Knuckles Mountain Range

Dumbara Mountain Range
A view of the Dumbara mountain range (Spinix 2 and five peaks behind)
Location of the conservation forest
Location	Central Province, Sri Lanka
Nearest city	Matale
Coordinates	7°27′N80°48′E / 7.450°N 80.800°E / 7.450; 80.800
Area	L
Governing body	Department of Forest Conservation
World Heritage site	1203-003: "Knuckles Conservation Forest (KCF)" since 2010 (within the site Central Highlands of Sri Lanka) [1]

The Dumbara Mountain Range lies in central Sri Lanka, in the Districts of Matale and Kandy. The Sinhalese residents have traditionally referred to the area as Dumbara Kanduvetiya meaning Mist-laden Mountain Range. Early British surveyors gave the name knuckles, referring to a series of recumbent folds and peaks in the west of the massif which resemble the knuckles of clenched fist when viewed from certain locations in the Kandy District.

The higher montane area is often robed in thick layers of cloud. In addition to its aesthetic value, the range is of great scientific interest. It is a climatic microcosm of the rest of Sri Lanka as the conditions of all the climatic zones in the country are exhibited in the massif. At higher elevations there is a series of isolated cloud forests, harbouring a variety of flora and fauna. Although the range constitutes approximately 0.03% of the island's total area, it is home to a significantly higher proportion of the country's biodiversity. The isolated Dumbara range harbours several relict, endemic flora and fauna that are distinct from central massif. More than 34 percent of Sri Lanka's endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs are only found in these forests. Dumbara (Knuckles) Conservation Forest was included in UNESCO natural world heritage list in 2010 as part of Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. ^[2]

Dumbara Peaks

There are nine peaks over 1200 meters (4000 ft) in the Dumbara Range. ^{[3] [4]}

Peak	Summit
	m	ft
Gombaniya	1,906	6,253
Five Peaks	1,864	6,115
Knuckles-Kirigalpotta	1,647	5,404
Aliyawetunaela	1,647	5,404
Dumbanagala	1,644	5,394
Yakungegala	1,586	5,203
Dothalugala	1,575	5,167
Wamarapugala	1,559	5,115
Koboneelagala	1,555	5,102
Kalupahana (Thunthisgala)	1,628	5,341
Rilagala	1,605	5,266
Nawanagala	1,488	4,882
Telambugala	1,331	4,367
Lakegala	1,310	4,298
Maratuwegala	1,190	3,904
Balagiriya	1,148	3,766
Velangala	1,180	3,871
Lahumanagala	1,114	3,655
Kinihirigala	1,068	3,504
Lunumadalla	1,060	3,478

Threats

Cultivation of cardamom at large scale in the montane forests is a major threat to the fragile forest ecosystem. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

Invasive exotic plant species such as Mist Flower ( Ageratina riparia ) that increasingly spread into montane forest areas and montane grasslands destroy the unique native Sri Lankan flora. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

References

1. "World Heritage Committee inscribes two new sites on World Heritage List". UNESCO. July 30, 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
2. "Central Highlands of Sri Lanka". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
3. "Forest Department Sri Lanka". forestdept.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
4. "Survey Department of SriLanka". www.survey.gov.lk. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
5. Balram Dhakala et al. “Impacts of cardamom cultivation on montane forest ecosystems in Sri Lanka”, Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 274, 15 June 2012, Pages 151–160.
6. Wickramage, Florence. "Parasites' Knuckled fist casts long shadow over 'Lanka's Alps'". Daily News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
7. Kumudini Hettiarachchi “No cardamom trees on Knuckles Range please”, The Sunday Times, July 06, 2014
8. Lalith Gunasekera “Invaders in Knuckles Mountain Range”, The Island, October 21, 2011. Accessed 12.5.2017.
9. Milan Lu, ““A growing threat” Archived 2016-08-13 at the Wayback Machine , Ceylon Today, 01.11.2011. Accessed 19.6.2016.
10. Ranwala S., Marambe B.*, Wijesundara S., Silva P., Weerakoon D., Atapattu N., Gunawardena J., Manawadu L. and Gamage G. “Post-entry risk assessment of invasive alien flora of Sri Lanka - present status, gap analysis, and the most troublesome alien invaders”, Pakistan Journal of Weed Science 10/2012; 18:863-871.

Further reading

• Goonewardene, S., J. Drake, and A. De Silva. 2006. The Herpetofauna of the Knuckles Range. Project Knuckles 2004 and 2005: University of Edinburgh Research Expedition. Amphibia and Reptile Research Organisation of Sri Lanka (ARROS).
• Cooray, P.G.,1984. An introduction to the geology of Sri Lanka. Department of Geology. Government printing Press, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

External links

Media related to Knuckles Mountain Range at Wikimedia Commons