List of Northern American nectar sources for honey bees

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A honey bee collecting nectar from an apricot flower. Bee in flower.jpg
A honey bee collecting nectar from an apricot flower.

The nectar resource in a given area depends on the kinds of flowering plants present and their blooming periods. Which kinds grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum winter temperature, and growing degree days. The plants listed below grow in USDA hardiness zone 5. A good predictor for when a plant will bloom and produce nectar is a calculation of the growing degree days. Hopkins' bioclimatic law states that in North America east of the Rockies, a 130-m (400-foot) increase in elevation, a 4° change in latitude North (444.48 km), or a 10° change in longitude East (two-thirds of a time zone) will cause a biological event to occur four days later in the spring or four days earlier in the fall. [1] In botany, the term phenology refers to the timing of flower emergence, sequence of bloom, fruiting, and leaf drop in autumn.

Contents

The classification in major or minor nectar sources is very dependent on the agricultural use of the land. An agricultural crop such as canola or alfalfa may be a major or minor source depending on local plantings. Generally, the more diverse a forage area is, the better for a stationary apiary. Urban, suburban, and uncultivated areas provide more consistent warm-season nectar forage than areas that are heavily cultivated with only a few agricultural crops. The nectar sources from large cultivated fields of blooming apples, cherries, canola, melons, sunflowers, clover, etc. benefit a bee keeper who is willing to travel with his hives throughout the season.

Honeydew sources are not included in this listing.

Trees and shrubs

Plant typeNonscientific nameScientific nameBegin Bloom MonthEnd Bloom MonthMonofloral honeyAvailabilitySource for honey bees / pounds of honey per acre
T Maple [2] Acer15noferalmajor but temperature usually too cold
T Red maple [2] Acer rubrum15noferalmajor but temperature usually too cold for bees to fly
T Ohio buckeye [3] Aesculus glabra 45noferalminor
S Shadbush Amelanchier arborea 45noferalminor, or major depending on location and weather.
S, T Devil's walkingstick Aralia spinosa 78noferalminor
S Red Chokeberry Aronia arbutifolia , Photinia pyrifolia56noferalminor
S Black chokeberry [4] Aronia melanocarpa 56noferalminor
T Catalpa, Indian bean [3] [4] [5] Catalpa speciosa 67noferal, ornamentalminor
S Common hackberry Celtis occidentalis 45noferalminor
SButtonbush [3] Cephalanthus occidentalis 78Honey is light in color and mild in flavor.feral
S Hawthorn Crataegus 45noferalminor – 50–100 lb/acre
S Honeysuckle [3] Diervilla lonicera 68minor
T Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos 56noferalminor
S American holly Ilex opaca 46noferalminor, important in Southeastern US
T Tulip-tree, poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 56yes, see Monofloral honey feralmajor in southern Appalachians, select northern locations, and Piedmont
T Apple [4] Malus domestica 45No, the nectar is mostly used for spring brood-raising and not stored for surplus. [5] cultivatedminor
T Crabapple Malus sylvestris ; Malus coronaria [3] 36noornamentalminor
T Cherry [3] [4] Prunus cerasus 45noferal, cultivatedminor – 30 kg/ha
T Pear Pyrus communis45nocultivatedminor
T Black cherry Prunus serotina45noferal, cultivatedminor, can be major under the correct conditions/location
T Plum Prunus45noferal, cultivatedminor
S Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica56noferalminor
T Sumac [3] Rhus glabra 67mixed with other honeysferalmajor
T Black locust [4] [5] Robinia pseudoacacia56yesferalmajor – 800–1200 lb/acre; short bloom period of about 10 days
S Raspberry Rubus56yesferal, cultivatedmajor in some areas
S Blackberry Rubus spp.56yes [3] feral, cultivatedmajor in some areas [4]
T Willow Salix24noferal, ornamentalmajor, but outside temperatures are usually too cold for bees to fly, 100–150 lb/acre; 1,500 lb pollen
T Pussy willow Salix discolor34noferal, ornamentalmajor but temperature usually too cold for bees to fly
TBee bee tree Tetradium 79ornamentalmajor
T Basswood [4] [5] Tilia americana , Tilia cordata67yes, short flow up to 14 days; white, aromatic honey [3] see Monofloral honey feral, ornamental, produces a high volume of honey on a cycle of every five to eight years, with lower volume of nectar other years[ citation needed ]major – 800–1,100 lb/acre
T American elm Ulmus americana24noferalminor
S Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium angustifolium , Vaccinium pennsylvanicum56no, honey amber and of good flavorcultivatedminor in most areas, very low quality pollen, strong colonies may store 50–90 lb of surplus from it [3]
SBlack haw [4] Viburnum prunifolium 56
TRedbud Cercis 44nocultivated, ornamentalminor
T Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum67yesferalmajor

