Integer triangle

A Heronian triangle with sidelengths c, e and b + d, and height a, all integers.

An integer triangle or integral triangle is a triangle all of whose side lengths are integers. A rational triangle is one whose side lengths are rational numbers; any rational triangle can be rescaled by the lowest common denominator of the sides to obtain a similar integer triangle, so there is a close relationship between integer triangles and rational triangles.

Sometimes other definitions of the term rational triangle are used: Carmichael (1914) and Dickson (1920) use the term to mean a Heronian triangle (a triangle with integral or rational side lengths and area); ^[1] Conway and Guy (1996) define a rational triangle as one with rational sides and rational angles measured in degrees—the only such triangles are rational-sided equilateral triangles. ^[2]

General properties for an integer triangle

Integer triangles with given perimeter

Any triple of positive integers can serve as the side lengths of an integer triangle as long as it satisfies the triangle inequality: the longest side is shorter than the sum of the other two sides. Each such triple defines an integer triangle that is unique up to congruence. So the number of integer triangles (up to congruence) with perimeter p is the number of partitions of p into three positive parts that satisfy the triangle inequality. This is the integer closest to ${\displaystyle p^{2}/48}$ when p is even and to ${\displaystyle (p+3)^{2}/48}$ when p is odd. ^{[3] [4]} It also means that the number of integer triangles with even numbered perimeters ${\displaystyle p=2n}$ is the same as the number of integer triangles with odd numbered perimeters ${\displaystyle p=2n-3.}$ Thus there is no integer triangle with perimeter 1, 2 or 4, one with perimeter 3, 5, 6 or 8, and two with perimeter 7 or 10. The sequence of the number of integer triangles with perimeter p, starting at ${\displaystyle p=1,}$ is:

0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 7, 5, 8, 7, 10, 8 ... (sequence A005044 in the OEIS )

This is called Alcuin's sequence.

Integer triangles with given largest side

The number of integer triangles (up to congruence) with given largest side c and integer triple ${\displaystyle (a,b,c)}$ is the number of integer triples such that ${\displaystyle a+b>c}$ and ${\displaystyle a\leq b\leq c.}$ This is the integer value ${\displaystyle \lceil {\tfrac {1}{2}}(c+1)\rceil \cdot \lfloor {\tfrac {1}{2}}(c+1)\rfloor .}$ ^[3] Alternatively, for c even it is the double triangular number ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}c{\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}c+1{\bigr )}}$ and for c odd it is the square ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}(c+1).}$ It also means that the number of integer triangles with greatest side c exceeds the number of integer triangles with greatest side c − 2 by c. The sequence of the number of non-congruent integer triangles with largest side c, starting at c = 1, is:

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 36, 42, 49, 56, 64, 72, 81, 90 ... (sequence A002620 in the OEIS )

The number of integer triangles (up to congruence) with given largest side c and integer triple (a, b, c) that lie on or within a semicircle of diameter c is the number of integer triples such that a + b > c , a² + b² ≤ c² and a ≤ b ≤ c. This is also the number of integer sided obtuse or right (non-acute) triangles with largest side c. The sequence starting at c = 1, is:

0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 22, 25, 30, 33, 38, 42, 48 ... (sequence A236384 in the OEIS )

Consequently, the difference between the two above sequences gives the number of acute integer sided triangles (up to congruence) with given largest side c. The sequence starting at c = 1, is:

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 25, 27, 31, 34, 39, 43, 48, 52 ... (sequence A247588 in the OEIS )

Area of an integer triangle

By Heron's formula, if T is the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths a, b, and c then

${\displaystyle 4T={\sqrt {(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(a-b+c)(-a+b+c)}}.}$

Since all the terms under the radical on the right side of the formula are integers it follows that all integer triangles must have an integer value of 16T² and T² will be rational.

Angles of an integer triangle

By the law of cosines, every angle of an integer triangle has a rational cosine. Every angle of an integer right triangle also has rational sine (see Pythagorean triple).

If the angles of any triangle form an arithmetic progression then one of its angles must be 60°. ^[5] For integer triangles the remaining angles must also have rational cosines and a method of generating such triangles is given below. However, apart from the trivial case of an equilateral triangle, there are no integer triangles whose angles form either a geometric or harmonic progression. This is because such angles have to be rational angles of the form ${\displaystyle \pi p/q}$ with rational ${\displaystyle 0<p/q<1.}$ But all the angles of integer triangles must have rational cosines and this will occur only when ${\displaystyle p/q=1/3.}$ ^{[6] : p.2} i.e. the integer triangle is equilateral.

The square of each internal angle bisector of an integer triangle is rational, because the general triangle formula for the internal angle bisector of angle A is ${\textstyle 2{\sqrt {bcs(s-a)}}{\big /}(b+c)}$ where s is the semiperimeter (and likewise for the other angles' bisectors).

