Hydnellum aurantiacum

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Hydnellum aurantiacum
2014-08-02 Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst 441904.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Hydnellum
Species:
H. aurantiacum
Binomial name
Hydnellum aurantiacum
(Batsch) P. Karst. (1879)
Synonyms [1]
  • Hydnum suberosum var. aurantiacumBatsch (1789)
  • Hydnum aurantiacum(Batsch) Alb. & Schwein. (1825)
  • Hydnum stohlii Rabenh. (1873)
  • Calodon aurantiacus(Batsch) P.Karst. (1881)
  • Phaeodon aurantiacus(Batsch) J.Schröt. (1888)
  • Hydnellum complectipesD.Hall (1972)

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom. [2] [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Hydnellum aurantiacum was first described by the German naturalist August Batsch in 1789, with the name Hydnum suberosum var. aurantiacum. [4] It was given its current scientific name by Petter Karsten, who transferred it to Hydnellum in 1879. [5] Hydnellum aurantiacum has acquired several synonyms in its taxonomic history, including Hydnum stohlii, published by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst in 1873, and Hydnellum complectipes, published by Hall in 1972. [6] Additional synonyms resulting from generic transfers include Hydnum aurantiacum (Johannes Baptista von Albertini and Lewis David de Schweinitz, 1825); Calodon aurantiacus (Karsten, 1881); and Phaeodon aurantiacus (Joseph Schröter, 1888). [1]

The specific epithet aurantiacum is derived from the Latin for "orange". Common names for the fungus include "orange spine", [7] "orange corky spine fungus", [8] and the British Mycological Society approved English name "orange Hydnellum". [9]

Description

Young fruit body 2014-08-02 Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst 441901.jpg
Young fruit body

Fruitbodies are shallowly funnel-shaped (infundibuliform), and up to 15 cm in diameter. The upper surface is orange or orange-brown in the centre, with a lighter margin. It may be velvety or tomentose when young, but will become wrinkled or lumpy in age. The flesh is tough and woody, pale to dark orange-brown in color, without any distinctive odor but a bitter or mealy taste. [10] The teeth are short (up to 5 mm long), white, but the tips gradually turn brown with age. The stipe is up to 4 cm long and 0.5–2 cm thick, orange to dark brown in color, with a velvety surface. [11] The spore print is brown. This species is inedible [12] due to the toughness of the flesh and its poor taste. [13]

Basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are between 35 and 46 by 8–11  µm, club-shaped (clavate), without clamp connections, and four-spored. The sterigmata (extensions of the basidia bearing spores) may be up to 6 µm long. Basidiospores are roughly spherical in shape, with rough warty outgrowths (tubercles), nonamyloid, and have dimensions of 5.5–8 by 5.5–6.5 µm. [14]

Similar species

The species resembles the polypore Phaeolus schweinitzii when viewed from the top of the cap surface, but it has teeth instead of pores on the hymenium. Closely related and morphologically similar species in the genus Hydnellum include H. auratile (has more uniformly coloured flesh), H. caeruleum (may look similar in age), [15] H. congenum (has thin flesh in the cap), H. ferrugipes, H. earlianum (has a smoother cap, and spines have sulfur-yellow tips, not white). [7] [16]

Distribution and habitat

Hydnellum aurantiacum
Information icon.svg
Teeth icon.png Teeth on hymenium
Flat cap icon.svgDepressed cap icon.svg Cap is flat or depressed
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

This species is typically found growing solitary or in clusters on the ground in conifer and mixed woods. Rarely, fruit bodies may have their stipes fused together. [6] Hydnellum aurantiacum has been reported from Australia, [17] Europe, North America, [18] and Asia, including China [19] India, [20] and Korea. [21] It is one of the most frequently encountered Thelephorales species found in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia. [22]

Chemistry

Skeletal formula of aurantiacin Aurantiacin.svg
Skeletal formula of aurantiacin

The pigment responsible for the characteristic orange color of H. aurantiacum has been identified as the p-terphenyl compound named aurantiacin. [23] This dark red pigment, a derivative of the compound atromentin, has subsequently been identified in other species of Hydnellum. [24] The compounds dihydroaurantiacin dibenzoate and thelephoric acid have also been reported. [25]

