Liriomyza sativae

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Liriomyza sativae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Agromyzidae
Subfamily: Phytomyzinae
Genus: Liriomyza
Species:
L. sativae
Binomial name
Liriomyza sativae
Blanchard, 1938 [1]
Synonyms
  • Agromyza subpusilla Frost, 1943 [2]
  • Liriomyza canomarginisFrick, 1952 [3]
  • Liriomyza guytonaFreeman, 1958 [4]
  • Liriomyza minutisetaFrick, 1952 [3]
  • Liriomyza mundaFrick, 1957 [5]
  • Liriomyza propepusilla Frost, 1954 [6]
  • Liriomyza pullataFrick, 1952 [3]
  • Liriomyza verbenicola Hering, 1951 [7]

Liriomyza sativae, commonly known as the vegetable leaf miner, is a species of insect, a fly in the family Agromyzidae. [8] The larvae of this fly mine the leaves of a range of vegetables and weeds, but seem to favour plants in the families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. [9]

Contents

Description

Eggs of L. sativae measure approximately 0.25 by 0.12 mm (0.010 by 0.005 in) and are translucent and whitish. The larvae are legless grubs, with no head capsule. They are translucent at first, but become yellowish-orange in later instars. The pupae are oval and slightly flattened and vary in colour from yellowish-orange to a darker golden brown when the adults are nearly ready to emerge. The adults are up to 1.7 mm (0.07 in) long, with females being larger than males; the face, frons, third segment of the antenna and scutellum are yellow, and the mesothorax and abdomen are black, although the edges of some plates on the abdomen are yellow. This unique mesonotum is useful in distinguishing L. sativae from their close relatives L. trifolii . [10] The limbs are brown with yellow femora and coxa. [11]

The flight mechanism of this insect is of interest, as it makes partial use of the unusual mechanism of clap and fling, mainly employed by very small insects such as thrips. L. sativae uses the mechanism only on the outer part of the wing to increase lift by some 7% when hovering. [12]

Distribution

L. sativae occurs in the southern part of the United States, in Central America and in much of South America. It is sometimes detected in more northerly parts of the United States having been transported there in plant material, but it is unable to survive in cold weather (apart from in glasshouses). [9]

Host range

The larvae of Liriomyza sativae mine the leaves of a number of plants grown as vegetables as well as many weeds, with forty plants from ten families acting as hosts in Florida. Plants in the families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae are often infested, and vegetable crops affected include beans, eggplant, potato, pepper, tomato, squash and watermelon. Celery is also attacked, but to a lesser extent than by the closely related American leaf miner ( Liriomyza trifolii ), and wild plants that act as host include Solanum americanum and Bidens alba . [9]

Life cycle

The female lays eggs inside the leaf tissues of a susceptible plant, creating small puncture holes. The developing larva feeds on the leaf tissue, creating a tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces as it advances. This starts small but gets wider as the larva increases in size. After three instars, the larva cuts a slit, usually in the upper leaf surface, and falls to the ground where it pupates. At 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), the larval stage lasts for about eight days with a similar period for the pupal stage, whereas at 15 °C (59 °F), the whole cycle takes twenty-five days. A female may lay several hundred eggs over the course of her life-span of a month. [9]

Control

Leaf miners in general are kept under control by their natural enemies. However, in the mid-twentieth century, L. sativae became a serious pest of tomatoes in Florida, having been a minor problem before, when use of insecticides (DDT and BHC) proved more lethal to the braconid wasps that parasitised them than to the other insects the pesticides were designed to control. [13] In addition, the leaf miners quickly developed resistance to various insecticides used against them. [13]

Where a crop is vulnerable, some cultivars may be more susceptible to attack than others. Growing a crop in close proximity to weeds, or adjacent to a crop like cotton where leaf miners are already present, may result in the pest insects moving in to the new crop. With insecticides not always being effective, various management strategies have been attempted to control the leaf miners, one possibility being the application of entomopathogenic nematodes in aqueous suspension under humid conditions. [9]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> Species of fly

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References

  1. ↑ Blanchard, E.E. (1938). "Descripciones y anotaciones de dipteros argentinos". An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 126: 345–386.
  2. ↑ Frost, S.W. (1943). "Three new species of Diptera related to Agromyza pusilla Meig". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 51: 253–263, 2 pls.
  3. 1 2 3 Frick, K.E. (1952). "Four new Hawaiian Liriomyza species and notes on other Hawaiian Agromyzidae (Diptera)". Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 14: 509–518.
  4. ↑ Freeman, C.C. (1958). "Liriomyza guytona: A new species of agromyzid leaf miner". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 51 (4): 344–345. doi:10.1093/aesa/51.4.344.
  5. ↑ Frick, K.E. (1955). "Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex. No. 3. L. alliovora, new name for the Iowa onion miner (Diptera: Agromyzidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 28: 88–92.
  6. ↑ Frost, S.W. (1954). "A new name for Phytomyza subpusilla Frost (Diptera)". Entomological News. 65: 73.
  7. ↑ Hering, E.M. (1951). "Neue palaarktische und nearktische Agromyziden (Dipt.)". Notulae Ent. 31: 31–45.
  8. ↑ Spencer, Kenneth A. (1973). Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic importance Series Entomologica. Vol. 9. The Hague. D. Gld.: Dr. W. Junk bv. pp. xii + 418 p.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Capinera, John L. (1 February 2014). "Vegetable leafminer: Liriomyza sativae Blanchard". Featured Creatures. University of Florida. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  10. ↑ "American serpentine leafminer - Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  11. ↑ "Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner)". Invasive species compendium. CABI. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  12. ↑ Cheng, Xin; Sun, Mao (2016-05-11). "Wing-kinematics measurement and aerodynamics in a small insect in hovering flight". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25706. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625706C. doi:10.1038/srep25706. PMC   4863373 . PMID   27168523.
  13. 1 2 Spencer, K.A. (2013). Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–4. ISBN   978-94-017-0683-4.
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