Side split by an altitude

Any altitude dropped from a vertex onto an opposite side or its extension will split that side or its extension into rational lengths.

Medians

The square of twice any median of an integer triangle is an integer, because the general formula for the squared median m_a² to side a is ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}(2b^{2}+2c^{2}-a^{2})}$, giving (2m_a)² = 2b² + 2c² − a² (and likewise for the medians to the other sides).

Circumradius and inradius

Because the square of the area of an integer triangle is rational, the square of its circumradius is also rational, as is the square of the inradius.

The ratio of the inradius to the circumradius of an integer triangle is rational, equaling ${\displaystyle 4T^{2}/sabc}$ for semiperimeter s and area T.

The product of the inradius and the circumradius of an integer triangle is rational, equaling ${\displaystyle abc{\big /}2(a+b+c).}$

Thus the squared distance between the incenter and the circumcenter of an integer triangle, given by Euler's theorem as ${\displaystyle R^{2}-2Rr}$ is rational.

Heronian triangles

Main article: Heronian triangle

All Heronian triangles can be placed on a lattice with each vertex at a lattice point. ^[7]

General formula

A Heronian triangle, also known as a Heron triangle or a Hero triangle, is a triangle with integer sides and integer area. Every Heronian triangle has sides proportional to ^[8]

${\displaystyle a=n(m^{2}+k^{2})}$

${\displaystyle b=m(n^{2}+k^{2})}$

${\displaystyle c=(m+n)(mn-k^{2})}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Semiperimeter}}=mn(m+n)}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=mnk(m+n)(mn-k^{2})}$

for integers m, n and k subject to the constraints:

${\displaystyle \gcd {(m,n,k)}=1}$

${\displaystyle mn>k^{2}\geq m^{2}n/(2m+n)}$

${\displaystyle m\geq n\geq 1.}$

The proportionality factor is generally a rational ${\displaystyle p/q}$ where q = gcd(a,b,c) reduces the generated Heronian triangle to its primitive and ${\displaystyle p}$ scales up this primitive to the required size.

Pythagorean triangles

Main article: Pythagorean triple

A Pythagorean triangle is right-angled and Heronian. Its three integer sides are known as a Pythagorean triple or Pythagorean triplet or Pythagorean triad. ^[9] All Pythagorean triples ${\displaystyle (a,b,c)}$ with hypotenuse ${\displaystyle c}$ which are primitive (the sides having no common factor) can be generated by

${\displaystyle a=m^{2}-n^{2},\,}$

${\displaystyle b=2mn,\,}$

${\displaystyle c=m^{2}+n^{2},\,}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Semiperimeter}}=m(m+n)\,}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=mn(m^{2}-n^{2})\,}$

where m and n are coprime integers and one of them is even with m > n.

Every even number greater than 2 can be the leg of a Pythagorean triangle (not necessarily primitive) because if the leg is given by ${\displaystyle a=2m}$ and we choose ${\displaystyle b=(a/2)^{2}-1=m^{2}-1}$ as the other leg then the hypotenuse is ${\displaystyle c=m^{2}+1}$. ^[10] This is essentially the generation formula above with ${\displaystyle n}$ set to 1 and allowing ${\displaystyle m}$ to range from 2 to infinity.

Pythagorean triangles with integer altitude from the hypotenuse

There are no primitive Pythagorean triangles with integer altitude from the hypotenuse. This is because twice the area equals any base times the corresponding height: 2 times the area thus equals both ab and cd where d is the height from the hypotenuse c. The three side lengths of a primitive triangle are coprime, so ${\displaystyle d=ab/c}$ is in fully reduced form; since c cannot equal 1 for any primitive Pythagorean triangle, d cannot be an integer.

However, any Pythagorean triangle with legs x, y and hypotenuse z can generate a Pythagorean triangle with an integer altitude, by scaling up the sides by the length of the hypotenuse z. If d is the altitude, then the generated Pythagorean triangle with integer altitude is given by ^[11]

${\displaystyle (a,b,c,d)=(xz,yz,z^{2},xy).\,}$

Consequently, all Pythagorean triangles with legs a and b, hypotenuse c, and integer altitude d from the hypotenuse, with ${\displaystyle \gcd(a,b,c,d)=1}$, which necessarily satisfy both a² + b² = c² and ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{a^{2}}}+{\tfrac {1}{b^{2}}}={\tfrac {1}{d^{2}}}}$, are generated by ^{[12] [11]}

${\displaystyle a=(m^{2}-n^{2})(m^{2}+n^{2}),\,}$

${\displaystyle b=2mn(m^{2}+n^{2}),\,}$

${\displaystyle c=(m^{2}+n^{2})^{2},\,}$

${\displaystyle d=2mn(m^{2}-n^{2}),\,}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Semiperimeter}}=m(m+n)(m^{2}+n^{2})\,}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=mn(m^{2}-n^{2})(m^{2}+n^{2})^{2}\,}$

for coprime integers m, n with m > n.

