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Holotrichia serrata | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Family: | Scarabaeidae |
Genus: | Holotrichia |
Species: | H. serrata |
Binomial name | |
Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius, 1781) | |
Synonyms | |
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Holotrichia serrata, commonly known as the sugarcane white grub, or cockchafer grub, is a species of dung beetle found in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Adult female beetles lay white, almost round eggs. The first and second instars are translucent, whitish-yellow with a characteristic 'C' – shape. The third instar is a dirty white color with an average length of about 34 to 39 mm. The clearly marked brownish-orange colored head consists of strong mandibles. Slender antennae are long and brown. The instar period lasts for 60 to 70 days, and is followed by a short pre-pupal period of two days. Pupation is within an earthen chamber where the third instar burrowed deep into the soil and prepared a small earthen cell. This exarate pupa is about 25 to 27 mm in length where the pupal period is 13 to 19 days. After the onset of rain, beetles emerge within 3 to 4 days. [1] Adult beetles are brown in color where females are larger than males with an average length about 23 to 25 mm. Adults can survive for 12 to 26 days in captivity. [2]
The grub stage is considered as a serious pest on sugarcane where they can be controlled by management of using cultural, mechanical, biological, chemical and integrated methods.[ citation needed ] In biological method, grubs can be destroy by using the parasitoid fungus Metarhizium anisopliae . [3] Apart from that, many insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, phorate, quinalphos and carbofuran also used for eradication of grubs in sugarcane cultivation. [4] In September 2012, an outbreak of the beetle was recorded from soybean, cotton and pigeon pea ecosystems in Vidarbha, India. [2]
Apart from sugarcane, it is also a major pest on many vegetables, groundnut and coconut. The volatiles from Acacia nilotica , Azadirachta indica leaf extract is known to elicited higher antennal response of adult beetles. Usually this antennal response to pheromone gland and host extracts is higher in males. [5] Grubs are also known to parasitized by another entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii . [6] [7] [8] In Sri Lanka, grubs have been observed to feed on the tap roots of the teak seedlings, and finally the damaged plants wilt and die. [9] Grubs also can be removed from the cultivation land by cultural practises such as ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, flooding and fallowing of fields, trap cropping and crop rotation. Other than that, resistant crops such as sunflower and trap crops such as sorghum, maize, onion can be grown along with the cultivation. [10]
In 2009, many rice, chillies, sorghum and sugarcane cultivations in Maharashtra State, about 9,000,000 adult beetles were collected mechanically and destroyed after heavy infestations. Also Acacia arabica and neem tree extracts mixed with DDT also used for eradication. [11] Apart from that, the bacterium Paenibacillus popilliae [12] and some entomopathogenic nematodes such as Heterorhabditis indica , Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema riobrave can be used against pupae and adult beetles. [13] The seed extract from Datura innoxia and Thevetia peruviana also show biopesticide properties against grubs.[ citation needed ]
The common cockchafer, also colloquially known as the Maybug, Maybeetle, or doodlebug, is a species of scarab beetle belonging to the genus Melolontha. It is native to Europe, and it is one of several closely-related and morphologically similar species of Melolontha called cockchafers, alongside Melolontha hippocastani.
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the group of entomopathogenic fungi. It is used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests, including termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and various beetles. Its use in the control of bed bugs and malaria-transmitting mosquitos is under investigation.
A Biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seens as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
The black vine weevil is an insect native to Europe but common in North America as well. It is a pest of many garden plants.
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects. They do not need to enter an insect's body through oral ingestion or intake; rather, they directly penetrate though the exoskeleton.
Metarhizium robertsii is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.
Dermolepida albohirtum, the cane beetle, is a native Australian beetle and a pest of sugarcane. Adult beetles eat the leaves of sugarcane, but greater damage is done by their larvae hatching underground and eating the roots, which either kills or stunts the growth of the plant. The beetles can also be found in the Philippines and are known there by the local name salagubang.
Beauveria is a genus of asexually-reproducing fungi allied with the ascomycete family Cordycipitaceae. Its several species are typically insect pathogens. The sexual states (teleomorphs) of Beauveria species, where known, are species of Cordyceps.
Holotrichia is a genus of beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, which are well known as "chafer beetles" or "white-grubs" for their white larvae that are found under the soil where they feed on the roots of plants.
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops.
Curculio elephas is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. It is known commonly as the chestnut weevil. It is a serious pest of chestnut in Europe.
Maladera formosae, commonly known as the Asiatic garden beetle and formerly known as Maladera castanea, is a species of beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is native to Japan, China, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia but was introduced to North America in the 1920s where it is considered a pest of turfs, gardens, and crop fields. Adults are active in the summer during which they can be found feeding on leaves and flowers or gathering around light sources at night.
Hoplocampa testudinea, the apple sawfly or European apple sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is native to Europe but has been accidentally introduced into North America where it became invasive. The larvae feed inside the developing fruits of the apple tree.
Tariq Butt is a British entomologist. He is a Professor of Biosciences at Swansea University in Wales.
Adoretus versutus, commonly known as rose beetle, is a species of shining leaf chafer found in Afro-Oriental tropics.
Holotrichia disparilis is a species of chafer found in Sri Lanka.
Odoiporus longicollis, commonly known as banana stem weevil or banana pseudostem borer, is a species of weevil found in South Asia and South East Asia.
Leptispa pygmaea, commonly known as rice leaf beetle, or rice blue beetle, is a species of leaf beetle native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a major pest of Asian rice.
Metarhizium anisopliae is the type species in its genus of fungi, that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca and from these early days, fungi such as this have been seen as potentially important tools for pest management. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.