Iris bungei

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Iris bungei
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Tenuifoliae
Species:
I. bungei
Binomial name
Iris bungei
Synonyms [1]
  • Sclerosiphon bungei(Maxim.) Rodion.

Iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus Iris , in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has green leaves, short stem and 2 violet, purple, lavender or blue flowers.

Contents

Description

Iris bungei is intermediate in form between Iris tenuifolia and Iris ventricosa . [2]

It has knobbly, woody, rhizomes. That can spread to create dense clumps of plants. [3] [4] It has red-brown or maroon-brown fibres or sheaths, that can be 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, which are the remains of the previous seasons leaves. [3] [4]

It has linear, green leaves, 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long and 0.2–0.4 cm (0–0 in) wide. [3] [4] They have 4–7 veins on the leaves. [3]

It has a short, 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long flowering stem. [5] [6] [7] In some years, the flowers are barely above the soil. [3] [5] [8]

It has one or two terminal (at the top of the stem) flower, [3] [6] between April and May (in Europe) [4] and between May and June (in Asia). [3]

It has 3 green, ovate between 10–8 cm (4–3 in) long and 4–3 cm (2–1 in) wide, large spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [3] Hence, reason for the common names of 'Big bud Iris' or 'Big Bract Iris'. [4] Compared to Iris ventricosa, it has parallel veins on the spathes, instead of being reticulate. [5]

The flowers are 7–5 cm (3–2 in) in diameter, [3] and come in shades between violet, [3] [7] [8] purple, [4] [8] lavender [5] and blue colours. [6]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. [9] The falls are oblong and oblanceolate (Top wider than the bottom), measuring 6–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5–1.2 cm wide. [3] They have a small, thin yellow signal area and are marked with purple veins or marks. [4] [6] [7] The standards are erect, narrowly oblanceolate, 5.5–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 10–8 mm wide. [3]

It has a 1.5 cm long pedicel, a filiform (Thread- or filament-shaped) 6–7 cm long perinath tube, 3 cm long stamens and 4.5–4 cm long ovary. It has 5.5–5 cm (2–2 in) long style branches, that are the same colour as the petals. [3]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a narrow, cylindric seed capsule, 9–8 cm (4–3 in) long and 2–1.5 cm wide in July and August. The capsule has 6 veins and a long beak-like appendage on the top. [3]

Biochemistry

In May 2000, 2 new benzo-quinone derivatives, bungeiquinone and dihydrobungeiquinone, and two known derivatives, 3-hydroxyirisquinone and 3-hydroxydihydroirisquinone, were isolated from the rhizome of Iris bungei. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods. [10]

In 2001, several chemical compounds have been found in the rhizome of Iris bungei, irisflavones A-D (newly found), irilin D (C17H14O7, [11] ), irilins A-B and tlatancuayin. [12]

In 2001, 5 new peltogynoids, irisoids A—E, have been isolated from the rhizome of Iris bungei. [13]

In 2008, five species of Iris commonly used as ingredients in Mongolian traditional medicine ( Iris dichotoma Pall., Iris flavissima Pall.(later classified as a synonym of Iris humilis ), Iris tenuifolia Pall., Iris lactea Pall. and Iris bungei Maxim.) were studied for the presence of phenolic acids. [14]

In 2011, the seeds of Iris bungei were analysed and found to contain a new 'belamcandaquinone' chemical compound as well as others. [15]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [9] It has a chromosome count: 2n=14 [4]

Taxonomy

It is written as 大苞鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as da bao yuan wei in China. [3] [16]

It is known as Bungyn tsaxildag in Mongolia. [17] It is written as Ирис Бунге, in Russian alphabet. [18]

It has the common name of Large-bract iris [16] or Big Bud Iris in China, [19] and Bunge Iris. [5]

The Latin specific epithet bungei refers to the Baltic German botanist Alexander Bunge (1803–1890). [20]

A specimen plant can be seen in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, collected from Mongolia australis on 1 July 1871 by N.M. Przewalkski. [21]

It was first published and described by Karl Maximowicz in the 'Bulletin of the Academy Imperial Sciences Saint Petersburg Vol.26 page509 in 1880. [22]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003. [16]

Distribution and habitat

Iris bungei is native to temperate areas of eastern Asia. [16]

Range

It is commonly found in Mongolia, [2] [6] [14] within the Altai-Gobi and Altai Mountain Regions. [23]

It can also be found in eastern Siberia, [8] Tibet, [18] and China, [8] (in the provinces of Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia and Shanxi). [3]

Habitat

It can be found growing in sandy grasslands, in deserts and on dunes. [3] [4] [8]

Cultivation

Iris bungei is rare in cultivation in the UK, Europe and USA. [2] Only grown by collectors and for scientific research. [4]

It is hardy to USDA Zone 3, and needs mild and dry winters to survive. [4] [8]

It is best planted between September and October. [2]

Specimen plants can be found growing in the Botanical Garden of the University of Halle. [24]

Uses

It is used in traditional Chinese medicines. [25]

The root of Iris bungei is a source of 'Irilin A' (an organic compound, [26] ) and 'Irilin B' (which is also found in red clover leaves, [27] ) and 'Irilin D', which are all used as Supplements. Tetra-hydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone (or Irilin D) can be found in Iris japonica or belamcanda chinensis (Iris domestica). [28]

In December 2005, plants of the ranges of Mongolia were studied for palatability by various farm animals. Iris bungei was not eaten by cattle and sheep, goat found the plant desirable, horses ate the plant (as a last resort) and camels found the plant edible. [17]

Culture

On 15 October 1966, a postage stamp in Mongolia, had an illustration of Iris bunge. [29]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris milesii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris milesii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris tectorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris tectorum is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial. It is native of China, Korea and Burma, with lavender-blue, bluish-violet, purple-blue, blue-lilac or sky blue flowers. There is a white form as well. It is a compact plant and is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions of the world.