Heronian triangles with sides in arithmetic progression

A triangle with integer sides and integer area has sides in arithmetic progression if and only if ^[13] the sides are (b – d, b, b + d), where

${\displaystyle b=2(m^{2}+3n^{2})/g,}$

${\displaystyle d=(m^{2}-3n^{2})/g,}$

and where g is the greatest common divisor of ${\displaystyle m^{2}-3n^{2},}$${\displaystyle 2mn,}$ and ${\displaystyle m^{2}+3n^{2}.}$

Heronian triangles with one angle equal to twice another

All Heronian triangles with B = 2A are generated by ^[14] either

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a&={\tfrac {1}{4}}k^{2}(s^{2}+r^{2})^{2},\\[5mu]b&={\tfrac {1}{2}}k^{2}(s^{4}-r^{4}),\\[5mu]c&={\tfrac {1}{4}}k^{2}(3s^{4}-10s^{2}r^{2}+3r^{4}),\\[5mu]{\text{Area}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}k^{2}csr(s^{2}-r^{2}),\end{aligned}}}$

with integers k, s, r such that ${\displaystyle s^{2}>3r^{2},}$ or

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a&={\tfrac {1}{4}}q^{2}(u^{2}+v^{2})^{2},\\[5mu]b&=q^{2}uv(u^{2}+v^{2}),\\[5mu]c&={\tfrac {1}{4}}q^{2}(14u^{2}v^{2}-u^{4}-v^{4}),\\[5mu]{\text{Area}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}q^{2}cuv(v^{2}-u^{2}),\end{aligned}}}$

with integers q, u, v such that ${\displaystyle v>u}$ and ${\displaystyle v^{2}<(7+4{\sqrt {3}})u^{2}.}$

No Heronian triangles with B = 2A are isosceles or right triangles because all resulting angle combinations generate angles with non-rational sines, giving a non-rational area or side.

Isosceles Heronian triangles

All isosceles Heronian triangles are decomposable. They are formed by joining two congruent Pythagorean triangles along either of their common legs such that the equal sides of the isosceles triangle are the hypotenuses of the Pythagorean triangles, and the base of the isosceles triangle is twice the other Pythagorean leg. Consequently, every Pythagorean triangle is the building block for two isosceles Heronian triangles since the join can be along either leg. All pairs of isosceles Heronian triangles are given by rational multiples of ^[15]

${\displaystyle a=2(u^{2}-v^{2}),}$

${\displaystyle b=u^{2}+v^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=u^{2}+v^{2},}$

and

${\displaystyle a=4uv,}$

${\displaystyle b=u^{2}+v^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=u^{2}+v^{2},}$

for coprime integers u and v with u > v and u + v odd.

Heronian triangles whose perimeter is four times a prime

It has been shown that a Heronian triangle whose perimeter is four times a prime is uniquely associated with the prime and that the prime is congruent to ${\displaystyle 1}$ or ${\displaystyle 3}$ modulo ${\displaystyle 8}$. ^{[16] [17]} It is well known that such a prime ${\displaystyle p}$ can be uniquely partitioned into integers ${\displaystyle m}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ such that ${\displaystyle p=m^{2}+2n^{2}}$ (see Euler's idoneal numbers). Furthermore, it has been shown that such Heronian triangles are primitive since the smallest side of the triangle has to be equal to the prime that is one quarter of its perimeter.

Consequently, all primitive Heronian triangles whose perimeter is four times a prime can be generated by

${\displaystyle a=m^{2}+2n^{2}}$

${\displaystyle b=m^{2}+4n^{2}}$

${\displaystyle c=2(m^{2}+n^{2})}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Semiperimeter}}=2a=2(m^{2}+2n^{2})}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=2mn(m^{2}+2n^{2})}$

for integers ${\displaystyle m}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ such that ${\displaystyle m^{2}+2n^{2}}$ is a prime.

Furthermore, the factorization of the area is ${\displaystyle 2mnp}$ where ${\displaystyle p=m^{2}+2n^{2}}$ is prime. However the area of a Heronian triangle is always divisible by ${\displaystyle 6}$. This gives the result that apart from when ${\displaystyle m=1}$ and ${\displaystyle n=1,}$ which gives ${\displaystyle p=3,}$ all other parings of ${\displaystyle m}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ must have ${\displaystyle m}$ odd with only one of them divisible by ${\displaystyle 3}$.