Flowers, crops, herbs, and grasses

Plant typeCommon nameLatin namePerennial/annualBegin bloom monthEnd bloom month Monofloral honey AvailabilityNectar production
F Anise hyssop [4] Agastache foeniculumPerennial710noferalminor (1858–2787 kg/ha) [6]
FBlue bugle, bugleherb, bugleweed, carpetweed, common bugle [4] Ajuga reptans Perennial56feralminor
F Chives [4] Allium schoenoprasumPerennial59nocultivatedminor
C, F Garlic chives Allium tuberosaPerennial89nocultivatedminor
F Leadwort Amorpha fruticosaPerennial67noferalminor
F Milkweed [5] Asclepias spp. 55 speciesPerennial78feral, all species are great for honeybees, nectar is so abundant that shaking the blossoms allows visible nectar fallmajor – 120–250 lb/acre, depending on soil and if good fertilization, Asclepias syriaca has the highest honey yield.
F Butterfly weed [4] Asclepias tuberosa Perennial78noferalminor
C Asparagus Asparagus officinalisPerennial56nocultivatedminor
F Milk vetch Astragalus spp.Perennial56noferalminor
F Aster Aster spp.Perennial810usually mixed with goldenrod [3] feral, ornamentalmajor [4]
F Borage [4] Borago officinalis Annual610noferal, ornamentalminor, but can be major on cultivated area, 200 lb/acre honey, 60–160 lb pollen
C, F Mustard Brassica arvenisisAnnual45no?cultivatedminor
C Oil rapeseed (canola) [4] Brassica napus L., Brassica rapaAnnual56yescultivatedmajor
F Marigold Calendula officinalis Annual69noornamentalminor
F Canada thistle Carduus arvensisPerenniallight honey of good quality [3]
F Thistle Centaurea spp.Annual79noferalminor
F Mountain bluet Centaurea Montana (Knapweed)Short-lived Perennial55no??feralmajor
F Creeping thistle Cirsium arvensePerennial79feral (invasive in North America)
FSweet autumn clematis Clematis terniflora Perennial99ornamentalminor
F Clethra , summersweet [4] Clethra alnifolia Perennial (shrub)78noferalminor
C, F Cucumber Annual69no; honey is pale yellow or amber with strong flavor [3] cultivatedminor
C Melon Annual610nocultivatedminor
C Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. [7] Annual610nocultivatedminor
C, F Wild carrot Daucus carota Biennial89noferalminor
F Leopard's bane Doronicum cordatumPerennial45noferalminor
F Candytuft [4] Iberis sempervirensPerennial55
F Viper's bugloss, blue thistle, [8] Echium vulgare Echium vulgare is most widely known, though about 60 additional species existPerennial68noferal In California, spring-blooming plant with repeat bloom, fall bloom provides nectar for bees for overwintering. The most unusual feature of E. vulgare is the protection of the nectar inside the flower from vaporization (when weather is hot) or flushing away (when rains). [9] major – 300–1,000 lb/acre honey depending on soil, 500–2000 lb of dark blue pollen
F Globe thistle Echinops ritro Annual88feralmajor
F Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium Perennial69yesferalmajor
F Heather Erica vulgaris, though many varietiesPerennial (shrub)see Monofloral honey 100–200 lb honey
F Joe-Pye weed, boneset, white snakeroot [4] Eutrochium spp., "Eupatorium spp., Eupatorium purpureum ; Eupatorium perfoliatum ; Eupatorium ageratoides Perennial89noferalminor
C, F Buckwheat [4] Fagopyrum esculentumAnnual78can be, dark honey with distinct flavor, granulates quicklyrarely cultivated nowminor
FBlue vine[ citation needed ]Gonolobus laevis [10] Perennialno, honey is clear, heavy bodied, of excellent flavor [3] feralminor, strong hives can collect up to 100 lb [3]
C, F Soybean Glycine sojaAnnual710cultivatedmajor
C, F Sunflower Helianthus annuusAnnual69can beferal, cultivatedminor – 30–100 pounds/acre
C, F Basil KoelliaAnnualnocultivatedminor
F Henbit, deadnettle Lamium spPerennial35noferalminor, but valuable due to earliness/frost hardiness
C, F Lavender Lavandula angustifolia Perennial (shrub)69can becultivatedminor
F Birdsfoot trefoil [4] Lotus corniculatusPerennial68noferalminor
C, F White sweet clover [3] [5] Melilotus albaBiennial58yesferal, cultivatedmajor up to 200 lb per hive
C, F Yellow sweet clover [3] [5] Melilotus officinalisBiennial58yesferal, cultivatedmajor up to 200 lb per hive
C, F Alfalfa [3] [4] Medicago sativaPerennial78as clover honey, alfalfa honey granulates readily [3] feral, cultivatedmajor
C, F Clover [4] Melilotus spp. and Trifolium spp.Biennial58as clover honeyferal, cultivatedmajor – up to 500 lb/acre in a good year [3]
F Melissa, lemon balm [3] Melissa officinalisPerennialWestern US – Prolonged bloom of 45 – 50 days generally in summer, but with repeat blooming in California. Delicate honey with very light, pinkish color.150–250 lb/acre honey, 50–120 lb pollen
C, F Peppermint [5] Mentha piperitaPerennialnoferal
F Catnip, cat mint [3] [4] Nepeta mussinii; Nepeta grandiflora; Nepeta catariaPerennial69noferal, ornamentalminor
F Oregano Origanum vulgarePerennial69nocultivated?minor
C, FPoppyPapaver somniferumPerennialminor – 20–30 lb/acre
C, F Phacelia, tansyPhacelia tanacetifoliaPerennialWestern US – One of the best spring forage sources for honeybees. Blooms 45–60 days and continuously produces nectar throughout the day. Can be seeded several times per year. Prefers 3 ft of topsoil.180–1,500 pounds honey per acre, depending on soil quality and depth; 300–1000 pounds of pollen. [9]
G, H Plantain Plantago MajorPerennial7 [11]
F Smartweed Polygonum spp.Perennial89feralmajor
F Selfheal Prunella vulgarisPerennial78noferalminor
F Lungwort Pulmonaria spp.Perennial55noferalminor
F Appalachian mountain mint Pycnanthemum flexuosumPerennial810minor
F Azalea Rhododendron spp.Perennial68noornamentalminor
F Russian sage Salvia yangiiPerennial79can beornamentalminor
F Scrophularia Scrophularia spp.Perennial77noferalminor
F Sedum, autumn joy [4] Sedum spectabilePerennial
F Goldenrod [3] Solidago spp.Perennial910can be, honey golden color of deep amber; marked flavor; granulates quicklyferalmajor
F Woundwort Stachys byzantinaPerennial55noferalminor
F Chickweed [4] Stellaria mediaAnnual47noferalminor
F Dandelion Taraxacum officinaleAnnual (Perennial not an annual)45no, honey deep yellow, granulates quickly; mostly consumed by bees during brood rearing [5] feralmajor
F Germander Teucrium canadense [12] Perennial78noferalminor
F Thyme Thymus pulegioides; Thymus serpyllumPerennial67noferal, cultivatedminor – 50–150 lb/acre honey
F Red-flowering thyme Thymus praecoxPerennial67feral?major
C, F Alsike clover [3] Trifolium hybridumPerennialas clover honey, alsike clover honey is one of the best honey plants in America. [3] feral, cultivatedmajor, up to 500 lb/acre [4]
C, F Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatumPerennialas clover honeyferal, cultivatedmajor [3]
C, F Red clover Trifolium pratensePerennial67as clover honeyferal, cultivatedmajor
C, F White clover [5] Trifolium repensPerennial67as clover honey; honey is white or nearly white; very mild flavored and does not granulate readilyferal, cultivatedmajor
F Blue vervain Verbena hastata L.Perennial78noornamental?minor
F Tall ironweed Vernonia altissimaPerennial89noferalminor
F Speedwell Veronica spicata Perennial66noferalminor
F Tufted vetch, common vetch [4] Vicia craccaPerennial78noferalminor
F Common vetch Vicia sativaPerennial78noferalminor
F Blackhaw Viburnum prunifoliumPerennial (shrub)56noferalminor

