Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle

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HSTDV
ILA Berlin 2012 PD 018.JPG
HSTDV model displayed at the ILA Berlin Air Show ILA 2012
Role Robotic flight demonstrator
Designer Defence Research and Development Organisation
First flight12 June 2019
StatusTesting
Primary user Indian Armed Forces

The HSTDV is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft for hypersonic flight. It is being developed as a carrier vehicle for hypersonic and long-range cruise missiles, and will have multiple civilian applications including the launching of small satellites at low cost. The HSTDV program is being run by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Introduction

India is pushing ahead with the development of ground and flight test hardware as part of an ambitious plan for a hypersonic cruise missile. [4]

The Defence Research and Development Laboratory's Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is intended to attain autonomous scramjet flight for 20 seconds, using a solid rocket launch booster. The research will also inform India's interest in reusable launch vehicles. The eventual target is to reach Mach 6 at an altitude of 32.5 km (20 miles). [2] [5]

Initial flight testing is aimed at validating the aerodynamics of the air vehicle, as well as its thermal properties and scramjet engine performance. A mock-up of the HSTDV was shown at the Aero India exhibition in Bengaluru in February (see photo), and S. Panneerselvam, the DRDO's project director, says engineers aim to begin flight testing a full-scale air-breathing model powered by a 1,300-lb.-thrust scramjet engine in near future. [6]

Design and development

A render of HSTDV cruise vehicle. Render of HSTDV Cruise Vehicle.jpg
A render of HSTDV cruise vehicle.

The design for airframe attachment with the engine was completed in the year 2004. [7]

In May 2008, Dr. Saraswat said:

The HSTDV project, through which we want to demonstrate the performance of a scram-jet engine at an altitude of 15 km to 20 km, is on. Under this project, we are developing a hypersonic vehicle that will be powered by a scram-jet engine. This is dual-use technology, which when developed, will have multiple civilian applications. It can be used for launching satellites at low cost. It will also be available for long-range cruise missiles of the future. [1]

Israel has provided some assistance on the HSTDV program, including wind tunnel testing, as has Cranfield University of the U.K. An unnamed third country is helping as well. According to a report, Russia has provided critical help in the project. India's main defence-industrial partner is Russia, which has carried out considerable research into hypersonic propulsion.

The 1-metric-ton, 5.6-meter-long (18 ft) air vehicle under construction features a flattened octagonal cross section with mid-body stub-wings and raked tail fins and a 3.7-meter rectangular section air intake. The scramjet engine is located under the mid-body, with the aftbody serving as part of the exhaust nozzle. Development work on the engine is also in progress.

Two parallel fences in the forebody are meant to reduce spillage and increase thrust. Part span flaps are provided at the trailing edge of the wings for roll control. A deflectable nozzle cowl at the combustor end can deflect up to 25° to ensure satisfactory performance during power-off and power-on phases.

Surfaces of the airframe's bottom, wings and tail are made of titanium alloy, while aluminum alloy comprises the top surface. The inner surface of the double-wall engine is niobium alloy and the outer surface is nimonic alloy.

Due to technology denial of material for the scramjet engine, a new program was initiated and the materials were developed in-house. This led to self-sufficiency in the area and the scramjet engine was ground tested successfully for 20s instead of the initial 3s.[ when? ]

In the 12 June 2019 test, the cruise vehicle was mounted on an Agni-I solid rocket motor to take it to the required altitude. After the required altitude was reached and the Mach was achieved, the cruise vehicle was ejected out of the launch vehicle. [8] Mid-air the scramjet engine was auto-ignited, and propelled the cruise vehicle at Mach 6. [9] DRDO spent $30 million during design and development phase while $4.5 million was spent on HSTDV prototype development. [10]

Testing

Wind tunnel testing

A 1:16 scale model of the vehicle was tested at a hypersonic wind tunnel operated by Israel Aerospace Industries. The isolated intake has been tested at a trisonic wind tunnel at India's National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) in Bangalore. During the lab testing the scramjet engine was tested twice for 20s. A total of five to six tests are required before the test flight. The test flight was expected to take place by the end of 2010. [11]

In November 2010, DRDO officials told press that they were in the process of opening four state-of-the-art facilities inside as well as in the vicinity of Hyderabad at a cost of more than ₹10 billion (US$120 million) over the next five years. Reportedly, they will invest ₹3 to 4 billion (US$66 to 88 million) for setting up a much-needed hypersonic wind tunnel at Hyderabad's Missile Complex. [12] The advanced Hypersonic Wind Tunnel (HWT) test facility was finally commissioned at Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex on 20 December 2020. [13]

The facility facilitate testing of various parameters of the Hypersonic Technology Development Vehicle (HSTDV), including engine performance. [12]

"It is pivotal to test the [HSTDV] in the range of up to Mach 12. This will be a unique installation in India," Saraswat told AW&ST on 22 November 2010. [12]

As of December 2011, the scientists had proved technologies for aerodynamics, aero-thermodynamics, engine and hot structures through design and ground testing. "Ahead of the launch, we will have to now focus on the mechanical and electrical integration, control and guidance system along with their packaging, checkout system, HILS (hardware in loop simulation) and launch readiness," sources said. [14]

Flight testing

In 2016, it was announced that the vehicle will be tested by December 2016. [15] In early 2019, the vehicle was cleared for tests and was expected to be tested in same year.