Heronian triangles with rational angle bisectors

If in a Heronian triangle the angle bisector ${\displaystyle w_{a}}$ of the angle ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, the angle bisector ${\displaystyle w_{b}}$ of the angle ${\displaystyle \beta }$ and the angle bisector ${\displaystyle w_{c}}$ of the angle ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ have a rational relationship with the three sides then not only ${\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }$ but also ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\alpha }$, ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\beta }$ and ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\gamma }$ must be Heronian angles. Namely, if both angles ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\beta }$ are Heronian then ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\gamma }$, the complement of ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\alpha +{\tfrac {1}{2}}\beta }$, must also be a Heronian angle, so that all three angle-bisectors are rational. This is also evident if one multiplies:

${\displaystyle w_{a}={\frac {2{\sqrt {s(s-a)}}\cdot {\sqrt {bc}}}{b+c}}\quad w_{b}={\frac {2{\sqrt {s(s-b)}}\cdot {\sqrt {ac}}}{a+c}}\quad w_{c}={\frac {2{\sqrt {s(s-c)}}\cdot {\sqrt {ab}}}{a+b}}}$

together. Namely, through this one obtains:

${\displaystyle w_{a}\cdot w_{b}\cdot w_{c}={\frac {8s\cdot J\cdot a\cdot b\cdot c}{(a+b)(a+c)(b+c)}},}$

where ${\displaystyle s}$ denotes the semi-perimeter, and ${\displaystyle J}$ the area of the triangle.

All Heronian triangles with rational angle bisectors are generated by ^[18]

${\displaystyle a=mn(p^{2}+q^{2})}$

${\displaystyle b=pq(m^{2}+n^{2})}$

${\displaystyle c=(mq+np)(mp-nq)}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Semiperimeter}}=s=(a+b+c)/2=mp(mq+np)}$

${\displaystyle s-a=mq(mp-nq)}$

${\displaystyle s-b=np(mp-nq)}$

${\displaystyle s-c=nq(mq+np)}$

${\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=J=mnpq(mq+np)(mp-nq)}$

where ${\displaystyle m,n,p,q}$ are such that

${\displaystyle m=t^{2}-u^{2}}$

${\displaystyle n=2tu}$

${\displaystyle p=v^{2}-w^{2}}$

${\displaystyle q=2vw}$

where ${\displaystyle t,u,v,w}$ are arbitrary integers such that

${\displaystyle t}$ and ${\displaystyle u}$ coprime,

${\displaystyle v}$ and ${\displaystyle w}$ coprime.

Heronian triangles with integer inradius and exradii

There are infinitely many decomposable, and infinitely many indecomposable, primitive Heronian (non-Pythagorean) triangles with integer radii for the incircle and each excircle. ^{[19] : Thms. 3 and 4} A family of decomposible ones is given by

${\displaystyle a=4n^{2}}$

${\displaystyle b=(2n+1)(2n^{2}-2n+1)}$

${\displaystyle c=(2n-1)(2n^{2}+2n+1)}$

${\displaystyle r=2n-1}$

${\displaystyle r_{a}=2n+1}$

${\displaystyle r_{b}=2n^{2}}$

${\displaystyle r_{c}={\text{Area}}=2n^{2}(2n-1)(2n+1);}$

and a family of indecomposable ones is given by

${\displaystyle a=5(5n^{2}+n-1)}$

${\displaystyle b=(5n+3)(5n^{2}-4n+1)}$

${\displaystyle c=(5n-2)(5n^{2}+6n+2)}$

${\displaystyle r=5n-2}$

${\displaystyle r_{a}=5n+3}$

${\displaystyle r_{b}=5n^{2}+n-1}$

${\displaystyle r_{c}={\text{Area}}=(5n-2)(5n+3)(5n^{2}+n-1).}$

Heronian triangles as faces of a tetrahedron

There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued volume and Heron triangles as faces. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 190, and the other four edges of 1073; two faces have areas of 436800 and the other two have areas of 47120, while the volume is 62092800. ^{[9] : p.107}

Heronian triangles in a 2D lattice

A 2D lattice is a regular array of isolated points where if any one point is chosen as the Cartesian origin (0, 0), then all the other points are at (x, y) where x and y range over all positive and negative integers. A lattice triangle is any triangle drawn within a 2D lattice such that all vertices lie on lattice points. By Pick's theorem a lattice triangle has a rational area that either is an integer or a half-integer (has a denominator of 2). If the lattice triangle has integer sides then it is Heronian with integer area. ^[20]

Furthermore, it has been proved that all Heronian triangles can be drawn as lattice triangles. ^{[21] [22]} Consequently, an integer triangle is Heronian if and only if it can be drawn as a lattice triangle.