Hydnellum aurantiacum is used in mushroom dyeing, in which it produces grayish to greenish-gray colors depending on the mordant used. [26]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<i>Tapinella atrotomentosa</i> Species of fungus

Tapinella atrotomentosa, commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnellum peckii</span> Species of fungus

Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarcodon imbricatus</span> Species of fungus

Sarcodon imbricatus, commonly known as the shingled hedgehog or scaly hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the order Thelephorales. The mushroom is edible. Many sources report it has a bitter taste, but others have found it delicious and suspect that the bitter specimens may be similar related species. The mushroom has a large, brownish cap with large brown scales and may reach 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. On the underside it sports greyish, brittle teeth instead of gills, and has white flesh. Its spore print is brown. It is associated with spruce (Picea), appearing in autumn. It ranges throughout North America and Europe, although collections from the British Isles are now assigned to the similar species Sarcodon squamosus.

<i>Hydnellum</i> Genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.

<i>Hydnellum caeruleum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum caeruleum, commonly known as the blue-gray hydnellum, blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, blue tooth, or bluish tooth, is an inedible fungus found in North America, Europe, and temperate areas of Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps having a hymenium consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus Hydnum and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name pied de mouton.

<i>Phellodon</i> Genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnoid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.

<i>Hydnellum ferrugineum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.

<i>Auriscalpium vulgare</i> Inedible European fungi

Auriscalpium vulgare, commonly known as the pinecone mushroom, the cone tooth, or the ear-pick fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the order Russulales. It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, who included it as a member of the tooth fungi genus Hydnum, but British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray recognized its uniqueness and in 1821 transferred it to the genus Auriscalpium that he created to contain it. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe, Central America, North America, and temperate Asia. Although common, its small size and nondescript colors lead it to be easily overlooked in the pine woods where it grows. A. vulgare is not generally considered edible because of its tough texture, but some historical literature says it used to be consumed in France and Italy.

<i>Hydnellum fuscoindicum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum fuscoindicum, commonly known as the violet hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the genus Hydnellum. It is found in the Pacific Northwest in moss around western hemlocks. It produces fruit bodies with a violet-black cap, violet flesh, and violet spines on the cap underside. The odor and taste are very farinaceous. The fungus was first described by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1964 as a species of Hydnum, then transferred to Sarcodon in 1967 by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. He placed this species in section Violacei of Sarcodon, along with H. fuligineoviolaceum and H. joeides.

<i>Hydnellum auratile</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum auratile is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Fruit bodies of the fungus consist of closely grouped, funnel-shaped caps up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter. The caps are initially bright orange with a white rim, and have a felt-like surface. On the cap underside, the hymenium has hanging orange spines with whitish tips. These spines extend a ways down the length of the short stipe. The flesh is orange in both the cap and stipe. In mass, the spores are brown. Microscopically, they measure 4–5 by 3.5–4.5 µm and have short, rounded tubercles on the surface. The widespread Hydnellum aurantiacum is a close lookalike, but can be distinguished by having a white to buff cap, dull orange to brown flesh, and white spines.

<i>Hydnellum cyanopodium</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum cyanopodium, commonly known as the blue foot or bleeding blue tooth, is an inedible fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.

<i>Hydnellum scrobiculatum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth or rough hydnellum, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Hydnellum conigenum, commonly known as the funnel hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae found in North America. It was first described in 1903 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck from collections made growing on fallen cones of ponderosa pine, near the base of the Moscow Mountains. Peck thought it was similar to H. aurantiacum, differing in its smaller size, more slender stipe, non-zoned flesh, more even cap, and somewhat unusual substrate. Howard James Banker transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1906. Its range extends from New Mexico to British Columbia and the Great Lakes region, where it grows in coniferous forests.

<i>Phellodon niger</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.

