Illex coindetii

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Southern shortfin squid
Illex coindetii
Illex coindetii immature female (left) and mature male (right).jpg
Dorsal and ventral view of an Illex coindetii immature female (left) and mature male (right)
Illex coindetii.jpg
A preserved specimen of Illex coindetii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Ommastrephidae
Genus: Illex
Species:
I. coindetii
Binomial name
Illex coindetii
(Vérany, 1837) [2]
Synonyms [2]
  • Illex illecebrosus Steenstrup, 1880
  • Loligo coindetiiVérany, 1839
  • Loligo pillaeVérany, 1851

Illex coindetii, commonly known as the southern shortfin squid or broadtail shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea and on both sides of the north Atlantic Ocean.

Contents

Description

The hectocotylus of a male Illex coindetii showing closeups of two suckers. The arrows at the top mark the boundaries between the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the hectocotylus. Illex coindetii hectocotylus.jpg
The hectocotylus of a male Illex coindetii showing closeups of two suckers. The arrows at the top mark the boundaries between the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the hectocotylus.

Mature specimens of Illex coindetii from different populations can vary significantly in both size and form. They are sexually dimorphic, with females being typically larger than males. The maximum recorded mantle length is 32 cm (13 in) in males and 37 cm (15 in) in females. These unusually large specimens, however, are not typical of the species. [3] The average mantle length is 18 to 20 cm (7.1 to 7.9 in) in males and 25 to 27 cm (9.8 to 10.6 in) in females. [4] [5] [6]

The eight arms bear two rows of suckers with teeth. In males, the longest of the arms is about 55 to 90% of the total mantle length, while it is 48 to 57% in females. [7] The tentacles have eight longitudinal rows of suckers on the dactylus of the tentacular clubs. The largest middle suckers on the tip are also notched on the rim farthest from the body or all around. [8] In males, the fourth left or right arm develops into a secondary sexual organ known as the hectocotylus. It is of equal length or shorter than the undeveloped opposite arm and of the same diameter. [9] The suckers on the distal third of the hectocotylus are lost and replaced with lamella-like flaps and conical papillae. [3] The upper part of the beak (rostrum) has a long and robust hood, smooth shoulder and short wings. The lower beak has a straight and long jaw edge and wide and long wings with no lobes. [3]

The mantle is cylindrical with a width 15 to 25% of the mantle length. [10] It is widest in the front region except in gravid females. The funnel–mantle locking apparatus (cartilaginous structure connecting the funnel to the mantle) is T-shaped, a characteristic of all ommastrephid squids. The funnel groove (depression on the bottom front part of the mantle where the funnel rests) is smooth and lacks foveola (pockets of skin found in ommastrephid squids of the subfamily Ommastrephinae). [7] The fins are rhomboidal in shape, with a width of around 45 to 60% of the mantle length. [10]

Like other members of the genus, Illex coindetii lacks photophores (bioluminescent structures). [8]

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Loligo coindetii by the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Vérany in 1837, from a specimen recovered from the Mediterranean Sea in Nice, France. [3] [2]

Illex coindetii is one of the four species currently recognized under the genus Illex . The genus is the only member of the subfamily Illicinae in the commercially important squid family Ommastrephidae. Populations can vary in form and size considerably, but two consistent morphotypes have been tentatively identified between specimens from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Despite the wide distribution range of Illex coindetii and its highly variable morphology, a 1998 study confirmed that Illex coindetii is indeed a single species. [3]

Distribution and habitat

Illex coindetii is the most widespread species in the genus Illex. [9] They can be found in the Mediterranean Sea and on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean, from as far north as the Bristol Channel to as far south as the Gulf of Mexico and along the coasts of Venezuela, Suriname and Namibia. They have also been reported from the Red Sea, but it is likely that the specimens in question were misidentified. [4] Newer studies suggest a new and rising population in the North Sea, benefiting from overfishing and acceleration of their life cycles by rising sea temperatures. [11]

Illex coindetii are neritic, oceanic, and benthic species. They can usually be found at depths of 200 to 600 m (660 to 1,970 ft) from the surface in the western Atlantic, 150 to 300 m (490 to 980 ft) in the eastern Atlantic, 180 to 450 m (590 to 1,480 ft) in the Caribbean, and 60 to 400 m (200 to 1,310 ft) in the Mediterranean. The maximum recorded depth they have been recovered is about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). [10] [9]

