Clematis

Last updated

Clematis
Clematis 'Nelly Moser'.JPG
Clematis 'Nelly Moser'
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Clematis
L. [1]
Species

List of Clematis species

Synonyms

AtrageneL.
CorifloraWeber
ViornaRchb. [1]

Clematis is a genus of about 380 species [2] [3] within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. [4] Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners, [5] beginning with Clematis 'Jackmanii', a garden staple since 1862; more cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin.

Contents

Species names

Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as:

Etymology

The genus name Clematis [pronunciation note 1] is from Ancient Greek κληματίς : clēmatís, ("a climbing plant") from κλήμα : klḗma – 'twig, sprout, tendril'.

Botany

The genus is composed of mostly vigorous, woody, climbing vines / lianas. The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old. [5] Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs. [5] Some species are shrubby, while others, like C. recta , are herbaceous perennial plants. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen. They grow best in cool, moist, well-drained soil in full sun. [10]

Clematis species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rarely in the tropics. Clematis leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the willow beauty (Peribatodes rhomboidaria).

The timing and location of flowers varies; spring-blooming clematis flower on side shoots of the previous year's stems, summer/fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems, and twice-flowering clematis do both. [5]

Taxonomy

The genus Clematis was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753, [11] the first species listed being Clematis viticella . The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril. [12]

Archiclematis and Naravelia

Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining Clematis were formerly segregated as the genera Archiclematis (1 species) and Naravelia (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in Clematis, the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of Clematis. Naravelia is a monophyletic group within Clematis. [13] [14] [15]

Species to be transferred include:

Species

Large, dark purple clematis flower with white finger stamens in sunlight Large purple clematis flower with white finger stamens.jpg
Large, dark purple clematis flower with white finger stamens in sunlight
Purple clematis PurpleClematis1.jpeg
Purple clematis
Clematis armandii Clematis armandii01-4035~2015 03 22.JPG
Clematis armandii
Clematis 'Multi Blue' Clematis macro 1.JPG
Clematis 'Multi Blue'
Clematis florida Clematis florida 001.jpg
Clematis florida
C. montana Clematis Montana 02.jpg
C. montana
Flowers of C. vitalba Clematis vitalba.JPG
Flowers of C. vitalba
Seed heads of C. vitalba growing in a hedge, showing why it is known colloquially as "old man's beard" Old man's beard Clematis vitalba seeds.jpg
Seed heads of C. vitalba growing in a hedge, showing why it is known colloquially as "old man's beard"
Achenes Clematis seeds.jpg
Achenes
Fruits of C. dioica in Guanacaste, Costa Rica Clematis dioica in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.JPG
Fruits of C. dioica in Guanacaste, Costa Rica
C. terniflora seed cluster Clematis-C - Copy.jpg
C. terniflora seed cluster

A partial list of species:

Formerly placed here

Subdivisions

One recent classification[ which? ] recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist.

Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections, several with subsections. [25] Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera ( Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna ), several with sections and subsections within them. [26] Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups.

Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus Flammula as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, pergolas, or wall-mounted trellises, or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15 cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of C. patens, C. lanuginosa, and C. viticella. [27] Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards the natural flowering habit of C. patens or C. lanuginosa while later-flowering forms such as ×jackmanii are nearer in habit to C. viticella.

Garden history

Clematis patens C.Morren et Decne. (Kazaguruma), native to Japan, was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold. Today, it is the most frequently used species for developing large-flowered cultivars. [28]

The wild Clematis species, such as Clematis florida, native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by the 17th century. [29] These species were also brought to Europe through Japan. [30]

Japanese garden selections, mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China, [28] were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens, in the 18th century, long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century. [29]

After it arrived in Europe, it acquired several meanings during the Victorian era, famous for its nuanced flower symbolism. It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty. [31]

Cultivation

The climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls, fences, and other structures, and also to grow through other plants, such as shrubs and trees. Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover. Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers, clematis are among the most popular of all garden plants. Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues. Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. In theory, it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year. Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers, or decorative seed heads.