Garden plants to feed honey bees in Canada

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i> Species of plant

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<i>Lotus corniculatus</i> Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae

Lotus corniculatus is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa. Common names include common bird's-foot trefoil, eggs and bacon, birdsfoot deervetch, and just bird's-foot trefoil, though the latter name is often also applied to other members of the genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forage (honey bee)</span> Bee foraging

For bees, their forage or food supply consists of nectar and pollen from blooming plants within flight range. The forage sources for honey bees are an important consideration for beekeepers. In order to determine where to locate hives for maximum honey production and brood one must consider the off-season. If there are no honey flows the bees may have to be fed. Bees that are used for commercial pollination are usually fed in the holding yards. Forage is also significant for pollination management with other bee species. Nectar contains sugars that are the primary source of energy for the bees' wing muscles and for heat for honey bee colonies for winter. Pollen provides the protein and trace minerals that are mostly fed to the brood in order to replace bees lost in the normal course of life cycle and colony activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectar source</span>

A nectar source is a flowering plant that produces nectar as part of its reproductive strategy. These plants create nectar, which attract pollinating insects and sometimes other animals such as birds.

<i>Trifolium subterraneum</i> Species of legume

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<i>Trichostema lanceolatum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Uvularia grandiflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Uvularia grandiflora, the large-flowered bellwort or merrybells, is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae, native to eastern and central North America.

