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Holotrichia serrata | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Family: | Scarabaeidae |
Genus: | Holotrichia |
Species: | H. serrata |
Binomial name | |
Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius, 1781) | |
Synonyms | |
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Holotrichia serrata, commonly known as the sugarcane white grub, or cockchafer grub, is a species of dung beetle found in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Adult female beetles lay white, almost round eggs. The first and second instars are translucent, whitish-yellow with a characteristic ‘C’ – shape. The third instar is a dirty white color with an average length of about 34 to 39 mm. The clearly marked brownish-orange colored head consists of strong mandibles. Slender antennae are long and brown. The instar period lasts for 60 to 70 days, and are followed by a short pre-pupal period of two days. Pupation is within an earthen chamber where the third instar burrowed deep into the soil and prepared a small earthen cell. This exarate pupa is about 25 to 27 mm in length where the pupal period is 13 to 19 days. After the onset of rain, beetles are emerged within 3 to 4 days. [1] Adult beetles are brown in color where females are larger than males with an average length about 23 to 25 mm. Adults can survive for 12 to 26 days in captivity. [2]
The grub stage is considered as a serious pest on sugarcane where they can be controlled by management of using cultural, mechanical, biological, chemical and integrated methods.[ citation needed ] In biological method, grubs can be destroy by using the parasitoid fungus Metarhizium anisopliae . [3] Apart from that, many insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, phorate, quinalphos and carbofuran also used for eradication of grubs in sugarcane cultivation. [4] In September 2012, an outbreak of the beetle was recorded from soybean, cotton and pigeon pea ecosystems in Vidarbha, India. [2]
Apart from sugarcane, it is also a major pest on many vegetables, groundnut and coconut. The volatiles from Acacia nilotica , Azadirachta indica leaf extract is known to elicited higher antennal response of adult beetles. Usually this antennal response to pheromone gland and host extracts is higher in males. [5] Grubs are also known to parasitized by another entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii . [6] [7] [8] In Sri Lanka, grubs have been observed to feed on the tap roots of the teak seedlings, and finally the damaged plants wilt and die. [9] Grubs also can be removed from the cultivation land by cultural practises such as ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, flooding and fallowing of fields, trap cropping and crop rotation. Other than that, resistant crops such as sunflower and trap crops such as sorghum, maize, onion can be grown along with the cultivation. [10]
In 2009, many rice, chillies, sorghum and sugarcane cultivations in Maharashtra State, about 9,000,000 adult beetles were collected mechanically and destroyed after heavy infestations. Also Acacia arabica and neem tree extracts mixed with DDT also used for eradication. [11] Apart from that, the bacterium Paenibacillus popilliae [12] and some entomopathogenic nematodes such as Heterorhabditis indica , Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema riobrave can be used against pupae and adult beetles. [13] The seed extract from Datura innoxia and Thevetia peruviana also show biopesticide properties against grubs.[ citation needed ]
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the group of entomopathogenic fungi. It is used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests, including termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and various beetles. Its use in the control of bedbugs and malaria-transmitting mosquitos is under investigation.
A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
Black vine weevil is an insect native to Europe but common in North America as well. It is a pest of many garden plants.
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects.
Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle, is one of the most common lady beetles in North America and is found throughout the continent. Aphids form their main diet and they are used for the biological control of these pests.
Metarhizium robertsii – formerly known as M. anisopliae, and even earlier as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) – is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.
Dermolepida albohirtum, the cane beetle, is a native Australian beetle and a pest of sugarcane. Adult beetles eat the leaves of sugarcane, but greater damage is done by their larvae hatching underground and eating the roots, which either kills or stunts the growth of the plant. The beetles can also be found in the Philippines and are known there by the local name salagubang.
Melolonthinae is a subfamily of the scarab beetles. It is a very diverse group; distributed over most of the world, it contains over 11,000 species in over 750 genera. Some authors include the scarab subfamilies Euchirinae and Pachypodinae as tribes in the Melolonthinae.
Beauveria is a genus of asexually-reproducing fungi allied with the ascomycete family Cordycipitaceae. Its several species are typically insect pathogens. The sexual states (teleomorphs) of Beauveria species, where known, are species of Cordyceps.
Holotrichia is a genus of beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, which are well known as "chafer beetles" or "white-grubs" for their white larvae that are found under the soil where they feed on the roots of plants.
Tirathaba rufivena, the coconut spike moth, greater coconut spike moth or oil palm bunch moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is found from south-east Asia to the Pacific islands, including Malaysia, the Cook Islands, the Philippines and the tropical region of Queensland, Australia. They are considered as a minor pest.
The Asiatic rhinoceros beetle, coconut rhinoceros beetle or coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, is a species of rhinoceros beetle of the family Scarabaeidae. O. rhinoceros attacks the developing fronds of raffia, coconut, oil, and other palms in tropical Asia and a number of Pacific islands. Damaged fronds show typical triangular cuts. The beetle kills the palms when the growing point is destroyed during feeding. They also infest dead trunk debris.
Curculio elephas is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. It is known commonly as the chestnut weevil. It is a serious pest of chestnut in Europe.
Hoplocampa testudinea, the apple sawfly or European apple sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is native to Europe but has been accidentally introduced into North America where it became invasive. The larvae feed inside the developing fruits of the apple tree.
Tariq Butt is an entomologist in the UK, he is Professor of Biosciences at Swansea University in Wales.
Holotrichia disparilis is a species of chafer found in Sri Lanka.
Holotrichia rufoflava is a species of dung beetle found in South India and Sri Lanka.
Odoiporus longicollis, commonly known as banana stem weevil or banana pseudostem borer, is a species of weevil found in South Asia and South East Asia.
Leptispa pygmaea, commonly known as rice leaf beetle, or rice blue beetle, is a species of leaf beetle native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a major pest of Asian rice.