<i>Hydnellum underwoodii</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum underwoodii is an inedible species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1906 by American mycologist Howard James Banker. Its reddish-brown, convex to flattened cap measures 5–14 cm (2.0–5.5 in) in diameter. Reddish-brown, partially erect scales adorn the cap surface. Spines on the cap underside are 1–3 mm long; they are initially white, becoming brown with grayish tips in age. The oval to spherical spores are 6–7.5 by 5.5–6.5 µm. The fungus fruits singly or scattered, on the ground in coniferous forests.

<i>Hydnellum joeides</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum joeides is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.

<i>Hydnellum scabrosum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum scabrosum, also called bitter tooth or bitter hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.

References

  1. 1 2 "GSD Species Synonymy: Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
  2. ↑ "Trees for Life - Species Profile: Pinewood tooth fungi" . Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  3. ↑ "Action plan for Grouped plan for tooth fungi". Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  4. ↑ Batsch AJGK. Elenchus fungorum. Continuatio secunda. Halae Magdeburgicae: Apud Joannem J. Gebauer. p. 103.
  5. ↑ Karsten PA. (1879). "Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI". Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 5: 15–46 (see p. 41).
  6. 1 2 Hall D, Stuntz DE (1972). "Pileate Hydnaceae of the Puget Sound area. III. Brown spored genus: Hydnellum". Mycologia. 64 (3): 560–590. doi:10.2307/3757873. JSTOR   3757873.
  7. 1 2 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America . Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp.  92–93. ISBN   978-0-395-91090-0.
  8. ↑ Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997). British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 80. ISBN   978-1-900347-15-0.
  9. ↑ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  10. ↑ Orr DB, Orr RT (1980). Mushrooms of Western North America. California Natural History Guides. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-520-03660-4.
  11. ↑ Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-412-36970-4.
  12. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.  320. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  13. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  14. ↑ Baird RE, Khan SR (1986). "The stipitate Hydnums (Thelephoraceae) of Florida USA". Brittonia. 38 (2): 171–184. doi:10.2307/2807273. JSTOR   2807273. S2CID   85360191.
  15. ↑ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  16. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p.  626. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  17. ↑ May TW, Milne J, Shingles S, Jones R (2003). Fungi of Australia: Catalogue and bibliography of Australian fungi 2. Basidiomycota p.p. & Myxomycota p.p. v. 2B. Csiro Publishing. p. 313. ISBN   978-0-643-06907-7.
  18. ↑ Miller OK, Miller H (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Falcon Guide. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  19. ↑ Dai Y-C. (2010). "A revised checklist of corticioid and hydnoid fungi in China for 2010". Mycoscience. 52: 69–79. doi:10.1007/s10267-010-0068-1. S2CID   86049359.
  20. ↑ Lyngdoh A, Dkhar MS. "Wood-rotting fungi in East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, northeast India, with special reference to Heterobasidion perplexa (a rare species ‒ new to India)" (PDF). Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology. 1 (1): 114–124.
  21. ↑ Lee JS, Jung HS (2005). "List of recorded Korean Aphyllophorales" (PDF). Korean Journal of Mycology. 33 (1): 38–53. doi: 10.4489/kjm.2005.33.1.038 .
  22. ↑ Shiryaev A. (2008). "Diversity and distribution of thelephoroid fungi (Basidiomycota, Thelephorales) in the Sverdlovsk region, Russia" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 44: 131–144.
  23. ↑ Gripenberg J. (1956). "Fungus pigments. IV. Aurantiacin, the pigment of Hydnum aurantiacum Batsch". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 10: 1111–1115. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.10-1111 .
  24. ↑ Velíšek J, Cejpek K (2011). "Pigments of higher fungi: A review". Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 29 (2): 87–102. doi: 10.17221/524/2010-CJFS .
  25. ↑ Gripenberg J. (1958). "Fungus pigments. IX. Some further constituents of Hydnum aurantiacum Batsch" (PDF). Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 12: 1411–1414. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.12-1411 .
  26. ↑ Bessette AR, Bessette A (2001). The Rainbow Beneath My Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-8156-0680-2.
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