Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata

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Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata
Iris helena-IMG 2208.jpg
Iris helena, a synonym of Iris auctiloba subsp. lineolata, located in the Botanical Garden of Gothenburg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. acutiloba
Subspecies:
I. a. subsp. lineolata
Trinomial name
Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata
Synonyms
  • Iris acutiloba var. lineolataTrautv.
  • Iris ewbankianaFoster
  • Iris helenaK.Koch
  • Iris lineolata(Trautv.) Grossh.
  • Oncocyclus helena K.Koch [Invalid] [1] [2]

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba , and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

Contents

Description

It has a rhizome that is very similar to other Oncocyclus irises. [3] [4] They are brown, small, [5] slender, (around 1 cm wide), [6] and short. [7] They are branched, with reddish secondary roots, [8] and have a creeping habit, [7] [8] across the ground. [5]

It has narrow, lanceolate, [8] [9] or recurved, [6] and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, [7] [10] [11] which are grey-green, [5] [8] [9] and glaucous. [3] [4] They are less falcate than Iris acutiloba, but more falcate than Iris meda . [4] They can grow up to between 10 and 20 cm (4 and 8 in) long, [5] and between 0.2 and 0.7 cm wide. [6] [9] [10]

It has a slender straight stem, [9] although the base of the stem can be thickened, [8] it can grow up to 8–35 cm (3–14 in) tall, [9] [12] [13] it is generally about 10 cm tall. [6] [10] The stem has a green, lanceolate (narrow and pointed), spathe (leaf of the flower bud). It is not inflated, like many other irises, and they stay green after blossoming. [3] [4] They can be 15 mm long. [7]

The stem holds 1 terminal (top of stem) flower, [4] [7] [8] blooming between April, [14] and May, [6] [7] or May to June, [11] or between June and August. [9]

The flower is very similar in shape and shade to Iris acutiloba, [8] it can be described as looking like a bat that has cross bred with a zebra. [15]

The pale flowers, [16] are 5–9 cm (2–4 in) in diameter, [6] [17] come in shades of white, [12] [18] [19] cream, [20] [21] [22] light yellow, [5] or creamy white. [3] [4] [5] They have veining that is purple or brown, [4] [18] [22] or grey, [12] or black. [19] The climate and soil type, can have an influence on the shade of the flowers, so that they can vary in the wild. [5] Some forms of have creamy or yellow markings or veining. [23]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [24] The falls are oblong, [8] or pointed, [19] and lanceolate shaped, [7] and can be 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, [8] and 2.5 cm wide. [6] [9] [11] They have a single dark purple, [3] [4] [5] dark purple-brown, [8] or black signal patch in the centre of the falls. [10] [12] [25] In the middle of the falls, it also has a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are yellow tipped with brown, [3] [7] dark brown, black. [6] or dark purple. [5] [8] The upright standards are obovate to oblanceolate, [3] [4] [7] up to 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long and up to 4 cm wide. [6] [8] They can have a slight beard on the claw (the part of the petal closest to the stem). [3] [4] But both falls and standards can be variable (in the wild), in shade, and also the position of the falls can vary, between horizontal and reflexed. [6] [7] It has style branch that is short, [7] [8] and chocolate brown coloured. [3] [4] [7] It has yellow, [8] brown-purple, [7] or brown anthers, [3] [4] and dirty yellow pollen. [4] The perianth tube can be to 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long. [8]

After the iris has flowered, between June and July, [11] it produces a capsule, [9] that is elliptical-oblong, [8] or cylindric, and 5–6 cm (2–2 in) long. [7]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [24] : 18 

It has a chromosome count of 2n=20, [5] [20] which was counted by M. Gustafsson M. & p. Wendelbo in 1975, (Karyotype analysis and taxonomic comments on irises from SW and C Asia.) Bot. Not. Vol.128 on pages 208–226, [26] (as Iris lineolata and Iris ewbankia) by M. Avishai & D. Zohary in 1977, [4] (Chromosomes in the Oncocylus Irises.) Bot. Gaz. Vol.138 Issue 5 on pages 502–511 and (as Iris lineolata ) by Nazarova in 2004 on pages 1–171 in Chromosome Numbers of Flowering Plants of Armenian Flora. [26]

Taxonomy

1904 image Iris acutiloba C.A.Mey. var. lineolata Trautv.jpg
1904 image

The Latin specific epithet lineolata comes from the Latin word linea, meaning ‘line’, and -ola, the latter, a suffix used to indicate small size. [27]

It was first published by Brian Mathew & Per Erland Berg Wendelbo in Fl. Iranica Vol.112 on page 32. in 1975, based on an earlier description by Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter) [28] [29]

It has two earlier published synonyms Iris ewbankiana and Iris lineolata. [29] Iris ewbankiana (found in Northern Persia, [4] ) was published by Sir Michael Foster in The Gardeners' Chronicle 3rd Series Vol.29 on page 397 on 22 June 1901. [3] [7] [13] [30] Foster described it as "a very perky little iris" and its name commemorates the late Rev H. Ewbank. [3] Who was a vicar on the Isle of Wight, before becoming an American Missionary in Syria. [31] Iris lineolata was published by Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim in Fl. Kavkaza edition 2 Vol.2 page 221 in 1940. [32] Iris lineolata even has its own synonym Iris helena, [33] which was published in 1870 in Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. Vol.13 on page179 by K.Koch. [34]