Ecology and biology

Illex coindetii inhabit muddy, sandy, and silty bottoms often in association with sea pens of the genus Funiculina . [10] Larger and smaller individuals are more often found in deeper and shallower waters respectively, but otherwise the adults and juveniles share the same depth range. Some populations have been observed to exhibit migration into shallower waters during spring and deeper waters in the winter. [4] [9] Illex coindetii also exhibit diel vertical migration, daily movements in which the squids stay in deeper waters during the day and move up the water column during night. [10] [4]

The dominant prey of Illex coindetii includes fish, crustaceans (particularly krill in some populations), and other cephalopods. Occasional prey include arrow worms and tunicates. [4] They are known to engage in cannibalism. [10]

The ratio between males and females in Illex coindetii is roughly 1:1. The species spawns throughout the year, though seasonal peaks have been observed in spring and summer in some areas. Males produce from 81 to 1,555 spermatophores, varying in length between 1.4 and 3.8 cm (0.55 and 1.50 in). Larger males produce a greater amount and larger-sized spermatophores. Females may mate more than once and it is estimated that they contain a maximum of 800,000 eggs (both mature and immature) in their ovaries. [10] [4]

Eggs have been observed in buoyant gelatinous spheres averaging one meter in diameter. [12] Each egg is around 0.8 to 1.3 mm (0.031 to 0.051 in) in diameter. They hatch 10 to 14 days after being laid. The paralarvae are active swimmers and have a mantle length of up to 1.4 mm (0.055 in). Like other members of the family Ommastrephidae, the paralarvae exhibit distinctive fused tentacles called the "proboscis". It is characteristically 50 to 75% of the mantle lengths of the paralarvae. The proboscis begins to divide into the pair of tentacles once the paralarvae reach a mantle length of 4 mm (0.16 in). [10]

Importance

Illex coindetii is one of the two squid species most frequently fished for human consumption in the northeastern and central Atlantic (particularly in Spain and Portugal), the other species being the lesser flying squid ( Todaropsis eblanae ). [6] In the Mediterranean, they constitute an important by-catch of the fishing industry in Sicily, along with the European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus). [4]

Related Research Articles

The Chiroteuthidae are a family of deep-sea squid, generally small to medium in size, rather soft and gelatinous, and slow moving. They are found in most temperate and tropical oceans, but are known primarily from the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Indo-Pacific. The family is represented by approximately 12 species and four subspecies in four genera, two of which are monotypic. They are sometimes known collectively as whip-lash squid, but this common name is also applied to the Mastigoteuthidae, which are sometimes treated as a subfamily (Mastigoteuthinae) of Chiroteuthidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whip-lash squid</span> Family of cephalopods known as whip-lash squid

The Mastigoteuthidae, also known as whip-lash squid, are a family of small deep-sea squid. Approximately 20 known species in six genera are represented, with members found in both the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zone of most oceans. Originally described by Verill in 1881, it was later lowered by Chun (1920) to a subfamily (Mastigoteuthinae) of the Chiroteuthidae. However, Roper et al. (1969) raised it back to the family level, and this has not been changed since. The taxonomy of this family is extremely unstable, and there have been at times one genus, two genera and four subgenera(Salcedo-Vargas & Okutani, 1994), two genera and several 'groups', five genera and one species with an uncertain placement, or six genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ommastrephidae</span> Family of squids

Ommastrephidae is a family of squid containing three subfamilies, 11 genera, and over 20 species. They are widely distributed globally and are extensively fished for food. One species, Todarodes pacificus, comprised around half of the world's cephalopod catch annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hooked squid</span> Family of squids

The hooked squid, family Onychoteuthidae, currently comprise about 20–25 species, in six or seven genera. They range in mature mantle length from 7 cm to a suggested length of 2 m for the largest member, Onykia robusta. The family is characterised by the presence of hooks only on the tentacular clubs, a simple, straight, funnel–mantle locking apparatus, and a 'step' inside the jaw angle of the lower beak. With the exception of the Arctic Ocean, the family is found worldwide.