On 12 June 2019, it was tested from Abdul Kalam Island by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. With the scramjet engine, it can cruise at Mach 6. It was test-fired from Launch Complex-4 of Integrated Test Range (ITR) at the Abdul Kalam Island in the Balasore district of Odisha at 11:27 IST. [16] [17] According to some unconfirmed reports, the test was a partial success since, allegedly, the Agni-I ballistic carrier vehicle on which the HSTDV was to receive its altitude boost didn't complete the mission. This was supposedly due to ‘weight issues’. [18] [8] The rumours however, were unconfirmed. According to the official statement by the Ministry of Defence, “the missile was successfully launched” and the data collected will be analysed to “validate critical technologies”. [19]

Scramjet testing

On 7 September 2020 DRDO successfully tested the scramjet powered Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV). Cruise vehicle was launched at 11:03 IST from Integrated Test Range Launch Complex IV at Abdul Kalam Island atop a solid booster. At 30 km (98,000 ft) altitude payload fairing separated, followed by separation of HSTDV cruise vehicle, air-intake opening, fuel injection and auto-ignition. After sustaining hypersonic combustion for 20 seconds, cruise vehicle achieved velocity of nearly 2 km/s (Mach 5.9). A ship was also deployed in the Bay of Bengal to study the missile trajectory. The missile's scramjet engine performed in a "text book manner." [20] This test flight validated aerodynamic configuration of vehicle, ignition and sustained combustion of scramjet engine at hypersonic flow, separation mechanisms and characterised thermo-structural materials. The HSTDV is set to serve as the building block for next-generation hypersonic cruise missiles. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cruise missile</span> Guided missile with precision targeting capabilities and multiple launch platforms

A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scramjet</span> Jet engine where combustion takes place in supersonic airflow

A scramjet is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to compress the incoming air forcefully before combustion, but whereas a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic velocities before combustion using shock cones, a scramjet has no shock cone and slows the airflow using shockwaves produced by its ignition source in place of a shock cone. This allows the scramjet to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA X-43</span> Unmanned US experimental hypersonic aircraft, 1991-2000

The NASA X-43 was an experimental unmanned hypersonic aircraft with multiple planned scale variations meant to test various aspects of hypersonic flight. It was part of the X-plane series and specifically of NASA's Hyper-X program developed in the late 1990s. It set several airspeed records for jet aircraft. The X-43 is the fastest jet-powered aircraft on record at approximately Mach 9.6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic wind tunnel</span>

A hypersonic wind tunnel is designed to generate a hypersonic flow field in the working section, thus simulating the typical flow features of this flow regime - including compression shocks and pronounced boundary layer effects, entropy layer and viscous interaction zones and most importantly high total temperatures of the flow. The speed of these tunnels vary from Mach 5 to 15. The power requirement of a wind tunnel increases linearly with its cross section and flow density, but cubically with the test velocity required. Hence installation of a continuous, closed circuit wind tunnel remains a costly affair. The first continuous Mach 7-10 wind tunnel with 1x1 m test section was planned at Kochel am See, Germany during WW II and finally put into operation as 'Tunnel A' in the late 1950s at AEDC Tullahoma, TN, USA for an installed power of 57 MW. In view of these high facility demands, also intermittently operated experimental facilities like blow-down wind tunnels are designed and installed to simulate the hypersonic flow. A hypersonic wind tunnel comprises in flow direction the main components: heater/cooler arrangements, dryer, convergent/divergent nozzle, test section, second throat and diffuser. A blow-down wind tunnel has a low vacuum reservoir at the back end, while a continuously operated, closed circuit wind tunnel has a high power compressor installation instead. Since the temperature drops with the expanding flow, the air inside the test section has the chance of becoming liquefied. For that reason, preheating is particularly critical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing X-51 Waverider</span> Unmanned hypersonic experimental aircraft

The Boeing X-51 Waverider is an unmanned research scramjet experimental aircraft for hypersonic flight at Mach 5 and an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m). The aircraft was designated X-51 in 2005. It completed its first powered hypersonic flight on 26 May 2010. After two unsuccessful test flights, the X-51 completed a flight of over six minutes and reached speeds of over Mach 5 for 210 seconds on 1 May 2013 for the longest duration powered hypersonic flight.

