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Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression to align with heterosexual and cisgender norms. Methods that have been used to this end include forms of brain surgery, surgical or hormonal castration, aversive treatments such as electric shocks, nausea-inducing drugs, hypnosis, counseling, spiritual interventions, visualization, psychoanalysis, and arousal reconditioning.
Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental health hospitals or behavioral health hospitals, are hospitals or wards specializing in the treatment of severe mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, dissociative identity disorder, major depressive disorder, and others.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952, but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
Robert Leopold Spitzer was a psychiatrist and professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major force in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation is a highly controversial mental health diagnosis that was included in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from 1980 to 1987 and in the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) from 1990 to 2019. Individuals could be diagnosed with ego-dystonic sexual orientation if their sexual orientation or attractions were at odds with their idealized self-image, causing anxiety and a desire to change their orientation or become more comfortable with it. It describes not innate sexual orientation itself, but a conflict between the sexual orientation a person wishes to have and their actual sexual orientation.
The Chinese Society of Psychiatry is the largest organization for psychiatrists in China. It publishes the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders ("CCMD"), first published in 1985. The CSP also publishes clinical practice guidelines; promotes psychiatric practice, research and communication; trains new professionals; and holds academic conferences.
Kenneth J. Zucker is an American-Canadian psychologist and sexologist. He was named editor-in-chief of Archives of Sexual Behavior in 2001. He was psychologist-in-chief at Toronto's Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and head of its Gender Identity Service until December 2015. Zucker is a professor in the departments of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Toronto.
Jack Drescher is an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst known for his work on sexual orientation and gender identity.
This is a timeline of the modern development of psychiatry. Related information can be found in the Timeline of psychology and Timeline of psychotherapy articles.
Sexual relationship disorder was listed in the tenth edition of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, the ICD-10, the most widely used diagnostic manual by psychiatrists and psychologists worldwide. It was described as a disorder where a person has difficulties forming or maintaining a sexual relationship because of their gender identity or sexual orientation. In 2014, it was determined that there was no justification for the existence of this mental disorder category, and the diagnosis was not included in the ICD-11, which went into effect in January 2022.
The Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia (IPA) is the sole Russian non-governmental professional organization that makes non-forensic psychiatric expert examination at the request of citizens whose rights have been violated with the use of psychiatry. The IPA is not a state institution but a public organization, and its medical reports have not a legal but an ethical significance. There is nowhere to refute one's misdiagnosis in Russia. In recent years, the IPA forces restrictions on patients’ rights and transinstitutionalization of those with mental illness.
Yusuf Matcheswalla is a senior psychiatrist from Mumbai, Maharashtra in India since the last 28 years.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the psychiatric survivors movement:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to psychiatry:
Dinesh Kumar Makhan Lal Bhugra is a professor of mental health and diversity at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London. He is an honorary consultant psychiatrist at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and is former president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. He has been president of the World Psychiatric Association and the President Elect of the British Medical Association.
Indira Sharma is an Indian psychiatrist specialising in child psychiatry and women's mental health. She is a professor and head of the psychiatry department at Banaras Hindu University. In January 2013, she was elected president of the Indian Psychiatric Society.
Anirudh Kala, is an Indian psychiatrist based in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. He had been an active participant in the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) for forty years and had raised awareness about mental health legislation and related issues among Indian psychiatrists. He is clinical director of The Mind Plus, an acute psychiatric care clinic in Ludhiana. Kala is founding president of the Indian Association of Private Psychiatry and founding president of Indo-Pak Punjab Psychiatric Society. The latter is a cross border initiative forging links between mental health professionals of Indian and Pakistani Punjab provinces. Partly based on interactions with Pakistani colleagues and visits to mental health institutes he wrote an anthology of short stories, The Unsafe Asylum: Stories of Partition & Madness. A novel, "Two and a Half Rivers' about the nineteen eighties' militancy in Punjab was published in 2021. A non-fiction book "Most of What You Know About Addiction Is Wrong" meant for common readers and policy makers was published in March 2023 by Speaking Tiger Books.
Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) beginning with the first edition, published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). This classification was challenged by gay rights activists in the years following the 1969 Stonewall riots, and in December 1973, the APA board of trustees voted to declassify homosexuality as a mental disorder. In 1974, the DSM was updated and homosexuality was replaced with a new diagnostic code for individuals distressed by their homosexuality. Distress over one's sexual orientation remained in the manual, under different names, until the DSM-5 in 2013.
Mental healthcare in India is a right secured to every person in the country by law. Indian mental health legislation, as per a 2017 study, meets 68% (119/175) of the World Health Organization (WHO) standards laid down in the WHO Checklist of Mental Health Legislation. However, human resources and expertise in the field of mental health in India is significantly low when compared to the population of the country. The allocation of the national healthcare budget to mental health is also low, standing at 0.16%. India's mental health policy was released in 2014.
Many health organizations around the world have denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts. National health organizations in the United States have announced that there has been no scientific demonstration of conversion therapy's efficacy in the last forty years. They find that conversion therapy is ineffective, risky and can be harmful. Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychiatric Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under the Hippocratic oath to do no harm and to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "A Brief History of IPS". indianpsychiatricsociety.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023.
- ↑ "Home". indianpsychiatricsociety.org.
- ↑ "Deepika Padukone named Indian Psychiatric Society's brand ambassador". The Times of India. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- 1 2 "Objectives". indianpsychiatricsociety.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "Organization". indianpsychiatricsociety.org.
- 1 2 "Homosexuality is unnatural, leading psychiatrist says". The Times of India. 21 January 2014. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014.
- 1 2 Iyer, Malathy (2 February 2014). "Homosexuality is not a disease, psychiatrists say". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014.
- 1 2 First Post Staff (7 February 2014). "Homosexuality not mental illness, disease: Indian Psychiatric Society-India News". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022.
- ↑ Special Correspondent (12 July 2018). "Homosexuality not an illness: Indian Psychiatric Society". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X.
- ↑ "IPS Position Statement Regarding LGBTQ | Indian Psychiatric Society". indianpsychiatricsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
- 1 2 Indian Psychiatric Society (3 April 2023), Position Statement of Indian Psychiatric Society regarding LGBTQA, IPS/HGS/22-24/1007 (LGBTQA), Gurgaon, India: Indian Psychiatric Society, archived from the original on 11 April 2023
- 1 2 Pal, Somita (9 April 2023). "Psychiatrists issue statement supporting same-sex marriage ahead of SC hearing". Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 9 April 2023.
- ↑ Iyer, Malathy (9 February 2013). "Early marriage curbs crimes, Indian Psychiatric Society chief says". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.
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