They will grow in any good garden soil. The roots usually require a moist, cool substrate, while the herbage can take full sun. Some more delicate cultivars such as 'Nelly Moser' do better in light shade. Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers. [30] [32]

Pruning

Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually. [33] The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories:

Cultivars

Over 80 varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [36]

In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell-shaped flowers in spring, produced on the last year's growth. These include 'Markham's Pink', a pale pink breed. [37]

In the early large-flowered group, which flower on the last year's growth, are:

In the Clematis integrifolia group (or Integrifolia group) are non- or semi-climbing plants that flower on the current year's growth. These include the violet-pink 'Arabella'. [45]

In the late large-flowered group, which flower on the current year's growth, are:

In the Clematis montana group (or Montana group) are vigorous climbers that flower in spring, such as:

In the Clematis viticella group (or Viticella group) are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year's growth, such as:

Other breeds include:

For further details see the List of Award of Garden Merit clematis.

Horticultural classification

This follows the classification adopted by V. Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002, except that C. ispahanica, now considered to have been included in error, has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group. [58] [59]

Use and toxicity

The European species did not enter into the herbalists' pharmacopeia. [60] In the American Old West, the Western white clematis, Clematis ligusticifolia, was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of yerba de chivato as a pepper substitute. [61] The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or Capsicum , however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. [62] Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda steud ex A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. [63] The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents. [64]

Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, [65] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". [66]

Pests and diseases

Clematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina , causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it. [67] The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. [68] : 3  C. mandshurica specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories, and several of this genus are hosts for several other P. recondita strains [68] : 8  and other Puccinia . [68] : 25  Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium. [69]

Related Research Articles

<i>Geranium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.

<i>Dahlia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico and Central America. As a member of the Asteraceae family of dicotyledonous plants, its relatives include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 49 species of dahlia, with flowers in almost every hue, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants.

<i>Camellia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the tea family Theaceae

Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are more than 220 described species. Camellias are popular ornamental, tea, and woody-oil plants cultivated worldwide for centuries. Over 26,000 cultivars, with more than 51,000 cultivar names, including synonyms, have been registered or published.

<i>Bistorta officinalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae

Bistorta officinalis, known as bistort, common bistort, European bistort, or meadow bistort, is a species of flowering plant in the dock family Polygonaceae native to Europe and northern and western Asia. Other common names include snakeroot, snake-root, snakeweed, and Easter-ledges.

<i>Petunia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Petunia is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word pétun, 'tobacco', from a Tupi–Guarani language. A tender perennial, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids.

<i>Alstroemeria</i> Genus of South American flowering plants

Alstroemeria, commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity: one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. Species of Alstroemeria from Chile are winter-growing plants, while those of Brazil are summer growing. All are long-lived perennials except A. graminea, a diminutive annual from the Atacama Desert of Chile.

<i>Crocosmia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the Iris family Iridaceae

Crocosmia, also known as montbretia, is a small genus of flowering plants in the iris family, Iridaceae. It is native to the grasslands of southern and eastern Africa, ranging from South Africa to Sudan. One species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Clematis texensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis texensis, commonly called scarlet leather flower, is a climbing vine in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is native to the United States, where it is endemic to the Edwards Plateau of Texas. Its natural habitat is on rocky limestone cliffs and streamsides.

<i>Clematis flammula</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis flammula, the fragrant virgin's bower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. This deciduous climbing plant is native to southern Europe and northern Africa, but it is cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant in gardens. It bears fragrant white flowers and small green achenes. When the flowers are newly opened they have a strong sweet almond fragrance. Clematis × aromatica, the scented clematis, is the result of a cross with Clematis integrifolia.

<i>Caryopteris</i> Genus of flowering plants

Caryopteris is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. They are native to east Asia.

<i>Betula ermanii</i> Species of tree

Betula ermanii, or Erman's birch, is a species of birch tree belonging to the family Betulaceae. It is an extremely variable species and can be found in Northeast China, Korea, Japan, and Russian Far East. It can grow to 20 metres (66 ft) tall. It is noted for its peeling bark, which can sometimes be removed in sheets, but usually shreds and hangs from the trunk and under branches. Yellow-brown male catkins appear with the leaves in spring.

<i>Clematis integrifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis integrifolia is a flowering vine of the genus Clematis. Like many members of that genus, it is prized by gardeners for its showy flowers. C. integrifolia bears nodding, urn-shaped blue flowers in summer that are 1.5 inches wide. It is a fairly short variety, growing only to 3 feet high. It is native to Europe and Asia. In the US it grows best in American Horticultural Society zones 8 to 1.

