International Chemistry Olympiad

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The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual academic competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. The first IChO was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1968. The event has been held every year since then, with the exception of 1971. The delegations that attended the first events were mostly countries of the former Eastern bloc and it was not until 1980, the 12th annual International Chemistry Olympiad, that the event was held outside of the bloc in Austria. Up to 4 students for each national team compete around July in both a theoretical and an experimental sections, with about half of the participants being awarded medals. [1]

Contents

About

The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual competition for the world’s most talented chemistry students at the secondary school level. Nations around the world send a team of four students who are tested on their chemistry knowledge and skills in a five-hour laboratory practical exam and a five-hour written theoretical examination that are held on separate days with the practical examination usually being before the theoretical examination. Countries who wish to participate in the IChO must send observers to two consecutive Olympiads before their students can participate in the event. Presently, around 80 countries participate in the International Chemistry Olympiad.

All participants are ranked based on their individual scores and no official team scores are given. Gold medals are awarded to the top 12% of students, silver medals are awarded to the next 22% of students, and bronze medals are awarded to the next 32% of students. Honorable mentions are awarded to the top 10% of non medalist participants. One special award is given to the student that achieves the highest score overall. Two separate special awards are given to the students who get the best score in the theoretical and practical examinations. Preparation for the International Chemistry Olympiad demands a high level of understanding and interest in chemistry and an outstanding ability to relate chemical subjects with one another as well as with the practical world.

Structure and rules

An International Chemistry Olympiad medal for 29th IChO, held at Montreal, Canada. IChO medal.jpg
An International Chemistry Olympiad medal for 29th IChO, held at Montreal, Canada.

Each delegation consists of up to four students and two mentors (one of them is designated as the head of the delegation or "head mentor"). A delegation may also include a handful of guests and scientific observers. Students must be under the age of 20 and must not be enrolled as regular students in any post-secondary education institution. The International Information Center of the International Chemistry Olympiad is based in Bratislava, Slovakia.

Countries who wish to participate in the IChO must send observers to two consecutive olympiads before their students can participate in the event. A total of 68 countries took part in the 38th IChO in 2006: 67 as participants and 1 as an observer. In 2017 more than 90 countries are expected to send students.

The competition consists of two examinations, a theoretical examination and a practical examination. Both have durations of up to 5 hours, and are held on separate days with the practical examination usually being before the theoretical examination. The theoretical examination has a value of 60 points and the practical examination has a value of 40 points. Each examination is evaluated independently from the other and the sum of the results of the examinations determines a participant's overall result. A scientific jury, which is installed by the host country, suggests the tasks. The international jury, which consists of the 2 mentors from each of the participating countries, discusses the competition tasks and translates them into the language of their students' preference.

Students receive the examinations translated into their languages of preference. It is the duty of the mentors to translate the examinations from English before they are given to the participants. After the examinations are held and evaluated by a committee appointed by the host country and before awards are presented, mentors discuss the evaluation of the exams with judges of the committee to assure fairness in their evaluation. Because the mentors review the examinations before they are given to participants, any communication between the mentors and the students is strictly forbidden prior to the completion of both exams, and the students are required to surrender any mobile phones and laptop computers to the organizer.

The syllabus of the competition contains subjects from several areas of chemistry, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and spectroscopy. Though some of these subjects are included in most secondary school chemistry programs, for the most part, they are evaluated at a much deeper level and many may require a level of knowledge and understanding comparable to that of post-secondary education. In addition, the host country of each IChO issues a set of preparatory problems well in advance of the competition every year. These preparatory problems cover specific topics in considerable more depth than typical post-secondary education. Preparation for the International Chemistry Olympiad demands a high level of understanding and interest in chemistry and an outstanding ability to relate chemical subjects with one another as well as with the practical world.

A gold medal from the 40th IChO Medali Emas Kelvin.jpg
A gold medal from the 40th IChO

These events are also outstanding opportunities for the students to meet people from all around the world who share similar interests, to visit different places, and to get in touch with different cultures. As the aims of the competition establish, the IChO competitions help to enhance friendly relations among young people from different countries; they encourage cooperation and international understanding.

Preparation

While each country is free to choose its team by whatever means it seems appropriate, the selection process usually involves holding regional and national olympiad competitions. Many countries hold "training camps" for its top students, where mentors from the country give the students accelerated college-level courses in chemistry with an emphasis on the topics covered in that year's preparatory problems as well as practical training. It is agreed that such training programs must not exceed a total duration of two weeks but there are allegations every year that some countries exceed this limit by months or even years. Another concern is that some countries tend to bring the same students to the competition year after year, which helps them win better medals. Although some believe that this is against the spirit of the olympiad, many nations find it hard to justify leaving their best students at home.

