008 Saint Paul Almanac. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Arcata Press. pp. 182–183. ISBN   9780977265121.
  57. Macur, Juliet (July 29, 2021). "Sunisa Lee Seizes the Moment and Captures Gold". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. ProQuest   2556194286 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  58. Peterson, David; Marquez Estrada, Heron (September 27, 2007). "Immigrant groups on the way up: The census offers a look at the economic and educational fortunes of recent immigrants. Most indicators show progress". Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   427910696 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  59. Yang, Kou (2017). The Making of Hmong America: Forty Years after the Secret War. Lexington Books. p. 88. ISBN   978-1498546461. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  60. Jackson, Sharyn (May 19, 2019). "CNN show 'United Shades of America' goes inside the home of Minnesota's rising star Hmong chef". Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  61. Bell, W. Kamau (May 10, 2019). "W. Kamau Bell: Hmong-Americans redefined patriotism before my eyes". CNN. ProQuest   2222795927. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  62. "Twin Cities". Bizarre Foods America. Season 1. Episode 1. January 23, 2012. Cooking Channel. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  63. "Twin Cities". Bizarre Foods: Delicious Destinations. Season 3. Episode 7. February 16, 2016. Cooking Channel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  64. Yang, Nancy (March 1, 2015). "10 things about Hmong culture, food and language you probably didn't know". MPR.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  65. Yuen, Laura (June 27, 2005). "Asian market is meeting place". Pioneer Press / Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest   461699111 . Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  66. 1 2 Frank Jossi. 2023. “Building Blocks: Hmong Village Shopping Center.” Finance & Commerce (Minneapolis, MN). Accessed October 19. Archived October 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine .
  67. Webb, Tom (January 14, 2012). "Hmong Village: A success story on St. Paul's East Side (w/ VIDEO)". ProQuest. St Paul Pioneer Press. ISSN   2474-0721. ProQuest   916029168 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  68. Patronas, Ellie (August 29, 2022). "History of Frogtown". ArcGIS StoryMaps. University of St. Thomas. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2024. According to St. Paul Historical, by the late 20th century Frogtown became the most ethnically diverse neighborhood in the city.
  69. Boyd, Cynthia (June 13, 2011). "Frogtown park and farm: An idea taking seed". MinnPost. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2024. Frogtown, also called the Thomas-Dale neighborhood, is profiled on the city's website as the 'most racially and economically diverse ward', with a 'rich tapestry of people and history'.
  70. Naz, Sana (March 30, 2013). "Hmong Marketplace: Lively now, and looking to expansion in 2013". Twin Cities Daily Planet . Twin Cities Enterprise. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  71. "Lekali Pasal: A Nepali Store in the Hmongtown Marketplace (St. Paul. MN)". My Annoying Opinions. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  72. 1 2 Vang, Diana (December 29, 2009). "St. Paul's Hmongtown Marketplace vendors use cultural skills to succeed". Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  73. Wu, Caroline (January 20, 2023). "Happy Lunar New Year: Asian Brands to Keep an Eye on for CRE". Placer.ai. Placer Labs, Inc. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  74. Peterson, Sally Nina (1990). From the Heart and the Mind: Creating Paj Ntaub in the Context of Community (Doctor of Philosphy thesis). University of Pennsylvania. OCLC   25784967. ProQuest   9026627 Publication No. 9026627.
  75. Craig, Geraldine (September 2012). "Neeg Tawg Rog (War-torn People): Linguistic Consciousness in the Hmong diaspora". Textiles and Politics: Textile Society of America 13th Biennial Symposium Proceedings. Textile Society of America Symposium. Washington, D.C.: University of Nebraska - Lincoln. OCLC   847843234. 671 via DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Archived August 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  76. Chaney, Mary Alice (July 2011). Hmong Baby Carriers in Minnesota: A material culture study (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Minnesota. p. 90. hdl:11299/115678 . Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  77. "The Scene: Twin Cities Places and Spaces". American Craft Council . May 23, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
  78. Smalkoski, Kari Ann (August 2014). Performing Masculinities: The Impact of Racialization, Space, and Cultural Practices on Hmong Immigrant Youth (Doctor of Philosphy thesis). University of Minnesota. p. 124. hdl:11299/182753. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  79. 1 2 Moua, Kao Nou (February 26, 2020). "Sib Piav Neej Neeg: Co-Constructing Young Hmong American Women's Narratives with Young Hmong American Women Storytellers". University Digital Conservancy. University of Minnesota: 56. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  80. Quote originally in Hmong: "Over winter break, kuv mom mus ua tshav puam tim Hmongtown Market ces kuv mus nrog nws zov taj laj. Ces kuv laj laj nyob ces kuv rov ua paj ntaub dua. Ces thaum kuv ua ces xav tias yog kuv tsis ua tiag ces ntawm ntej no mus kuv yuav tsis paub. Thiab yog kuv muaj me nyuam, lawv yuav tsis paub thiab kuv cov viv ncaus yuav tsis paub ces peb yuav tsis muaj leeg twg paub ua lawm." Translated by the study's author. [79]
  81. "Picturing Change, Seeing Continuity: Hmong Story Cloths". Shreds and Patches. January 13, 2019. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  82. "Highlighting New Paj Ntaub Acquisitions". Pick Museum of Anthropology Hmong Exhibit. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  83. Smith, Frederick W, ed. (October 1993). A Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. p. 22. hdl:11299/207919. Publication number CURA 93-6.
