Iris grossheimii

Last updated

Iris grossheimii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. grossheimii
Binomial name
Iris grossheimii
Synonyms [1]

None known

Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris , subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Contents

Description

It is classed as an mezo-xerophyte. [2] Meaning they like intermediate dry conditions. [3]

It has a slender rhizome, [4] which is about 1.5 cm to 2 cm wide. [5] They can form creeping plants. [4]

The leaves are narrow and falcate (sickle-shaped), [4] [6] they can be between 2 cm and 3 cm wide, [5] and can grow as long as the stem. [4] [5] [7] They can often be distorted. [6]

It has a short stem or peduncle, that can grow up to 5–15 cm (2–6 in) tall. [8] [9] [10]

The stem has a green, lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), [4] and a 1 cm long pedicel holding a single flower. [4]

The flower, blooms in spring, [11] between April and June. [4] [5] [6]

The flower is 5–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter, [5] and have a beige background, covered with dark lines, [11] [12] in purple-brown, [4] [5] [8] pink background lined with purple, [8] [9] [10] brown background or wine-red background lined purple-brown. [7] Bi-toned forms can also be found. [9] [10]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [13] The orbicular (rounded) falls, [4] [6] [14] are 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5–2 cm wide. [6] In the middle of the falls, is a large blackish-brown, [4] [7] [8] black, [6] or brown signal patch. [5] The oblong or oval, [4] standards are larger than falls, [7] they are 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 2–3 cm wide. [6] Also coming down the falls is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is black, [4] or brown. [5]

After the iris has flowered, between June and July, [6] it produces a seed capsule. Then the plant dies back to the rhizome, to re-grow next year, [2] similar to a bulb habit.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [13] It has a chromosome count: 2n=20, [5] [10] it was counted in 1977, [7] (published in 1980), by Avishai & Zohary. [15]

Taxonomy

It is occasionally misspelt with one 'i' at the end, [9] and as Iris grossheimiana (mainly in Russia). [11] [12] or as Grossgeim iris. [14] [16]

The Latin specific epithet grossheimii refers to Alexander Grossheim (1888–1948, who was a Ukrainian botanist).

It was first described by Yury Nikolaevich Voronov (or Woronow) and then published by Alexander Grossheim in Fl. Kavkaza (Flora of the Caucasus) Vol.1 on page 255 in 1928. [1] [17] [18]

It is thought to be a hybrid cross between Iris lineolata and Iria lycotis . [5] [10] [19]

'Iris grossheimii' is listed in the Catalogue of Life, [20] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then changed on 11 December 2014. [18]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [18]

Range

It is an endemic of the Caucasus, [14] [17] found in Transcaucasia, [7] [8] [10] which includes Georgia, [2] Armenia, [5] [21] (within the Zangezur Mountains, [5] and Meghri mountain ranges, [6] ) and Azerbaijan. [18] [22] including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, [6] and Mount Soyukh, [4] [7] near Ordubad. [23]

Habitat

It grows on the mountains, from middle to sub–alpine belt, [6] on rocky slopes, [4] [5] or in open meadows near oak and juniper forests. [6] They can be found at an altitude of 1,200 to 3,000 m (3,900 to 9,800 ft) above sea level. [4] [6]

Conservation

It is listed as a rare and endangered species in Georgia similar to Iris iberica , Iris lycotis , Iris camillae and Iris elegantissima (other Oncocyclus Irises). [2] In Armenia, it is rare. [5] In 1984, the Red Data Book of the former USSR listed 61 species of plants as rare and under threat of extinction, including the iris. [16] [24] Later, in 1988, the Armenian Red Data Book was published with the iris still listed as endangered. [6] [24] It is not included in the Annexes of CITES or that of the Bern Convention. [6]

It is threatened due to habitat changes, including loss or degradation caused by the mining industry or grazing. Fortunately, a part of the iris population is located within Arevik National Park, which allows continual monitoring and protection. [6]

Cultivation

In general, Oncocyclus Irises need minimal summer rainfall and dry winters. In temperate areas (such as the Europe and America) they are only suitable for growing by specialist iris growers, within a bulb frame or greenhouse. [25] Although, I grossheimii prefers very dry conditions during the summer, similar to a desert. [5]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [26] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [27]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [28]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris hyrcana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hyrcana, the Hyrcana iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from central Asia, from Azerbaijan to Iran.

Iris alexeenkoi is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan. It has green or greyish grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and 1–2 flowers that come in shades of purple, violet, purple-blue, or blue. It is closely related to Iris pumila. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel/Palestine and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel, Egypt and Palestine. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris petrana</i> Species of plant

Iris petrana, commonly known as the Petra iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It has spring blooming flowers that come in shades from burgundy, dark brown to dark violet and purple. They have yellow or dark 'beards' and flower over sword-like grey-green leaves. It is normally found in the desert sands between the countries of Jordan and Israel.

Iris schelkownikowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the Transcaucasus region of Azerbaijan. It has large flowers in shades of bluish or grey-purple violet, with dark brown veining. It also has a reddish purple signal patch and yellow beard.

<i>Iris sprengeri</i> Species of plant

Iris sprengeri is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain slopes of Turkey. It has large flowers which are white, silver-white or cream, with purple-red or reddish-brown veining and a golden yellow beard and a dark purple or deep purple-brown signal patch.

Iris kirkwoodiae is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria and Turkey. It has white or pale greenish flowers, heavily covered with dark purple veins or dots, deep purple round signal and a beard of long brown/purple hairs. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

  1. 1 2 "Iris grossheimii Woronow ex Grossh. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Nadiradze, Tamar; Eradze, Nino (2014). "In Situ Conservation of Some Rare and Endemic Species of Iridaceae Family in National Botanical Garden of Georgia" (PDF). European Researcher. 77 (2–6): 1117–1121. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  3. R. W. McColl Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1 , p. 997, at Google Books
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (Flora of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV" . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus I" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Iris grossheimii Woronow ex Grossh". mnp.am. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pries, Bob (24 August 2016). "(SPEC) Iris grossheimii Woron". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 127. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kramb, D. (3 December 2003). "Iris grossheimi". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 "Azerbaijan, A Tour For The Alpine Garden Society". greentours.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  12. 1 2 "Ararat; Azerbaijan And Turkey, A Tour For The Alpine Garden Society". greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0881927309.
  14. 1 2 3 "Iris" (in Russian). agbina.com. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  15. Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR   2473887. S2CID   84941000.
  16. 1 2 "Flora Armenia" (in Spanish). spainwiki.top. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris grossheimii Woronow ex Grossh". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Iris grossheimii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  19. British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 89, at Google Books
  20. Govaerts, R. (5 September 2014). "Accepted scientific name: Iris grossheimii Woronow ex Grossh. (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  21. "Flora of Armenia". exoticarmeniatours.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  22. Foster-Turley, Pat; Sultanov, Elchin (January 2010). "Technical Report: Biodiversity Analysis Update for Azerbaijan". United States Agency for International Development. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  23. J. Mennema Iris grossheimii at Google Books
  24. 1 2 "Threatened Species in Armenia". enrin.grida.no. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  25. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  68. ISBN   0715305395.
  26. "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  27. Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Iris grossheimii at Wikispecies