There are infinitely many primitive Heronian (non-Pythagorean) triangles which can be placed on an integer lattice with all vertices, the incenter, and all three excenters at lattice points. Two families of such triangles are the ones with parametrizations given above at #Heronian triangles with integer inradius and exradii. ^{[19] : Thm. 5}

Integer automedian triangles

Main article: Automedian triangle

An automedian triangle is one whose medians are in the same proportions (in the opposite order) as the sides. If x, y, and z are the three sides of a right triangle, sorted in increasing order by size, and if 2x < z, then z, x + y, and y − x are the three sides of an automedian triangle. For instance, the right triangle with side lengths 5, 12, and 13 can be used in this way to form the smallest non-trivial (i.e., non-equilateral) integer automedian triangle, with side lengths 13, 17, and 7. ^[23]

Consequently, using Euclid's formula, which generates primitive Pythagorean triangles, it is possible to generate primitive integer automedian triangles as

${\displaystyle a=|m^{2}-2mn-n^{2}|}$

${\displaystyle b=m^{2}+2mn-n^{2}}$

${\displaystyle c=m^{2}+n^{2}}$

with ${\displaystyle m}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ coprime and ${\displaystyle m+n}$ odd, and ${\displaystyle n<m<n{\sqrt {3}}}$  (if the quantity inside the absolute value signs is negative) or  ${\displaystyle m>(2+{\sqrt {3}})n}$ (if that quantity is positive) to satisfy the triangle inequality.

An important characteristic of the automedian triangle is that the squares of its sides form an arithmetic progression. Specifically, ${\displaystyle c^{2}-a^{2}=b^{2}-c^{2}}$ so ${\displaystyle 2c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}.}$

Integer triangles with specific angle properties

Integer triangles with a rational angle bisector

A triangle family with integer sides ${\displaystyle a,b,c}$ and with rational bisector ${\displaystyle d}$ of angle A is given by ^[24]

${\displaystyle a=2(k^{2}-m^{2}),}$

${\displaystyle b=(k-m)^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=(k+m)^{2},}$

${\displaystyle d={\frac {2km(k^{2}-m^{2})}{k^{2}+m^{2}}},}$

with integers ${\displaystyle k>m>0}$.

Integer triangles with integer n-sectors of all angles

There exist infinitely many non-similar triangles in which the three sides and the bisectors of each of the three angles are integers. ^[25]

There exist infinitely many non-similar triangles in which the three sides and the two trisectors of each of the three angles are integers. ^[25]

However, for n > 3 there exist no triangles in which the three sides and the (n – 1) n-sectors of each of the three angles are integers. ^[25]

Integer triangles with one angle with a given rational cosine

Some integer triangles with one angle at vertex A having given rational cosine h / k (h < 0 or > 0; k > 0) are given by ^[26]

${\displaystyle a=p^{2}-2pqh+q^{2}k^{2},}$

${\displaystyle b=p^{2}-q^{2}k^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=2qk(p-qh),}$

where p and q are any coprime positive integers such that p > qk.

Integer triangles with a 60° angle (angles in arithmetic progression)

All integer triangles with a 60° angle have their angles in an arithmetic progression. All such triangles are proportional to: ^[5]

${\displaystyle a=4mn,}$

${\displaystyle b=3m^{2}+n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=2mn+|3m^{2}-n^{2}|}$

with coprime integers m, n and 1 ≤ n ≤ m or 3m ≤ n. From here, all primitive solutions can be obtained by dividing a, b, and c by their greatest common divisor.

Integer triangles with a 60° angle can also be generated by ^[27]

${\displaystyle a=m^{2}-mn+n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle b=2mn-n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=m^{2}-n^{2},}$

with coprime integers m, n with 0 < n < m (the angle of 60° is opposite to the side of length a). From here, all primitive solutions can be obtained by dividing a, b, and c by their greatest common divisor (e.g. an equilateral triangle solution is obtained by taking m = 2 and n = 1, but this produces a = b = c = 3, which is not a primitive solution). See also ^{[28] [29]}

More precisely, If ${\displaystyle m\equiv -n\!{\pmod {3}}}$, then ${\displaystyle \gcd(a,b,c)=3}$, otherwise ${\displaystyle \gcd(a,b,c)=1}$. Two different pairs ${\displaystyle (m,n)}$ and ${\displaystyle (m,m-n)}$ generate the same triple. Unfortunately the two pairs can both have a gcd of 3, so we can't avoid duplicates by simply skipping that case. Instead, duplicates can be avoided by ${\displaystyle n}$ going only till ${\displaystyle m/2}$. We still need to divide by 3 if the gcd is 3. The only solution for ${\displaystyle n=m/2}$ under the above constraints is ${\displaystyle (3,3,3)\equiv (1,1,1)}$ for ${\displaystyle m=2,n=1}$. With this additional ${\displaystyle n\leq m/2}$ constraint all triples can be generated uniquely.

An Eisenstein triple is a set of integers which are the lengths of the sides of a triangle where one of the angles is 60 degrees.

