Ommastrephidae

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Ommastrephidae
Temporal range: Pliocene - recent [1]
Lesser Flying Squid - Todaropsis eblanae.jpg
Lesser flying squid ( Todaropsis eblanae )
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Superfamily: Cranchioidea
Family: Ommastrephidae
Steenstrup, 1857
Subfamilies

Illicinae
Ommastrephinae
Todarodinae
...and see text

Contents

Ommastrephidae is a family of squid containing three subfamilies, 11 genera, and over 20 species. They are widely distributed globally and are extensively fished for food. One species, Todarodes pacificus , comprised around half of the world's cephalopod catch annually. [2]

Some members of Ommastrephidae are known for their jet-propelled flight, earning them the common name of "flying squid". [3]

Description

Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies.jpg
Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies

The ommastrephids are small to large squids, with mantle lengths ranging from that of the glass squid ( Hyaloteuthis pelagica ) at 9 cm (3.5 in), [4] to the Humboldt squid ( Dosidicus gigas ) at 1.5 m (4.9 ft). [5] The mantle narrows towards the back and possesses large terminal fins. [6] The family is characterized by an inverted T-shaped funnel locking cartilage. [7] [6] They have an easily recognizable, slender, feather-shaped gladius with a hollow cone structure (the primary conus). Light organs (photophores) are present along the head and mantle of members of the subfamily Ommastrephinae. [7] [6]

The gladius of Illex illecebrosus Illex illecebrosus gladius.jpg
The gladius of Illex illecebrosus

Ommastrephid arms have a double series of suckers. The enlarged tips (the clubs) of the tentacles have four rows of suckers, except in the genus Illex , which has eight. Hooks are absent. One of the ventral arms develops into a secondary sexual organ (the hectocotylus) in males. [2]

All ommastrephids are active predators. Their arms and tentacles bear sharp teeth and are used to grasp and bring prey to their beaked mouths. [8] They are very strong swimmers, and some species are known to glide out of water to escape predators. [7]

Ommastrephid paralarvae are distinctive for having fused tentacles, looking like a single "proboscis". It gradually splits into two as the paralarvae grow becoming completely separated once they reach mantle lengths of 5 to 10 mm (0.20 to 0.39 in). [7] [8]

Distribution and habitat

Ommastrephids usually occur in pelagic waters, but can also be found in neritic habitats. [7] They are found worldwide. [2] [8]

Taxonomy

Northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) Sanc1001 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Northern shortfin squid
( Illex illecebrosus )
Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) Dosidicus gigas.jpg
Humboldt squid
( Dosidicus gigas )
Neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) Ommastrephes bartramii (Neon flying squid), Northern Hawaiian waters.jpg
Neon flying squid
( Ommastrephes bartramii )
Sevenstar flying squid (Martialia hyadesii) Martialia hyadesii.jpg
Sevenstar flying squid
( Martialia hyadesii )
Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus) Todarodes pacificus.jpg
Japanese flying squid
( Todarodes pacificus )

Ommastrephidae was first established by the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup in 1857. It is classified under the suborder Oegopsina of the order Teuthida (squids). It is divided into three subfamilies – Illicinae, Ommastrephinae, and Todarodinae; further subdivided into 11 genera and more than 20 species.

These subfamilies, genera, species, and subspecies are classified under Ommastrephidae:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humboldt squid</span> Species of cephalopod

The Humboldt squid, also known as jumbo squid or jumbo flying squid (EN), and Pota in Peru or Jibia in Chile (ES) is a large, predatory squid living in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is the only known species of the genus Dosidicus of the subfamily Ommastrephinae, family Ommastrephidae.

<i>Todaropsis eblanae</i> Species of squid

Todaropsis eblanae, also known as the lesser flying squid, is a species of short finned squid in the monotypic genus Todaropsis of the family Ommastrephidae.

The neon flying squid, sometimes called the red flying squid, akaika, and red squid is a species of large flying squid in the family Ommastrephidae. They are found in subtropical and temperate oceanic waters globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ommastrephinae</span> Subfamily of squids

Ommastrephinae is a subfamily of squids under the family Ommastrephidae.

<i>Illex</i> Genus of squids

Illex, commonly known as shortfin squids, is a squid genus in the family Ommastrephidae and the only member of the subfamily Illicinae. It contains four species:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Todarodinae</span> Subfamily of squids

Todarodinae is a squid subfamily in the family Ommastrephidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod beak</span> Body part of cephalopods

All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws.

<i>Illex coindetii</i> Species of squid

Illex coindetii, commonly known as the southern shortfin squid or broadtail shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea and on both sides of the north Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Illex illecebrosus</i> Species of cephalopod known as the northern shortfin squid

Illex illecebrosus, commonly known as the northern shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. Squids of the genus Illex account for 65% of the world's cephalopod captures. Illex is formed by four taxa distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean, whose identification and phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters remain controversial.They are found in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, from off the coast of eastern North America to Greenland, Iceland, and west of Ireland and the United Kingdom. They are a highly migratory and short-lived species, with lifespans of less than a year. They are commercially important and are fished extensively, mostly for the Canadian and Japanese markets. Northern shortfin squid is a migratory species of squid with a distribution ranging from Florida Straits to Newfoundland in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. The species is native to Canada, Greenland, Iceland and United States. The species has an average lifespan between 1–1.5 years in which most live less than a year. The location of the fishery of the squid is mainly in Mid-Atlantic Bight from between summer and fall.