Scramjet programs refers to research and testing programs for the development of supersonic combustion ramjets, known as scramjets. This list provides a short overview of national and international collaborations, and civilian and military programs. The USA, Russia, India, and China (2014), have succeeded at developing scramjet technologies.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic flight</span> Flight at altitudes lower than 90km (56 mi) and at speeds above Mach 5

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme</span> Indian military defence system, established 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</span> Indian reusable rocket technology demonstration programme.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">DCTA 14-X</span> Brazilian scramjet engine in development

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HyShot is a research project of The University of Queensland, Australia Centre for Hypersonics, to demonstrate the possibility of supersonic combustion under flight conditions using two scramjet engines, one designed by The University of Queensland and one designed by QinetiQ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2</span> Experimental hypersonic glide vehicle

Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 (HTV-2) is an experimental hypersonic glide vehicle developed as part of the DARPA Falcon Project designed to fly in the Mach 20 range. It is a test bed for technologies to provide the United States with the capability to reach any target in the world within one hour using an unmanned hypersonic bomber aircraft.

India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and one of four countries with anti-ballistic missile systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DRDO Abhyas</span> Aerial target drone

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic glide vehicle</span> Ballistic missile warhead type

A hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) is a type of warhead for ballistic missiles that can maneuver and glide at hypersonic speed. It is used in conjunction with ballistic missiles to significantly change their trajectories after launch. The concept of HGVs is similar to MaRVs, but HGVs are separated from their rocket boosters shortly after launch (boost-glide) as opposed to MaRVs which can only maneuver just before the impact. Conventional ballistic missiles follow a predictable ballistic trajectory and are vulnerable to interception by the latest anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems. The in-flight maneuverability of HGVs makes them unpredictable, allowing them to effectively evade air defenses. As of 2022, hypersonic glide vehicles are the subject of an arms race.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic weapon</span> High-speed missiles and projectiles

A hypersonic weapon is a weapon capable of travelling at hypersonic speed, defined as between 5 and 25 times the speed of sound or about 1 to 5 miles per second.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept</span> U.S. scramjet missile project

The Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept is a scramjet powered hypersonic air-launched cruise missile project at the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), that had a successful hypersonic flight announced in September 2021. It is a kinetic energy weapon, without an explosive warhead.

SCIFIRE, or the Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment, is an American-Australian military technology partnership that is developing a solid-rocket-boosted, air-breathing, hypersonic conventionally-armed cruise missile that can be launched by existing fighter or bomber aircraft.

References

  1. 1 2 T. S. Subramanian (9 May 2008). "DRDO developing hypersonic missile". The Hindu . Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 "India successfully test fires hypersonic cruise missile". livemint.com. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  3. ↑ Philip, Snehesh Alex (12 June 2019). "DRDO test-fires futuristic missile tech, but its success is in doubt". ThePrint. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  4. ↑ "DRDO starts work on 'next-gen' hypersonic weapon". Hindustan Times . 20 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  5. ↑ Philip, Snehesh Alex (12 June 2019). "DRDO test-fires futuristic missile tech, but its success is in doubt". ThePrint. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  6. ↑ "DRDO developing hypersonic missile". The Hindu. 9 May 2008. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  7. ↑ Projects, Center for Aerospace research, Anna University
  8. 1 2 "DRDO test-fires futuristic missile tech, but its success is in doubt". The Print. 12 June 2019.
  9. ↑ "Big Success! DRDO tests its future technology for the hypersonic cruise missile". Financial Express. 12 June 2019.
  10. ↑ Martin, Mike Yeo, Nigel Pittaway, Usman Ansari, Vivek Raghuvanshi and Chris (15 March 2021). "Hypersonic and directed-energy weapons: Who has them, and who's winning the race in the Asia-Pacific?". Defense News. Retrieved 18 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "US still denying us technology". Archived from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  12. 1 2 3 "DRDO Establishing Four New Facilities". November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  13. ↑ "Hypersonic Wind Tunnel test facility inaugurated at DRDO". The Hindu. 20 December 2020. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  14. ↑ "India's Hypersonic Test vehicle". December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  15. ↑ "YouTube". YouTube . 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  16. ↑ "India test fires Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle". Business Standard. 12 June 2019.
  17. ↑ "India successfully conducts flight test of unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft". The Times of India. 12 June 2019.
  18. ↑ Pubby, Manu (18 June 2019). "Hypersonic vehicle programme to be back on track soon". The Economic Times. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  19. ↑ "India gets success in scramjet demonstrator aircraft test". India Today. 12 June 2019.
  20. ↑ "DRDO successfully flight tests Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  21. ↑ "India successfully test scramjet technology for hypersonic missiles". The Times of India. 8 September 2020. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 17 November 2024.
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