Integer triangles with a 120° angle

Integer triangles with a 120° angle can be generated by ^[30]

${\displaystyle a=m^{2}+mn+n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle b=2mn+n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle c=m^{2}-n^{2},}$

with coprime integers m, n with 0 < n < m (the angle of 120° is opposite to the side of length a). From here, all primitive solutions can be obtained by dividing a, b, and c by their greatest common divisor. The smallest solution, for m = 2 and n = 1, is the triangle with sides (3,5,7). See also. ^{[28] [29]}

More precisely, If ${\displaystyle m\equiv n\!{\pmod {3}}}$, then ${\displaystyle \gcd(a,b,c)=3}$, otherwise ${\displaystyle \gcd(a,b,c)=1}$. Since the biggest side a can only be generated with a single ${\displaystyle (m,n)}$ pair, each primitive triple can be generated in precisely two ways: once directly with a gcd of 1, and once indirectly with a gcd of 3. Therefore, in order to generate all primitive triples uniquely, one can just add additional ${\displaystyle m\not \equiv n\!{\pmod {3}}}$ condition.^{[ citation needed ]}

Integer triangles with one angle equal to an arbitrary rational number times another angle

For positive coprime integers h and k, the triangle with the following sides has angles ${\displaystyle h\alpha }$, ${\displaystyle k\alpha }$, and ${\displaystyle \pi -(h+k)\alpha }$ and hence two angles in the ratio h : k, and its sides are integers: ^[31]

${\displaystyle a=q^{h+k-1}{\frac {\sin h\alpha }{\sin \alpha }}=q^{k}\cdot \sum _{0\leq i\leq {\frac {h-1}{2}}}(-1)^{i}{\binom {h}{2i+1}}p^{h-2i-1}(q^{2}-p^{2})^{i},}$

${\displaystyle b=q^{h+k-1}{\frac {\sin k\alpha }{\sin \alpha }}=q^{h}\cdot \sum _{0\leq i\leq {\frac {k-1}{2}}}(-1)^{i}{\binom {k}{2i+1}}p^{k-2i-1}(q^{2}-p^{2})^{i},}$

${\displaystyle c=q^{h+k-1}{\frac {\sin(h+k)\alpha }{\sin \alpha }}=\sum _{0\leq i\leq {\frac {h+k-1}{2}}}(-1)^{i}{\binom {h+k}{2i+1}}p^{h+k-2i-1}(q^{2}-p^{2})^{i},}$

where ${\displaystyle \alpha =\cos ^{-1}\!{\frac {p}{q}}}$ and p and q are any coprime integers such that ${\displaystyle \cos {\frac {\pi }{h+k}}<{\frac {p}{q}}<1}$.

Integer triangles with one angle equal to twice another

With angle A opposite side ${\displaystyle a}$ and angle B opposite side ${\displaystyle b}$, some triangles with B = 2A are generated by ^[32]

${\displaystyle a=n^{2},}$

${\displaystyle b=mn,}$

${\displaystyle c=m^{2}-n^{2},}$

with integers m, n such that 0 < n < m < 2n.

All triangles with B = 2A (whether integer or not) satisfy ^[33] ${\displaystyle a(a+c)=b^{2}.}$

Integer triangles with one angle equal to 3/2 times another

The equivalence class of similar triangles with ${\displaystyle B={\tfrac {3}{2}}A}$ are generated by ^[32]

${\displaystyle a=mn^{3},}$

${\displaystyle b=n^{2}(m^{2}-n^{2}),}$

${\displaystyle c=(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}-m^{2}n^{2},}$

with integers ${\displaystyle m,n}$ such that ${\displaystyle 0<\varphi n<m<2n}$, where ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is the golden ratio ${\textstyle \varphi ={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}1+{\sqrt {5}}{\bigr )}\approx 1.61803}$.

All triangles with ${\displaystyle B={\tfrac {3}{2}}A}$ (whether with integer sides or not) satisfy ${\displaystyle (b^{2}-a^{2})(b^{2}-a^{2}+bc)=a^{2}c^{2}.}$

Integer triangles with one angle three times another

We can generate the full equivalence class of similar triangles that satisfy B = 3A by using the formulas ^[34]

${\displaystyle a=n^{3},\,}$

${\displaystyle b=n(m^{2}-n^{2}),\,}$

${\displaystyle c=m(m^{2}-2n^{2}),\,}$

where ${\displaystyle m}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ are integers such that ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}n<m<2n}$.

All triangles with B = 3A (whether with integer sides or not) satisfy ${\displaystyle ac^{2}=(b-a)^{2}(b+a).}$

Integer triangles with three rational angles

The only integer triangle with three rational angles (rational numbers of degrees, or equivalently rational fractions of a full turn) is the equilateral triangle. ^[2] This is because integer sides imply three rational cosines by the law of cosines, and by Niven's theorem a rational cosine coincides with a rational angle if and only if the cosine equals 0, ±1/2, or ±1. The only ones of these giving an angle strictly between 0° and 180° are the cosine value 1/2 with the angle 60°, the cosine value –1/2 with the angle 120°, and the cosine value 0 with the angle 90°. The only combination of three of these, allowing multiple use of any of them and summing to 180°, is three 60° angles.