<i>Clematis lanuginosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis lanuginosa is a flowering vine of the genus Clematis. Like many members of that genus, its hybrids are prized by gardeners for their showy flowers. It is endemic to Zhejiang province in eastern China and was first discovered near Ningbo by the plant hunter Robert Fortune in 1850 who sent plants back to England. It was lost to cultivation at about the time of the first world war and thought to be extinct but was rediscovered growing in the same area in 2008.

<i>Clematis</i> Jackmanii Vine cultivar

Clematis 'Jackmanii' is a Clematis cultivar which, when it was introduced in 1862, was the first of the modern large-flowered hybrid clematises of gardens. It is a climber with large violet-purple blooms, still among the most familiar climbers seen in gardens. It was produced from crosses made by the prominent nurseryman George Jackman (1837–1887), of Jackman & Sons, Woking, Surrey.

Calophoma clematidina is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of Clematis. Symptoms of infection include leaf spotting, wilting of leaves, stems or the whole plant and internal blackening of the stem, often at soil level. Infected plants growing in containers may also develop root rot.

<i>Clematis macropetala</i> Species of plant in the genus Clematis

Clematis macropetala is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to northwestern China, Mongolia, and adjoining areas of Siberia. Its cultivars 'Ballet Skirt', 'Lagoon', 'Pauline', and 'Wesselton' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Clematis tangutica</i> Species of plant in the genus Clematis

Clematis tangutica, the golden clematis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is found from Central Asia through to most of China, and it has been introduced to western Canada, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and the South Island of New Zealand. Its cultivars 'Bill MacKenzie' and 'Lambton Park', both members of the Tangutica Group, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Clematis <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> aromatica</i> Hybrid species of plant

Clematis × aromatica, the scented clematis, is a hybrid species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. Its parents are Clematis flammula and Clematis integrifolia. A non-clinging perennial with strongly scented flowers, it is widely available from commercial nurseries.