<i>Australiteuthis</i> Genus of squids

A. aldrichi is a small species of squid found in northern Australian waters. The species was described by Chung Cheng Lu in 2005 based on specimens collected in the inshore waters of Northern Australia. The largest known individual of this species is a mature female measuring 27.6 mm (1.09 in) in mantle length (ML). The holotype is a mature male of 21.3 mm (0.84 in) ML. A live specimen of A. aldrichi has yet to be recorded. A. aldrichi is a member of the class Cephalopoda and part of the subclass Coleodia. Within this class there are two orders, the Myopsida and Oegopsida, which both fall under the superorder Decapodiformes. A. aldrichi falls under the order of Myospida, and is the only member of its genus, Australiteuthis, and family, Australiteuthidae.

<i>Magnapinna atlantica</i> Species of squid

Magnapinna atlantica, previously known as "Magnapinna sp. A", is a species of bigfin squid known from only two specimens collected in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is characterised by several unique morphological features: the tentacle bases are narrower than adjacent arm bases, the proximal tentacle lacks suckers but possesses glandular structures, and the animal's pigment is contained mostly in functional chromatophores.

<i>Magnapinna talismani</i> Species of squid

Magnapinna talismani is a species of bigfin squid known only from a single damaged specimen. It is characterised by small white nodules present on the ventral surface of its fins.

<i>Abraliopsis morisii</i> Species of mollusc

Abraliopsis morisii is a species of bioluminescent squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. The species occurs in tropical to warm temperate waters in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea. It can be found in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Jean Baptiste Vérany described the species in 1839 and it reaches lengths of 25 to 33 millimetres. It is rated as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

<i>Todaropsis eblanae</i> Species of squid

Todaropsis eblanae, also known as the lesser flying squid, is a species of short finned squid in the monotypic genus Todaropsis of the family Ommastrephidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neon flying squid</span> Species of squid

The neon flying squid, sometimes called the red flying squid, akaika, and red squid is a species of large flying squid in the family Ommastrephidae. They are found in subtropical and temperate oceanic waters globally.

Lolliguncula brevis, or the Atlantic brief squid, is a small species of squid in the Loliginidae family. It is found in shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod beak</span> Body part of cephalopods

All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws.

Pennella is a genus of large copepods which are common parasites of large pelagic fishes. They begin their life cycle as a series of free-swimming planktonic larvae. The females metamorphose into a parasitic stage when they attach to a host and enter into its skin. The males are free swimming. Due to their large size and mesoparasitic life history there have been a number of studies of Pennella, the members of which are among the largest of the parasitic Copepoda. All species are found as adults buried into the flesh of marine bony fish, except for a single species, Pennella balaenopterae which can be found in the muscles and blubber of cetaceans and occasionally other marine mammals, and is the largest species of copepod.

<i>Teuthowenia megalops</i> Species of squid

Teuthowenia megalops, sometimes known as the Atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. They are moderately sized squid with a maximum mantle length of 40 cm (16 in). Their very large eyes are the source for the specific name megalops. Like other members of the genus Teuthowenia, they are easily recognizable by the presence of three bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs.

<i>Illex illecebrosus</i> Species of cephalopod known as the northern shortfin squid

Illex illecebrosus, commonly known as the northern shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. Squids of the genus Illex account for 65% of the world's cephalopod captures. Illex is formed by four taxa distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean, whose identification and phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters remain controversial.They are found in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, from off the coast of eastern North America to Greenland, Iceland, and west of Ireland and the United Kingdom. They are a highly migratory and short-lived species, with lifespans of less than a year. They are commercially important and are fished extensively, mostly for the Canadian and Japanese markets. Northern shortfin squid is a migratory species of squid with a distribution ranging from Florida Straits to Newfoundland in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. The species is native to Canada, Greenland, Iceland and United States. The species has an average lifespan between 1–1.5 years in which most live less than a year. The location of the fishery of the squid is mainly in Mid-Atlantic Bight from between summer and fall.

<i>Illex oxygonius</i> Species of squid

Illex oxygonius, commonly known as the sharptail shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. Of the species of the genus Illex, they have the most restricted range, being found only in the western North Atlantic Ocean; from off New Jersey, south to the Straits of Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico. They are very difficult to distinguish from Illex coindetii and Illex illecebrosus, with which their geographic range overlaps. The most obvious difference of I. oxygnius is their sharper fin angles of 25° to 40°. There is also the possibility that they may be a hybrid of I. coindetii and I. illecebrosus.