Integer triangles with integer ratio of circumradius to inradius

Conditions are known in terms of elliptic curves for an integer triangle to have an integer ratio N of the circumradius to the inradius. ^{[35] [36]} The smallest case, that of the equilateral triangle, has N = 2. In every known case, ${\displaystyle N\equiv 2\!{\pmod {8}}}$ – that is, ${\displaystyle N-2}$ is divisible by 8.

5-Con triangle pairs

Main article: 5-Con triangles

A 5-Con triangle pair is a pair of triangles that are similar but not congruent and that share three angles and two sidelengths. Primitive integer 5-Con triangles, in which the four distinct integer sides (two sides each appearing in both triangles, and one other side in each triangle) share no prime factor, have triples of sides

${\displaystyle (x^{3},x^{2}y,xy^{2})}$ and ${\displaystyle (x^{2}y,xy^{2},y^{3})}$

for positive coprime integers x and y. The smallest example is the pair (8, 12, 18), (12, 18, 27), generated by x = 2, y = 3.

Particular integer triangles

• The only triangle with consecutive integers for sides and area has sides (3, 4, 5) and area 6.
• The only triangle with consecutive integers for an altitude and the sides has sides (13, 14, 15) and altitude from side 14 equal to 12.
• The (2, 3, 4) triangle and its multiples are the only triangles with integer sides in arithmetic progression and having the complementary exterior angle property. ^{[37] [38] [39]} This property states that if angle C is obtuse and if a segment is dropped from B meeting perpendicularly AC extended at P, then ∠CAB=2∠CBP.
• The (3, 4, 5) triangle and its multiples are the only integer right triangles having sides in arithmetic progression. ^[39]
• The (4, 5, 6) triangle and its multiples are the only triangles with one angle being twice another and having integer sides in arithmetic progression. ^[39]
• The (3, 5, 7) triangle and its multiples are the only triangles with a 120° angle and having integer sides in arithmetic progression. ^[39]
• The only integer triangle with area = semiperimeter ^[40] has sides (3, 4, 5).
• The only integer triangles with area = perimeter have sides ^{[40] [41]} (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (6, 25, 29), (7, 15, 20), and (9, 10, 17). Of these the first two, but not the last three, are right triangles.
• There exist integer triangles with three rational medians. ^{[9] : p. 64} The smallest has sides (68, 85, 87). Others include (127, 131, 158), (113, 243, 290), (145, 207, 328) and (327, 386, 409).
• There are no isosceles Pythagorean triangles. ^[15]
• The only primitive Pythagorean triangles for which the square of the perimeter equals an integer multiple of the area are (3, 4, 5) with perimeter 12 and area 6 and with the ratio of perimeter squared to area being 24; (5, 12, 13) with perimeter 30 and area 30 and with the ratio of perimeter squared to area being 30; and (9, 40, 41) with perimeter 90 and area 180 and with the ratio of perimeter squared to area being 45. ^[42]
• There exists a unique (up to similitude) pair of a rational right triangle and a rational isosceles triangle which have the same perimeter and the same area. The unique pair consists of the (377, 135, 352) triangle and the (366, 366, 132) triangle. ^[43] There is no pair of such triangles if the triangles are also required to be primitive integral triangles. ^[43] The authors stress the striking fact that the second assertion can be proved by an elementary argumentation (they do so in their appendix A), whilst the first assertion needs modern highly non-trivial mathematics.

See also

• Robbins pentagon, a cyclic pentagon with integer sides and integer area
• Euler brick, a cuboid with integer edges and integer face diagonals
• Tetrahedron § Integer tetrahedra