<i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus commutata, the silverberry or wolf-willow, is a species of Elaeagnus native to western and boreal North America, from southern Alaska through British Columbia east to Quebec, south to Utah, and across the upper Midwestern United States to South Dakota and western Minnesota. It typically grows on dry to moist sandy and gravel soils in steppes, meadows or woodland edges.

<i>Comarum palustre</i> Species of flowering plant

Comarum palustre, known by the common names purple marshlocks, swamp cinquefoil and marsh cinquefoil, is a common waterside shrub. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, particularly the northern regions. It is most commonly found on lake shores, marshy riversides and stream margins, often partly submerged with foliage floating. It is a parent of some FragariaComarum hybrids, ornamental plants produced by crossing with strawberries.

<i>Rosa californica</i> Species of plant

Rosa californica, the California wildrose, or California rose, is a species of rose native to the U.S. states of California and Oregon and the northern part of Baja California, Mexico. The plant is native to chaparral and woodlands and the Sierra Nevada foothills, and can survive drought, though it grows most abundantly in moist soils near water sources.

<i>Lobelia siphilitica</i> Species of flowering plant

Lobelia siphilitica, the great blue lobelia, great lobelia, or blue cardinal flower, is a plant species within the family Campanulaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial dicot native to eastern and central Canada and United States. There are two recognized varieties of Lobelia siphilitica, var. siphilitica and var. ludoviciana. Blooming from August to October, it is short-lived, lasting only for a few years.

<i>Tilia tomentosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Tilia tomentosa, known as silver linden in the US and silver lime in the UK, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from Romania and the Balkans east to western Turkey, occurring at moderate altitudes.

<i>Ilex coriacea</i> Species of holly

Ilex coriacea, sometimes known as large gallberry or sweet gallberry, is a shrub in the Holly family native to coastal areas in the United States from Virginia to Texas. It exists primarily as an understory plant in pine forests, and is sometimes stimulated by regular controlled burnings.

<i>Agastache foeniculum</i> Species of flowering plant

Agastache foeniculum, commonly called anise hyssop, blue giant hyssop, Fragrant giant hyssop, or the lavender giant hyssop, is a species of perennial plant in the mint family, (Lamiaceae). This plant is native to much of north-central and northern North America, notably the Great Plains and other prairies. It is tolerant of deer and drought, and also attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, bumblebees, honey bees, carpenter bees, and night flying moths.

<i>Spiraea alba</i> Species of flowering plant

Spiraea alba, commonly known as meadowsweet, white meadowsweet, narrowleaf meadowsweet, pale bridewort, or pipestem, is native to the wet soils of the Allegheny Mountains and other portions of eastern North America, but is currently endangered in the state of Missouri. It is naturalized in other parts of the world.

<i>Trifolium fucatum</i> Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae

Trifolium fucatum is a species of clover known by the common names bull clover and sour clover. It is native to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat, becoming common to abundant in some areas. It is an edible species of clover.

<i>Dalea purpurea</i> Species of legume

Dalea purpurea is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known as purple prairie clover. Native to central North America, purple prairie clover is a relatively common member of the Great Plains and prairie ecosystems. It blooms in the summer with dense spikes of bright purple flowers that attract many species of insects.

Trifolium leibergii is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Leiberg's clover. It is native to Oregon and Nevada in the United States.

<i>Polygala sanguinea</i> Species of flowering plant

Polygala sanguinea, known as purple milkwort, field milkwort, or blood milkwort is an annual plant in the Polygalaceae (milkwort) family. It is native to central and eastern North America.

References

  1. "Andrew Delmar Hopkins - Southern Forest Insect Work Conference". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  2. 1 2 Delaplane, Keith Bee Conservation in the Southeast The University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension; Service Bulletin 1164; April 2010 (web accessed May 2019)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Pellett, Frank Chapman (1920). American Honey Plants: Together with Those which are of Special Value to the Beekeeper as Sources of Pollen. American Bee Journal. Retrieved 23 May 2019 via Internet Archive. American Honey Plants.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Tew, James Some Ohio Nectar and Pollen Producing Plants Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, 2000 [ dead link ]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lovell, John H. Honey plants of North America; THE ROOT COMPANY, 1926
  6. Zhiliang, Pan (Summer 1997). "Bee Visitation and Nectar Production of Anise Hyssop" (PDF). Department of Plants and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts.
  7. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Cucurbita pepo L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  8. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Echium vulgare L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  9. 1 2 "Long Distance Moving Guide | NYC Gardens Near Me & Local Movers Blog". Archived from the original on 2009-11-26.
  10. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Gonolobus laevis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  11. "A Selection of Bee Forage Plants" (PDF). Spikenard Farm Honeybee Sanctuary.
  12. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Teucrium canadense L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 June 2022.

Further reading