  84. Maker: The Family of Sy Vang (1910–1920). "Pair of belts". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  85. Marsh, Steve (May 15, 2022). "Pao Houa Her's Photography Immortalizes Hmong Culture". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine . Key Enterprises LLC. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  86. Fuller, Daniel (July 13, 2023). "The Art (and Food) Lovers' Guide to Minneapolis". ARTnews . Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  87. Artist: Pao Houa Her (2020). "Untitled, (real opium behind opium backdrop)". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  88. "Pao Houa Her Untitled". Midway Contemporary Art. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  89. Lee-Yang, May (January 9, 2023). "Catch photographer Pao Houa Her's show at the Walker Art Center before it closes". Sahan Journal . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  90. 1 2 Eler, Alicia (November 13, 2020). "Art center takes its shows on the road: Closed by pandemic, Midway Contemporary Art launches an ambitious "Off-Site" series". ProQuest. Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   2460167283 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  91. "Tetsuya Yamada Waiting". Midway Contemporary Art. 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  92. "Wakpa Trienniel Art Festival". Public Art Saint Paul. 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  93. Halpern, Ashlea (Summer 2023). "AFAR Summer 2023 Culture Issue". AFAR . Vol. 15, no. 3. San Francisco, California. p. 91. ISSN   1947-4377. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  94. 1 2 Zimmern, Andrew (April 23, 2014). "Only in Minnesota #OnlyinMN". Andrew Zimmern. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  95. "Appetites: A foodie's 40 best local eats". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  96. 1 2 3 4 5 Derusha, Jason, and Joy Summers. 2018. "Hmongtown Marketplace: Sample Authentic Asian Flavors in St. Paul.” Minnesota Monthly 52 (4): 60. Archived October 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine .
  97. Hutton, Rachel (April 23, 2015). "Foodie 40: The Ultimate Checklist of Minnesota's Best Food". Minnesota Monthly. Greenspring Media, LLC. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  98. "Hmongtown Marketplace". Explore Minnesota. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  99. Green, Loren. "International Flavors Spice Up the Twin Cities". Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  100. Bos, Mecca (March 8, 2018). "5 barbecue dishes you can (mostly) only get in Minnesota". Bring Me the News. The Arena Group. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  101. 1 2 Spratte Joyce, Katy (October 6, 2021). "Required Eating: 10 Foods Not to Miss in Minnesota". Afar. Afar Media. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  102. 1 2 3 4 Dunbar, Elizabeth (April 14, 2010). "Celebrating spring with a trip to the Hmong market". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  103. Grumdahl, Dara Moskowitz (June 15, 2010). "Best Barbecue". Minnesota Monthly. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  104. 1 2 Grumdahl, Dara Moskowitz (May 25, 2010). "Foods of Home". Saveur. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  105. Scripter, Sami; Yang, Sheng (2009). Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 168. ISBN   9781452914510. OCLC   286478281. Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America at Google Books
