Hyperphosphatemia

Not to be confused with hypophosphatemia (low phosphate levels in the blood).

Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphate group chemical structure
Specialty	Endocrinology, nephrology
Symptoms	None, calcium deposits, muscle spasms [1]
Complications	Low blood calcium [1]
Causes	Kidney failure, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, tumor lysis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis [1]
Diagnostic method	Blood phosphate > 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) [1]
Differential diagnosis	High blood lipids, high blood protein, high blood bilirubin [1]
Treatment	Decreasing intake, calcium carbonate [1]
Frequency	Unclear [2]

Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is an elevated level of phosphate in the blood. ^[1] Most people have no symptoms while others develop calcium deposits in the soft tissue. ^[1] The disorder is often accompanied by low calcium blood levels, which can result in muscle spasms. ^[1]

Causes include kidney failure, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, tumor lysis syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. ^[1] Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). ^[1] Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels. ^[1]

Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. ^[1] Occasionally, intravenous normal saline or kidney dialysis may be used. ^[1] How commonly it occurs is unclear. ^[2]

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms include ectopic calcification, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy. Abnormalities in phosphate metabolism such as hyperphosphatemia are included in the definition of the new chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD). ^[3]

Causes

Impaired renal phosphate excretion [4]

Decreased kidney function Low parathyroid hormone Developmental Autoimmune After neck surgery or radiation Activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor Parathyroid suppression Parathyroid-independent hypercalcemia Vitamin D or vitamin A intoxication Sarcoidosis, other granulomatous diseases Immobilization, osteolytic metastases Milk-alkali syndrome Severe hypermagnesemia or hypomagnesemia Pseudohypoparathyroidism Acromegaly Tumoral calcinosis Heparin therapy

Massive extracellular fluid phosphate loads [4]

Rapid administration of exogenous phosphate (intravenous, oral, rectal) Extensive cellular injury or necrosis Crush injuries Rhabdomyolysis Hyperthermia Fulminant hepatitis Cytotoxic therapy Severe hemolytic anemia Transcellular phosphate shifts Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis

Hypoparathyroidism: In this situation, there are low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH normally inhibits reabsorption of phosphate by the kidney. Therefore, without enough PTH there is more reabsorption of the phosphate leading to a high phosphate level in the blood.^{[ citation needed ]}

Chronic kidney failure: When the kidneys are not working well, there will be increased phosphate retention.^{[ citation needed ]}

Drugs: hyperphosphatemia can also be caused by taking oral sodium phosphate solutions prescribed for bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hyperphosphatemia is made through measuring the concentration of phosphate in the blood. A phosphate concentration greater than 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) is indicative of hyperphosphatemia, though further tests may be needed to identify the underlying cause of the elevated phosphate levels. ^[5] It is considered significant when levels are greater than 1.6 mmol/L (5 mg/dL). ^[2]

Units

Phosphates in blood exist in a chemical equilibrium of hydrogen phosphate (HPO₄^2–) and dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄^–), which have different masses. Phosphate (PO₄^3–) and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) are not present in significant amounts. Thus millimoles per liter (mmol/L) are often used to denote the phosphate concententration. If milligrams per decililiter (mg/dL) is used, it often denotes the mass of phosphorus bound to phosphates, but not the mass of some individual phosphate. ^[6]

Treatment

High phosphate levels can be avoided with phosphate binders and dietary restriction of phosphate. ^[5] If the kidneys are operating normally, a saline diuresis can be induced to renally eliminate the excess phosphate. In extreme cases, the blood can be filtered in a process called hemodialysis, removing the excess phosphate. ^[5] Phosphate-binding medications include sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate, calcium carbonate, and calcium acetate. ^[7] Previously aluminum hydroxide was the medication of choice, but its use has been largely abandoned due to the increased risk of aluminum toxicity. ^[8]

References

1. "Hyperphosphatemia". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
2. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA (2008). SPEC - Critical Care Nephrology Expert Consult (Book Program) Pincard. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 533. ISBN   978-1437711110.
3. "KDIGO Guideline for Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. Longo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., p.3089
5. "Hyperphosphatemia - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
6. Lerma EV, et al. (2019). Nephrology secrets (4th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 532–533. ISBN   9780323478717.
7. Critical care nursing : diagnosis and management. Urden, Linda Diann. (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. 2014. p. 716. ISBN   978-0-323-09178-7. OCLC   830669119.
8. Hutchison AJ, Smith CP, Brenchley PE (October 2011). "Pharmacology, efficacy and safety of oral phosphate binders". Nature Reviews Nephrology. 7 (10): 578–589. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.112. ISSN   1759-5061. PMID   21894188. S2CID   19833271.