Sthenoteuthis pteropus, also known as the orangeback flying squid or orangeback squid, is a species of cephalopod in the family Ommastrephidae. It is native to tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean where it is found to depths of about 200 m (656 ft).

<i>Neorossia caroli</i> Species of mollusc

Neorossia caroli, the Carol bobtail squid, is a species of bobtail squid belonging to the family Sepiolidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European flying squid</span> Species of squid

The European flying squid is a species of squid from the continental slope and oceanic waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the type species of the genus Todarodes, the type genus of the subfamily Todarodinae of the pelagic squid family Ommastrephidae. It is a species which is targeted by some fisheries, although it is more often a bycatch.

<i>Rossia</i> Genus of molluscs

Rossia is a genus of 10 species of benthic bobtail squid in the family Sepioidae found in all oceans. They live at depths greater than 50 m (164 ft) and can grow up to 9 cm in mantle length. This genus was first discovered in 1832 by Sir John Ross and his nephew James Clark Ross in the Arctic Seas, showing a resemblance to another genus under the same family, Sepiola. After returning from their expedition, Sir Richard Owen officially classified Rossia to be a new genus, naming it after Sir John and James Clark Ross.

References

  1. ↑ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2018) [errata version of 2014 assessment]. "Illex coindetii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T163269A134869018. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163269A992152.en . Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Gofas, Serge; Finn, Julian (11 June 2016). "llex coindetii Vérany, 1839". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Clyde F.E. Roper; Katharina M. Mangold (1998). "Systematic and distributional relationships of Illex coindetii to the genus Illex (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)". In P.G. Rodhhouse; E.G. Daw; R.K. O'Dor (eds.). Squid Recruitment Dynamics: The genus Illex as a model, the commercial Illex species and influence on variability (PDF). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. Vol. 376. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13–26. ISBN   978-92-5-104159-8.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P. Sánchez; A.F. González; P. Jereb; V.V. Laptikhovsky; K.M. Mangold; Ch.M. Nigmatullin; S. Ragonese (1998). "Illex coindetii". In P.G. Rodhhouse; E.G. Daw; R.K. O'Dor (eds.). Squid Recruitment Dynamics: The genus Illex as a model, the commercial Illex species and influence on variability (PDF). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. Vol. 376. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 59–76. ISBN   978-92-5-104159-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  5. ↑ Angel F. Gonzalez; Angel Guerra (1996). "Reproductive biology of the short-finned squid Illex coindetii (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae) of the northeastern Atlantic" (PDF). Sarsia. 81 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1080/00364827.1996.10413616.
  6. 1 2 Vicente Hernández-García (2002). "Reproductive biology of Illex coindetii and Todaropsis eblanae (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae) off northwest Africa (4°N, 35°N)" (PDF). Bulletin of Marine Science. 71 (1): 347–366.
  7. 1 2 Harriet Perry; Kirsten Larsen (2004). "Illex coindetii (Verany 1839)". A Picture Guide to Shelf Invertebrates from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  8. 1 2 Richard E. Young; Michael Vecchione; Martina A. Compagno Roeleveld (2010). "Ommastrephidae Steenstrup 1857. Version 27 June 2010". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Michael Vecchione; Richard E. Young (2011). "Illex coindetii (Verany 1839). Version 13 January 2011". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Illex coindetii (Verany 1839)". SeaLifeBase. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  11. ↑ Oesterwind, Daniel; Bobowski, Bianca T. C.; Brunsch, Anika; Laptikhovsky, Vladimir; van Hal, Ralf; Sell, Anne F.; Pierce, Graham J. (2020-01-01). "First evidence of a new spawning stock of Illex coindetii in the North Sea (NE-Atlantic)". Fisheries Research. 221: 105384. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105384 . hdl: 10261/194013 . ISSN   0165-7836.
  12. ↑ Ringvold, Halldis; Taite, Morag; Allcock, A. Louise; Vecchione, Michael; Péan, Michel; Sandulli, Roberto; Johnsen, Geir; Fjellheim, Arne; Bakke, Snorre; Sannæs, Hanne; Synnes, Ann-Elin Wårøy (2021-03-30). "In situ recordings of large gelatinous spheres from NE Atlantic, and the first genetic confirmation of egg mass of Illex coindetii (Vérany, 1839) (Cephalopoda, Mollusca)". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7168. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86164-8 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   8009939 . PMID   33785774.
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