References

  1. 1 2 "Genus: Clematis L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2000-12-20. Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  2. ↑ "Clematis L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  3. ↑ There are more wild species of clematis even than of roses", Alice M. Coats remarks in Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Clematis".
  4. ↑ "List of plants in the family Ranunculaceae | Genera & Species | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bender, Steve, ed. (January 2004). "Clematis". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Oxmoor House. pp. 250–2. ISBN   978-0-376-03910-1.
  6. 1 2 3 "How Do You Say & Spell Clematis?" Archived 2019-12-13 at the Wayback Machine ClematisQueen.com. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  7. 1 2 "clematis" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  8. ↑ "Clematis". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  9. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–7.
  10. ↑ Hillier Nurseries, The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs, David and Charles, 1998, p723 ISBN   0-7153-0808-4
  11. ↑ "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Clematis". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  12. ↑ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN   978-0-19-866189-4.
  13. ↑ Miikeda, Osamu; Kita, Koichi; Handa, Takashi; Yukawa, Tomohisa (2006-10-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of Clematis (Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (2): 153–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00551.x . ISSN   0024-4074.
  14. ↑ Xie, Lei; Wen, Jun; Li, Liang-Qian (2011). "Phylogenetic Analyses of Clematis (Ranunculaceae) based on Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Three Plastid Regions". Systematic Botany. 36 (4). American Society of Plant Taxonomists: 907–921. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  15. ↑ Jiang, Nan; Zhou, Zhuang; Zhang, Shu-Dong; Guan, Kai-Yun; Tan, Yun-Hong; Yu, Wen-Bin (2017). "Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae): Non-monophyly of Anemone s.l. revealed by plastid datasets". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0174792. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274792J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174792 . PMC   5376084 . PMID   28362811.
  16. ↑ "Clematis aristataR.Br. ex Ker Gawl.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  17. ↑ "Clematis fawcettiiF.Muell.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  18. ↑ "Clematis glycinoidesDC.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "Clematis leptophylla(F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.Eichler". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  20. ↑ "Clematis microphyllaDC.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  21. ↑ "Clematis pickeringiiA.Gray". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  22. ↑ F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Clematis pickeringii". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  23. ↑ purple virgins bower Archived 2009-05-25 at the Wayback Machine , Voyageur Country
  24. ↑ Bertolonii, Antonii (1858). "Miscellanea Botanica XIX". Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (in Latin). 9: 167 at 171–172.
  25. ↑ Johnson, Magnus (2001). The Genus Clematis. Magnus Johnson Plantskola AB.
  26. ↑ Grey-Wilson, Christopher (2000). Clematis: The Genus: A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners, Horticulturists and Botanists. Timber Press.
  27. ↑ Evison, Raymond J. (1998). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Clematis. Timber Press/David and Charles.
  28. 1 2 Kaneko, Akihito (2017). Clematis. Tokyo: NHK. pp. P9. ISBN   978-4-14-040277-1.
  29. 1 2 Coats (1964) 1992.
  30. 1 2 Lloyd, Christopher (1989). Clematis. United Kingdom: Viking. p. 232. ISBN   978-0670802333.
  31. ↑ "Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments". www.languageofflowers.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  32. ↑ Grey-Wilson, Christopher (2002). Clematis the genus. United Kingdom: Batsford. p. 219. ISBN   978-0713487268.
  33. ↑ "Clematis Varieties I". Green Valley Supply. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  34. ↑ Chesshire, C. (1999). Clematis (RHS practicals). United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN   978-0751347265.
  35. ↑ "British Clematis Society Web Site". www.britishclematis.org.uk.
  36. ↑ "Clematis / Royal Horticultural Society". Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  37. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=473 [ dead link ]
  38. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=439 [ dead link ]
  39. ↑ "Clematis 'Josephine' (Early Large-Flowered Clematis)".
  40. ↑ "Clematis 'Marie Boisselot' (EL)". RHS. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  41. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Clematis 'Miss Bateman' (EL) AGM / RHS Gardening". Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  42. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=485 [ dead link ]
  43. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=486 [ dead link ]
  44. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Clematis 'The President' (EL) AGM / RHS Gardening". Archived from the original on 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  45. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Clematis 'Arabella' (I) AGM / RHS Gardening". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  46. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Clematis 'Jackmanii' (LL) AGM / RHS Gardening". Archived from the original on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  47. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=489 [ dead link ]
  48. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=490 [ dead link ]
  49. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4686 [ dead link ]
  50. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=479 [ dead link ]
  51. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=482 [ dead link ]
  52. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=444 [ dead link ]
  53. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=455 [ dead link ]
  54. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=475 [ dead link ]
  55. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=503 [ dead link ]
  56. ↑ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=491 [ dead link ]
  57. ↑ "Clematis x triternata 'Rubromarginata' | clematis 'Rubromarginata'/RHS Gardening". Archived from the original on December 24, 2012.
  58. ↑ RHS ISHS ICRA clematis
  59. ↑ Clematis Register RHS
  60. ↑ Of the native European C. vitalba Alice Coats observes "The leaves are acrid and poisonous, and not even the early herbalists attempted to use the plant in internal medicine", but she notes that John Gerard called Clematis flammula biting clematis or purging periwinkle. (Coats 1992).
  61. ↑ US Native Plant Database Clematis ligusticifolia
  62. ↑ Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Mountain Press. ISBN   978-0-87842-359-0.
  63. ↑ "Hawaze S, Deti H, Suleman S. 2012. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of clematis species indigenous to Ethiopia. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74:29-35".
  64. ↑ "Hawaze S, Deti H, Suleman S. 2013. Wound healing activity of the methanol extracts of Clematis species indigenous to Ethiopia. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 7:304-308". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
  65. ↑ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN   978-81-7021-271-3 . Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  66. ↑ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK . Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  67. ↑ Howells, J., Choosing your Clematis, Garden Art Press, 2003, pp115-116 ISBN   1-870673-47-6
  68. 1 2 3 Roelfs, Alan P.; Singh, Ravi Prakash; Saari, Eugene E. (1992). Rust diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. S2CID   84123050.
  69. ↑ Buczacki, S. and Harris, K., Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Garden Plants, HarperCollins, 1998, p65 ISBN   0-00-220063-5

Notes

  1. ↑ The Classical pronunciation of clematis is /ˈklɛmətɪs/ . [6] [7] [8] [9] Other attested pronunciations include /kləˈmætɪs/ [6] and, particularly in the UK, /kləˈmeɪtɪs/ . [6] [7]

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.