History

The idea of the International Chemistry Olympiad was developed in the former Czechoslovakia in 1968. [1] It was designed with the aim to increase the number of international contacts and the exchange of information between nations. Invitations were sent by the Czechoslovak national committee to all Warsaw Pact countries, except Romania (due to political issues between Romania and USSR). However, in May 1968, relations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union became so delicate that only Poland and Hungary participated in the first international competition. [2]

The first International Chemistry Olympiad took place in Prague between 18 and 21 June 1968. Each of the three participating countries sent a team of six students, and four theoretical tasks were to be solved. Guidelines for the next competitions were already suggested. [3] The second chemistry Olympiad took place in 1969 in Poland, and Bulgaria also participated, with USSR and GDR only sending observers. Each team consisted of five pupils, and an experimental competition was added. The decision was made to invite more socialist countries to future competitions and to limit the number of pupils to four. The third Olympiad in 1970 was organized in Hungary with the GDR, Romania and the Soviet Union as new countries. In this competition, more than three prizes were distributed for the first time. [2]

There was no Olympiad held in 1971, as at the end of the competition in 1970, an organizer and host for the next event could not be agreed on. This was solved for the next three years by diplomatically agreeing on the Soviet Union to host 1972, Bulgaria in 1973, and Romania in 1974, starting the tradition to decide the host years in advance. 1972 was the first time where preparation tasks for the International Chemistry Olympiad were created. Also, at a jury session, it was suggested that invitations should be sent to Vietnam, Mongolia, and Cuba. Unfortunately though, these invitations were not sent, leaving seven to compete in 1973. [2]

In 1974, Romania invited Sweden and Yugoslavia to the Olympiad in Bucharest and Germany and Austria sent observers. The Federal Republic of Germany was the first NATO-country with an observer present and this was only able to occur because the Brandt government had contracts in the East. Thus, in 1975, West Germany, Austria, and Belgium also participated in the International Chemistry Olympiad. [2]

The first Olympiad in a non-socialist country took place 1980 in Linz in Austria, although the Soviet Union did not participate. Since then the number of the participating countries has increased steadily. In 1980, only 13 nations took part but this number increased to 21 by the 1984 Olympiad in Frankfurt/Main. [4] With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the break-up of the Soviet Union into independent states in the early 1990s, the number of participants increased again. In addition, the increasing interest of Asian and Latin American countries became apparent with the numbers of participants. Altogether 47 delegations participated in 1998. Presently, 88 countries are invited to the International Chemistry Olympiads. [5]

Summary

No.YearCityCountryDateWebsiteTeams [2] New teams [2]
11968 Prague Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia June 18–213Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary
21969 Katowice Flag of Poland.svg  Poland June 16–204Bulgaria
31970 Budapest Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary July 1–57GDR, Romania, Soviet Union
1971not held
41972 Moscow Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union July 1–107
51973 Sofia Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria July 1–107
61974 Bucharest Flag of Romania.svg  Romania July 1–109Sweden, Yugoslavia
71975 Veszprém Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary July 1–1012Austria, FRG, Belgium
81976 Halle Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany July 10–1912
91977 Bratislava Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia July 4–1412(observers from UNESCO)
101978 Toruń Flag of Poland.svg  Poland July 3–1312
111979 Leningrad Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union July 2–1111
121980 Linz Flag of Austria.svg  Austria July 13–2313Netherlands, Italy
131981 Burgas Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria July 13–2314France
141982 Stockholm Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden July 3–1217Yugoslavia, Denmark, Norway
151983 Timișoara Flag of Romania.svg  Romania July 2–1118United Kingdom
161984 Frankfurt Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany July 1–1021Greece, Kuwait, USA
171985 Bratislava Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia July 1–822Cuba
181986 Leiden Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands July 6–1523Canada
191987 Veszprém Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary July 6–1526Switzerland, China
201988 Espoo Flag of Finland.svg  Finland July 2–926Australia, Singapore
211989 Halle Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany July 2–1026
221990 Paris Flag of France.svg  France July 8–1728Cyprus, Thailand
231991 Łódź Flag of Poland.svg  Poland July 7–1530Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia
241992 Pittsburgh and
Washington, D.C.
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States July 11–2233New Zealand, Mexico
251993 Perugia Flag of Italy.svg  Italy July 11–2238Iran, Slovakia, Czech Republic,
Venezuela, Taiwan, Korea
261994 Oslo Flag of Norway.svg  Norway July 3–11 [6] 39Estonia, Turkey, Ukraine
271995 Beijing Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China July 13–20 [7] 42
281996 Moscow Flag of Russia.svg  Russia July 14–23 [8] 45Belarus
291997 Montreal Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada July 13–22 [9] 47
301998 Melbourne Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia July 5–14 [10] 47
311999 Bangkok Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand July 4–11 [11] 52India
322000 Copenhagen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark July 2–11 [12] 53 [13]
332001 Mumbai Flag of India.svg  India July 6–15 [14] 54 [15]
342002 Groningen Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands July 5–14 [16] 57 [17]
352003 Athens Flag of Greece.svg  Greece July 5–14 [18] 60 [19]
362004 Kiel Flag of Germany.svg  Germany July 18–27 [20] 61 [21]
372005 Taipei Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan July 16–25 [22] 59 [23]
382006 Gyeongsan Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea July 1–11 [24] 66 [25] Saudi Arabia, Israel
392007 Moscow Flag of Russia.svg  Russia July 15–24 [26] 68 [13]
402008 Budapest Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary July 12–21 [27]
412009 Cambridge Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom July 18–27 [28]
422010 Tokyo Flag of Japan.svg  Japan July 19–28 [29]
432011 Ankara Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey July 9–18 [30]
442012 Washington, D.C. Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States July 21–30 [31]
452013 Moscow Flag of Russia.svg  Russia July 15–24 [32] 74 [33]
462014 Hanoi Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam July 20–29 [34]
472015 Baku Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan July 20–29 [35]
482016 Tbilisi Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia July 23 – August 1 [36]
492017 Nakhon Pathom Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand July 6–15 [37] 76 [38]
502018 Bratislava
Prague
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic
July 19–29 [5] 76 [39]
512019 Paris Flag of France.svg  France July 21–30 [40] 80
522020 Istanbul (online)Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey July 23–30 [41] 60
532021 Osaka (online)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan July 24 – August 2 [42] 79
542022 Tianjin (online)Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China July 10–18 [43] 84
552023 Zürich Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland July 16–25 [44] 89
562024 Riyadh Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia July 21–30 [45] 84
572025 Dubai Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates July [5]
582026Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan [5]
592027Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan [5]