  106. Scripter, Sami; Yang, Sheng. Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN   978-1-4529-1451-0.
  107. Sen, Arijit (July 20, 2015). Picturing Milwaukee: Washington Park 2015. Lulu.com. ISBN   978-1-329-39898-6.
  108. "In Their Own Words: Oskar Ly's Favorite Restaurants". Visit Saint Paul. Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  109. "Hmong History and Saint Paul". Visit Saint Paul. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  110. Browender, Wolfie (September 9, 2014). "Charles, Churches, and Culture – Part 2". Streets.mn . Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  111. "Prix Fixe Hmong Dinner". Rose City Book Pub. May 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  112. 1 2 "Five Tastes from Hmongtown in Saint Paul – Heavy Table". heavytable.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  113. Walker, Benedict; Armstrong, Kate; Bain, Carolyn; Balfour, Amy C; Bartlett, Ray; Clark, Gregor; Grosberg, Michael; Karlin, Adam; Kluepfel, Brian (2018). Lonely Planet Eastern USA. Lonely Planet. ISBN   978-1787019584. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  114. Anderson, Mark (December 10, 2012). "Twin Cites makes Lonely Planet's list". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. ISSN   8750-6149. ProQuest   1494081799. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  115. Halpern, Ashlea (April 27, 2021). "Where to Eat, Stay, and Play in Minneapolis". Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  116. The Chicago Tribune Guide to Midwest Travel. Chicago, Illinois: Agate Publishing. December 2015. pp. 130–131. ISBN   9781572845015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  117. "Your Guide to Farmers' Markets in Saint Paul". Visit St. Paul. Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  118. Crystal, Jen (July 24, 2023). "10 Must-Visit Farmers Markets Across the Midwest". MidwestLiving. Dotdash Meredith. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  119. "Eating at Hmongtown Marketplace, November 2022 (St. Paul, MN)". My Annoying Opinions. November 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  120. 1 2 Peters, Joey (February 1, 2023). "Governor Tim Walz's proposed rebates and tax increases evoke relief, anxiety among Minnesotans". Sahan Journal . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  121. Ward, Bill (September 5, 2019). "The 'new' vegetable on the plate: Okra makes a northern migration and has become a darling of local chefs". ProQuest. Star Tribune. ISSN   0895-2825. ProQuest   2284828206 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  122. "Governor Tim Walz visited Hmongtown Marketplace celebration in 2019". 3HMONGTV (in Hmong). August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  123. Crum, Alexandra Hazel (2024). Medicines, Metabolites, and Pigments in Caryophyllales and Beyond (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Minnesota. ProQuest   31327584. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  124. Zehn, Tarkor (February 11, 2020). "Redefining beauty: Advocates work to make skin lightening a public health issue". MPR News . Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  125. "Fish Consumption Guidance for Southeast Asians: A Historical Summary of Fish Consumption Outreach to Southeast Asians in Minnesota" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  126. Friedenberg, Laura Michelle (April 22, 2016). "Promoting a cancer screening program to Hmong women in Minnesota:the role of source matching and acculturation". University Digital Conservancy. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  127. Frasier, Krystal (October 12, 2022). "Mammogram bus makes breast cancer screenings more accessible across metro area". KSTP.com 5 Eyewitness News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  128. Cox, Peter (May 3, 2022). "Hmong health leaders stepped up as COVID ravaged community". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  129. 1 2 Yang, Mai Tong (August 14, 2014). "Hmong vendors learn the law on legal drug sales". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  130. Shenoy, Rupa (July 5, 2013). "Hmongtown Marketplace raid leaves businesses, patrons off balance". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  131. Yuen, Laura (October 10, 2018). "Authorities investigate medications sold at St. Paul's Hmong Villiage". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  132. "GOVERNOR DAYTON, METROPOLITAN COUNCIL ANNOUNCE MORE THAN $10 MILLION IN GRANTS TO STIMULATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EXPAND AFFORDABLE HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES AND LEVERAGE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS IN OUTSIDE INVESTMENT." States News Service, January 11, 2018. Gale General OneFile Accessed October 20, 2024. https://link-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A522486572/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=33fa22da.
  133. Melo, Frederick (October 14, 2020). "Hmongtown Marketplace founder plans cultural center at Klub Haus on Rice Street". Twin Cities.com/Pioneer Press . Media News Group. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  134. Chaudhry, Zekriah (June 28, 2019). "What to know about HmongTown Festival 2019". ProQuest. St Paul Pioneer Press. ISSN   2474-0721. ProQuest   2248792225 . Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  135. "3HMONGTV Special Coverage (11/12/2023): Toua Xiong's vision for another HmongTown Marketplace". HMOOB.TV (in Hmong). November 12, 2023. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  136. Netter, Dan (November 21, 2023). "Hmongtown Marketplace buys former Sears store at Maplewood Mall". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  137. Netter, Dan (December 6, 2023). "Second Hmongtown Marketplace to open early 2025". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  138. Morrone, Theresa (June 28, 2016). Dishing Up® Minnesota: 150 Recipes from the Land of 10,000 Lakes. Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 223. ISBN   9781612125855. Dishing Up® Minnesota: 150 Recipes from the Land of 10,000 Lakes at Google Books
  139. "Food truck Bubble Tea Fusion opening permanent site as part of new Hmong Town Market". archive.jsonline.com. November 25, 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  140. Fahnrich, Helena Marie (December 1, 2014). "Now Serving: More Asian Food for Milwaukee". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  141. Silver, Maayan (May 27, 2023). "'A double whammy:' Wisconsin's AAPI entrepreneurs emerge from pandemic, anti-Asian hate". WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR. Archived from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.

Further reading

Audio/visual

Art

Tours