In 1982, Brian Mathew re-classified Iris ewbankiana, Iris lineolata and Iris helena as synonyms of Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata, [4] although several botanists in Russia and Turkey still class Iris ewbankiana and Iris lineolata as separate species. [23]

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata was also published in Botanical mag. 9333 in 1933 (with an Illustration) and in the Journal of RHS Vol. 88 on page 56 in 1963 and again in Vol. 93 page 204 in 1968. [25]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 5 October 2016, [29] and is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, [35] and in the Catalogue of Life. [2]

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is an accepted name by the RHS and is listed in the RHS Plant Finder. [36]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate central Asia, [7] [8] [29] in the region of Transcaucasia. [20] [25] [35]

Range

It is found in the countries of Iran, [9] [17] [35] (or Persia, [3] [4] ) northern Turkey, [35] (and the former USSR states, south of the River Kura, [25] ) of Turkmenistan, [10] [37] [38] (including the Kopet Dag Mountains, [3] [6] [8] ) Tajikistan, [37] Armenia, [9] [10] [39] (near Vorotan, [5] ) Azerbaijan, [9] [16] (in Talysh Mountains, [16] [18] [19] ) and Georgia. [10]

Habitat

It grows on the mountain sides, [8] [11] [17] on dry rocky slopes, [6] [9] [11] dry steppes, [6] [9] [10] grassy slopes, [7] [9] [11] at the fringes of forests. [9] [10] It resides on loose volcanic soils, but also in heavy clay. [6] [8]

They can be found at an altitude of 800 to 2,000 m (2,600 to 6,600 ft) above sea level. [5] [9] [11]

Synecology

In Golestan National Park, Iran, it grows with white flowered Eremurus kopetdaghensis and Iris kopetdagensis . [14]

In the Talysh Mountains, (between Iran and Azerbaijan), it grows under Paeonia mlokosewitschii , with Fritillaria kotschyana and Iris grossheimiana (another Oncocyclus iris). [16]

In Northern Shirak and Siunik (Sissian and Goris) Provinces of Armenia, it grows with Iris caucasica , Merendera mirzoeval , Colchicum szoritsii , Puschkinia scilloides , Lallemautia caneseeus , Myosotis alpestris , Gladiolus kotschyanus and various species of Draba, Gagea, Pedicularis, Ranunculus, Silene and Trifolium. It grows beside the Vorotan (river) and (near the town of) Kapan with Iris paradoxa , Iris caucasica, Allium stamineum , Bellevalia paradoxa , Bellevalia longystila , Muscari atropatana , Muscari sosnovskyi , Tulipa sosnovskyi , Punica granatum , Vinca vitis sylvestris and Ficus carica (wild). [39]

Conservation

In Turkmenistan, it is a rare species. [38] It only occurs in a single location in Dagestan, [9] within Turkmenistan since 1996, it is protected in Syunt-Khasardag Nature Reserve, [37] and also protected in Shikahogh State Reserve. [11]

It was listed (under Iris ewbankiana) in the Red Data Book of USSR, [8] [9] [37] as an 'Endangered' species. although it was not listed in the first edition of the Red Data Book of Armenia and is not included in the Annexes of CITES and the Bern Convention. [11]

It is affected in Tajikistan by flower collection, in Turkmenistan, the bulbs have been dug up as well as flower collection. [37] In other places, it is affected by habitat destruction by agricultural activity. [11]

Cultivation

Iris helena-IMG 2215.jpg

It is rare in cultivation, [10] [12] [18] but thought to be one of the easier Oncocyclus type irises to grow. [6] [9] It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, [19] or if grown in a greenhouse, within a hot sand bed. [18] It prefers soils with a pH level of 7. [12] It prefers positions in full sun. [5] [19]

It is hardy to Kent, in the UK. [6]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [40] or by seed growing.

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [41]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

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<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

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<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

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Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris damascena is a species of plant in the genus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial endemic to Mount Qasioun in Syria. It has thin, sickle-shaped, grey-green leaves and medium-sized stem that holds 1-2 large flowers between March and April. Inflorescences are white or grey-white with purple-brown spotting or veining and a small blackish or dark purple signal patch with a sparse, purple or dark purple beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. The species is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN.

Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran,, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

References

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  30. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris ewbankiana Foster". ipni.org. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
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  33. ↑ Sergeĭ Kirillovich Cherepanov (1981) Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR) , p. 281, at Google Books
  34. ↑ "Iris helena K.Koch is a synonym of Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata (Trautv.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata". eol.org. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  36. ↑ "Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 N. Kharin Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia under the Impact of Human Activities , p. 98, at Google Books
  38. 1 2 Victor Fet and Khabibulla Atamuradov (Editor) Biogeography and Ecology of Turkmenistan , p. 144, at Google Books
  39. 1 2 "Flora of Armenia". exoticarmeniatours.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  40. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  41. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

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