Remote IChO

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, IChO 2020, 2021 and 2022 were organized remotely without a laboratory exam in order to keep the Olympic spirit of collaboration and peace even in harsh times. [46]

Distribution of medals

The current list of countries with the best results for last decade by Golds are as follows as of Feb 2024 (Consolidated from following sources: [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] ):

RankCountryGold in Last 10 years (2014-2023)
1Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 35(2+4+4+3+4+3+3+4+4+4)
2Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 28(2+4+3+4+1+2+2+3+4+3)
3Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 25(2+1+2+3+1+2+4+3+4+3)
4Flag of the United States.svg  USA 23(1+1+1+4+4+3+4+2+1+2)
5Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 22(1+4+3+2+3+4+2+1+2+1)
6Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 21(3+2+3+2+2+4+1+4+x+x) [58] [59]
7Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 21(2+1+2+2+2+2+3+2+2+4)
8Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 16(1+1+2+3+0+1+1+2+2+3)
9Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 15(1+2+3+2+0+1+x+3+2+1)
10Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 14(1+2+1+1+1+2+0+0+4+2)
11Flag of India.svg  India 12(0+2+2+1+2+2+0+2+0+1)
12Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 10(1+1+1+1+1+0+2+2+1+1)
13Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 9(1+0+0+0+3+1+1+2+0+1)
14Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 9(1+1+0+0+3+1+1+1+1+0)
15Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 9(1+1+2+2+1+1+0+0+0+1)
16Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 6(0+0+0+1+1+1+0+0+1+2)
17Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 6(2+1+1+0+0+0+0+0+1+1)
18Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 4(1+0+0+0+0+0+0+1+0+2)
19Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 4(1+1+0+0+0+2+0+0+0+0)
20Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 4(2+0+0+0+1+1+0+0+0+0)
21Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 4(0+1+0+1+0+0+0+0+1+1)
22Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 3(0+1+0+0+1+0+0+0+0+1)
23Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 3(0+0+0+0+0+0+1+1+1+0)
24Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 3(1+0+0+1+1+0+0+0+0+0)
25Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 3(1+1+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+1)
26Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 2(0+1+0+1+0+0+0+0+0+0)
27Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 2(0+0+0+0+2+0+0+0+0+0)
28Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 1(0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+1)
29Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 1(0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+1)
30Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1(0+0+0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0)
31Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1(0+0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0)
32Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 1(0+0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0)
33Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 1(0+0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0)
34Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 1(0+0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0)
35Flag of France.svg  France 1(0+0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0+0)
36Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 1(0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0+0+0)
37Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1(0+0+0+1+0+0+0+0+0+0)
0 denotes participated and yet did not get any gold

See also

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Preparatory problems, final results, and the theoretical and practical examinations from particular competition can be found on the respective IChO's website.