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide area of Asia, including Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.

Iris songarica is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Central Asia, located in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It has long strap-like leaves, a long stem and 2–3 flowers in shades of violet, dark blue, to lavender blue.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris halophila var. sogdiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a variety of Iris halophila. It was once a species in its own right as Iris sogdiana, before being re-classified as a synonym of Iris halophila, but it has been re-classed again as a variant of Iris halophila. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with blue-violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris falcifolia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Hexapogon. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. It is a small plant, with sickle-shaped greyish-green leaves, lilac-violet flowers and darker veining, and a white or yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in dry, temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

<i>Iris kemaonensis</i> Species of plant

Iris kemaonensis, the Kumaon iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Tibetan China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir and Nepal. It has light green or yellowish green leaves, that extend after flowering time. It has a short stem, 1–2 fragrant flowers that are purple, lilac, lilac-purple or pale purple. They also have darker coloured blotches or spots. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is often known as Iris kumaonensis, due to a publishing error.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

<i>Iris dichotoma</i> species of plant

Iris dichotoma is a species in the genus Iris and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in it returning to the genus Iris. It is native to the forests and grasslands of Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea. It has long greyish green leaves, long branched stems carrying many flowers in summer or late summer. In shades of violet, mauve to purple, lavender, pale blue, white or pink. They appear in the late afternoon at the time of Vespers.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris bungei Maxim. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 304". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Franco, Alain (4 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris bungei Maxim". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-88192-089-5.
  7. 1 2 3 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pirogov, Yuri (28 January 2011). "Iris bungei". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  10. ↑ Rahman, Atta-ur; Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal; Alam, M.N.; Ndögnii, P.O.; Badarchiin, T.; Purev, G. (May 2000). "Two new quinones from Iris bungei". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48 (5): 738–739. doi: 10.1248/cpb.48.738 . PMID   10823714.
  11. ↑ John Buckingham, V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM , p. 640, at Google Books
  12. ↑ Choudhary, M.I.; Nur-e-Alam, M.; Baig, I.; Akhtar, F.; Khan, A.M.; Ndögnii, P.O.; Badarchiin, T.; Purevsuren, G.; Nahar, N.; Atta-ur-Rahman, M. (2001). "Four new flavones and a new isoflavone from Iris bungei". Journal of Natural Products. H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences and University of Karachi. 64 (7): 857–860. doi:10.1021/np000560b. PMID   11473411.
  13. ↑ Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal; Nur-e-Alam, Muhammad; Akhtar, Farzana; Ahmad, Shakil; Baig, Irfan; Ondognii; Purev; Gombosurengyin, Purevsuren; Rahman, Atta-ur (2001). "Five New Peltogynoids from Underground Parts of Iris bungei: A Mongolian Medicinal Plant". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49 (10): 1295–1298. doi: 10.1248/cpb.49.1295 . PMID   11605657.
  14. 1 2 Machalska, A.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Widelski, J.; Głowniak, K.; Purevsuren, G.; Oyun, Z.; Khishgee, D.; Urjin, B. (2008). "Screening for phenolic acids in five species of Iris collected in Mongolia". Acta Chromatographica. Medical University of Lublin, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Laboratory. 20 (2): 259–267. doi:10.1556/AChrom.20.2008.2.10 . Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Lina, Binbin; Guokai, Wanga; Qi, Wanga; Chiyu, Gec; Minjian, Qina (October 2011). "A new belamcandaquinone from the seeds of Iris bungei Maxim". Fitoterapia. Elseveir. 82 (7): 1137–1139. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.07.016. PMID   21820495.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Iris bungei". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  17. 1 2 "PALATABILITY OF MONGOLIAN RANGELAND PLANTS, Circular of Information No. 3". Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center. December 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  18. 1 2 "Vegetation of Tibet. III. Plants of Tibet". ukhtoma.ru. 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  19. ↑ "Sect. Limniris Tausch". frps.eflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  20. ↑ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). pp. 68–69. ISBN   978-0304937219.
  21. ↑ "Specimen.e00381809". jstor.org. Retrieved 19 January 2015.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ Iridaceae Iris bungei Maxim. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  23. ↑ Johnson, Dr. Douglas A.; Sheehy, Dr. Dennis P. (1996). "PLANT EXPLORATION REPORT 13 August to 18 September 1996" (PDF). ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  24. ↑ "Experience with Mongolia plants in the Botanical Garden of the University Halle / Saale" (PDF). webdoc.sub.gwdg.de. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Jiaju Zhou, Guirong Xie and Xinjian Yan Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications. , p. 213, at Google Books
  26. ↑ CRC Press Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Volume 8 (1996) , p. 370, at Google Books
  27. ↑ T. K. Lim Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers, Volume 7 , p. 930, at Google Books
  28. ↑ John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM , p. 639, at Google Books
  29. ↑ "Iris bungei Endemic Flowers Mongolia". colnect.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

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