References

1. Carmichael, R. D. (1959) [1914]. "Diophantine Analysis". In R. D. Carmichael (ed.). The Theory of Numbers and Diophantine Analysis. Dover Publications. pp. 11–13].
2. Conway, J. H., and Guy, R. K., "The only rational triangle", in The Book of Numbers, 1996, Springer-Verlag, pp. 201 and 228–239.
3. Tom Jenkyns and Eric Muller, Triangular Triples from Ceilings to Floors, American Mathematical Monthly 107:7 (August 2000) 634–639
4. Ross Honsberger, Mathematical Gems III, pp. 39–37
5. Zelator, K., "Triangle Angles and Sides in Progression and the diophantine equation x²+3y²=z²", Cornell Univ. archive, 2008
6. Jahnel, Jörg (2010). "When is the (Co)Sine of a Rational Angle equal to a rational number?". arXiv: 1006.2938 . Bibcode:2010arXiv1006.2938J.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. Yiu, P., "Heronian triangles are lattice triangles", American Mathematical Monthly 108 (2001), 261–263.
8. Carmichael, R. D. The Theory of Numbers and Diophantine Analysis. New York: Dover, 1952.
9. Sierpiński, Wacław. Pythagorean Triangles , Dover Publications, 2003 (orig. 1962).
10. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA009111(List of ordered areas of Pythagorean triangles)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
11. Richinick, Jennifer, "The upside-down Pythagorean Theorem", Mathematical Gazette 92, July 2008, 313–317.
12. Voles, Roger, "Integer solutions of a⁻²+b⁻²=d⁻²", Mathematical Gazette 83, July 1999, 269–271.
13. Buchholz, R. H.; MacDougall, J. A. (1999). "Heron Quadrilaterals with sides in Arithmetic or Geometric progression". Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society. 59 (2): 263–269. doi: 10.1017/S0004972700032883 . hdl: 1959.13/803798 .
14. Mitchell, Douglas W., "Heron triangles with ∠B=2∠A", Mathematical Gazette 91, July 2007, 326–328.
15. Sastry, K. R. S., "Construction of Brahmagupta n-gons", Forum Geometricorum 5 (2005): 119–126.
16. Yiu, P., "CRUX, Problem 2331, Proposed by Paul Yiu", Memorial University of Newfoundland (1998): 175-177
17. Yui, P. and Taylor, J. S., "CRUX, Problem 2331, Solution" Archived 2017-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Memorial University of Newfoundland (1999): 185-186
18. Hermann Schubert, "Die Ganzzahligkeit in der Algebraischen Geometrie", Leipzig, 1905
19. Li Zhou, "Primitive Heronian Triangles With Integer Inradius and Exradii", Forum Geometricorum 18, 2018, pp. 71–77.
20. Buchholz, R. H.; MacDougall, J. A. (2001). "Cyclic Polygons with Rational Sides and Area". CiteSeerX Penn State University: 3. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.169.6336 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
21. P. Yiu, "Heronian triangles are lattice triangles", American Mathematical Monthly 108 (2001), 261–263.
22. Marshall, Susan H.; Perlis, Alexander R. (2012). "Heronian tetrahedra are lattice tetrahedra" (PDF). University of Arizona: 2.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
23. Parry, C. F. (1991). "Steiner–Lehmus and the automedian triangle". The Mathematical Gazette. 75 (472): 151–154. doi:10.2307/3620241. JSTOR   3620241. S2CID   125374348..
24. Zelator, Konstantine, Mathematical Spectrum 39(3), 2006/2007, 59−62.
25. De Bruyn, Bart, "On a Problem Regarding the n-Sectors of a Triangle", Forum Geometricorum 5, 2005: pp. 47–52.
26. Sastry, K. R. S., "Integer-sided triangles containing a given rational cosine", Mathematical Gazette 68, December 1984, 289−290.
27. Gilder, J., Integer-sided triangles with an angle of 60°", Mathematical Gazette 66, December 1982, 261 266
28. Burn, Bob, "Triangles with a 60° angle and sides of integer length", Mathematical Gazette 87, March 2003, 148–153.
29. Read, Emrys, "On integer-sided triangles containing angles of 120° or 60°", Mathematical Gazette 90, July 2006, 299−305.
30. Selkirk, K., "Integer-sided triangles with an angle of 120°", Mathematical Gazette 67, December 1983, 251–255.
31. Hirschhorn, Michael D., "Commensurable triangles", Mathematical Gazette 95, March 2011, pp. 61−63.
32. Deshpande, M. N., "Some new triples of integers and associated triangles", Mathematical Gazette 86, November 2002, 464–466.
33. Willson, William Wynne, "A generalisation of the property of the 4, 5, 6 triangle", Mathematical Gazette 60, June 1976, 130–131.
34. Parris, Richard (November 2007). "Commensurable Triangles". College Mathematics Journal. 38 (5): 345–355. doi:10.1080/07468342.2007.11922259. S2CID   218549375.
35. MacLeod, Allan J., "Integer triangles with R/r = N", Forum Geometricorum 10, 2010: pp. 149−155.
36. Goehl, John F. Jr., "More integer triangles with R/r = N", Forum Geometricorum 12, 2012: pp. 27−28
37. Barnard, T., and Silvester, J., "Circle theorems and a property of the (2,3,4) triangle", Mathematical Gazette 85, July 2001, 312−316.
38. Lord, N., "A striking property of the (2,3,4) triangle", Mathematical Gazette 82, March 1998, 93−94.
39. Mitchell, Douglas W., "The 2:3:4, 3:4:5, 4:5:6, and 3:5:7 triangles", Mathematical Gazette 92, July 2008.
40. MacHale, D., "That 3,4,5 triangle again", Mathematical Gazette 73, March 1989, 14−16.
41. L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers, vol.2, 181.
42. Goehl, John F. Jr., "Pythagorean triangles with square of perimeter equal to an integer multiple of area", Forum Geometricorum 9 (2009): 281–282.
43. Hirakawa, Yoshinosuke; Matsumura, Hideki (2018). "A unique pair of triangles". Journal of Number Theory. 194: 297–302. arXiv: 1809.09936 . doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2018.07.007. ISSN   0022-314X. S2CID   119661968.