<i>Hyaloteuthis</i> Genus of squids

The glassy flying squid or glass squid is the only species of the genus Hyaloteuthis of the subfamily Ommastrephinae, family Ommastrephidae. The Squid is 9 cm long.

<i>Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis</i> Species of squid

The purpleback flying squid or purpleback squid is a species of cephalopod in the family Ommastrephidae, occurring in the Indo-Pacific. It is considered one of the most abundant large squids.

Ornithoteuthis is a small genus of squid, with two species, from the family Ommastrephidae, the "flying squids", the two species in this genus are known as "bird squids". They are relatively small squid, with mantle lengths of around 100–200 mm, highly agile and rather uncommon. Their characteristics that distinguish then from other members of the subfamily Ommastrephinae are that their mantle and fins are drawn out into a narrow tail and that they have a luminous stripe along their midline on the viscera. One species, Ornithoteuthis antillarum, is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the other, Ornithoteuthis volatilis, in similar areas of the Indo-Pacific oceans, they are closely related and are thought to have been a result of relatively recent speciation.

<i>Ornithoteuthis antillarum</i> Species of squid

Ornithoteuthis antillarum, the Atlantic bird squid, is a species of flying squid from the family Ommastrephidae which is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is an important component of the diet of many species of fish and of cetaceans. It is taken as a bycatch in fisheries but has the potential to be commercially important if appropriate fishing methods can be developed.

Ornithoteuthis volatilis, the shiny bird squid, is a squid from the subfamily Ommastrephinae, the flying squids, of the family Ommastrephidae part of the pelagic squid order Oegopsida. It is a tropical and sub-tropical species which is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific oceans. It is slightly larger than the closely related species Ornithoteuthis antillarum of the Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Sthenoteuthis</i> Genus of squids

Sthenoteuthis is a genus of small squids, with two species, part of the subfamily Ommastrephinae within the family Ommastrephidae, the "flying squids". They are the dominant species of flying squid in the world's tropical and subtropical seas and they are commonly seen at the ocean's surface during the night. Their size ranges from mantle lengths of 100 mm to 600 mm.

The Angolan flying squid is a species of squid from the subfamily Todarodinae, part of the familyOmmastrephidae. Due to taxonomic confusion with the Antarctic flying squid the exact limits of its distribution are uncertain but it is thought to be restricted to waters off Southern Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic flying squid</span> Species of squid

The Antarctic flying squid is a species of squid from the subfamily Todarodinae of the family Ommastrephidae, a family of pelagic squid from the order Oegopsida. It has a circumglobal distribution in the seas around the lower latitudes of the Southern Oceans.

The little flying squid is a species of squid, one of the arrow squids of the genus Todarodes, in the subfamily Todarodinae of the flying squid family Ommastrephidae. It is a small species from the waters around northern Australia and Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European flying squid</span> Species of squid

The European flying squid is a species of squid from the continental slope and oceanic waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the type species of the genus Todarodes, the type genus of the subfamily Todarodinae of the pelagic squid family Ommastrephidae. It is a species which is targeted by some fisheries, although it is more often a bycatch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cranchioidea</span> Superfamily of molluscs

Cranchioidea is a superfamily of squid in the order Oegopsida. They form the most basal clade within the order.

References

  1. ↑ "Statoliths of Cenozoic teuthoid cephalopods from North America | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  2. 1 2 3 John H. Wormuth (1976). "Ommastrephidae: Flying Squids". In P. Jereb; C.F.E. Roper (eds.). Cephalopods of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . Vol. 2, Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids (PDF). Vol. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 9–10.
  3. ↑ Muramatsu, K.; Yamamoto, J.; Abe, T.; Sekiguchi, K.; Hoshi, N.; Sakurai, Y. (May 2013). "Oceanic squid do fly". Marine Biology. 160 (5): 1171–1175. doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2169-9. S2CID   253742101.
  4. ↑ Nesis, K. N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. 385,ii pp. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. (In Russian.). Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess (1987), Cephalopods of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 351pp.
  5. ↑ Glaubrecht, M. & M.A. Salcedo-Vargas 2004. The Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835): History of the Berlin specimen, with a reappraisal of other (bathy-)pelagic gigantic cephalopods (Mollusca, Ommastrephidae, Architeuthidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution80(1): 53–69. doi : 10.1002/mmnz.20040800105
  6. 1 2 3 John H. Wormuth (1976). The biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family Ommastrephidae in the Pacific Ocean. University of California Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN   978-0-520-09540-3.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael; Roeleveld, Martina A. Compagno (2010). "Ommastrephidae Steenstrup 1857. Version 27 June 2010". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 K. L. Lamprell; J.M. Healy; A.M. Scheltema; K. Gowlett-Holmes; C.C. Lu (2001). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2, Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. CSIRO Publishing. p. 274. ISBN   978-0-643-06707-3.
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