List of butterflies of Europe (Nymphalidae)

This is a list of the butterflies of family Nymphalidae , or the "browns", which are found in Europe . It is a part of the List of the butterflies of Europe

Subfamily Nymphalinae

Tribe Junoniini

• Diadem, Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) Canary Islands, Madeira

Tribe Nymphalini

• European peacock, Aglais io (Linnaeus 1758)
• Small tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae (Linnaeus 1758)
• Sardinian small tortoiseshell, Aglais ichnusa (Bonelli, 1826)
• Map butterfly, Araschnia levana (Linnaeus 1758)
• White petticoat, Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus 1758)
• Large tortoiseshell, Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus 1758)
• Yellow-legged tortoiseshell, Nymphalis xanthomelas (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• False comma, Nymphalis vaualbum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
• Comma, Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus 1758)
• Southern comma, Polygonia egea (Cramer 1775)
• Red admiral, Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus 1758)
• Canary red admiral, Vanessa vulcania Godart, 1819
• Painted lady, Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus 1758)
• American painted lady, Vanessa virginiensis (Drury, 1773)

Tribe Melitaeini

• Scarce fritillary, Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus 1758)
• Asian fritillary, Euphydryas intermedia (Ménétriés, 1859)
• Euphydryas italica Back, Haussmann, Salk & Weiss, 2015
• Cynthia's fritillary, Euphydryas cynthia (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775)
• Lapland fritillary, Euphydryas iduna (Dalman, 1816)
• Marsh fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)
• Spanish marsh fritillary, Euphydryas beckeri (Lederer, 1853)
• Spanish fritillary, Euphydryas desfontainii (Godart, 1819)
• Euphydryas orientalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
• Spotted fritillary, Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778)
• Freyer's fritillary, Melitaea arduinna (Esper, [1783])
• Lesser spotted fritillary, Melitaea trivia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Aetherie fritillary, Melitaea aetherie (Hübner 1826)
• Knapweed fritillary, Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Jerusalem fritillary, Melitaea telona (Fruhstorfer, 1908)
• Little fritillary, Melitaea asteria (Freyer, 1828)
• Heath fritillary, Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775)
• Nickerl's fritillary, Melitaea aurelia Nickerl, 1850
• Assman's fritillary, Melitaea britomartis (Assmann, 1847)
• Provençal fritillary, Melitaea deione (Geyer, 1832)
• Melitaea nevadensis Oberthür, 1904
• Glanville fritillary, Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758)
• False heath fritillary, Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789)
• Meadow fritillary, Melitaea parthenoides Keferstein, 1851
• Grisons fritillary, Melitaea varia Meyer-Dur, 1851
• Sicilian fritillary, Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893

Subfamily Heliconiinae

• Silver-washed fritillary, Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Pallas' fritillary, Argynnis laodice (Pallas, 1771)
• Cardinal, Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775)
• Mountain fritillary, Boloria alaskensis (Holland, 1900) North Russia ^[1]
• Cranberry fritillary, Boloria aquilonaris Stichel, 1908
• Balkan fritillary, Boloria graeca (Staudinger, 1870)
• Mountain fritillary, Boloria napaea (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
• Shepherd's fritillary, Boloria pales (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Erschoff's fritillary, Boloria angarensis (Erschoff, 1870) North and East Russia ^[2]
• Arctic fritillary, Boloria chariclea Schneider, 1794
• Violet fritillary, Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Freija fritillary, Boloria freija (Becklin in Thunberg, 1791)
• Frigga fritillary, Boloria frigga Becklin in Thunberg, 1791
• Dingy fritillary, Boloria improba Butler, 1877
• Boloria oscarus (Eversmann, 1844) Russia (Urals) ^[3]
• Polaris fritillary, Boloria polaris Boisduval, 1828
• Small pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria selene (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Boloria selenis (Eversmann, 1837) Russia ^[4]
• Thor's fritillary, Boloria thore (Hübner, 1803)
• Purple bog fritillary, Boloria titania (Esper, 1793)
• Boloria tritonia (Böber, 1812) North Russia ^[5]
• Ocellate bog fritillary, Boloria eunomia (Esper, 1799)
• Marbled fritillary, Brenthis daphne (Bergstrasser, 1780)
• Twin-spot fritillary, Brenthis hecate (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775)
• High brown fritillary, Fabriciana adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775)
• Corsican fritillary, Fabriciana elisa (Godart, [1824])
• Niobe fritillary, Fabriciana niobe (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Queen of Spain, Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Issoria eugenia (Eversmann, 1847) North European Russia ^{[6] [7]}
• Dark green fritillary, Speyeria aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subfamily Charaxinae

• Two-tailed pasha, Charaxes jasius (Linnaeus, 1767)

Subfamily Danainae

• Plain tiger, Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Monarch, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subfamily Apaturinae

• Lesser purple emperor, Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775)
• Purple emperor, Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Freyer's purple emperor, Apatura metis Freyer, 1829

Subfamily Libytheinae

• Nettle-tree butterfly, Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782)

Subfamily Limenitidinae

• White admiral, Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Poplar admiral, Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Southern white admiral, Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901
• Hungarian glider, Neptis rivularis (Scopoli 1763)
• Pallas' sailer, Neptis sappho (Pallas 1771)

Subfamily Satyrinae

• Speckled wood, Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Madeiran speckled wood, Pararge xiphia (Fabricius, 1775)
• Canary speckled wood, Pararge xiphioides Staudinger, 1871
• Wall, Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Large wall, Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Northern wall brown, Lasiommata petropolitana (Fabricius, 1787)
• Corsican wall brown, Lasiommata paramegaera (Hübner, 1824)
• Woodland brown, Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763)
• Lopinga deidamia (Eversmann, 1851)
• Iranian argus, Kirinia climene (Esper, [1783])
• Lattice brown, Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777)
• Stoll's heath, Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782) South European Russia ^[8]
• Large heath, Coenonympha tullia (Muller, 1764)
• False ringlet, Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787)
• Pearly heath, Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761)
• Corsican heath, Coenonympha corinna (Hübner, 1804)
• Dusky heath, Coenonympha dorus (Esper, 1782)
• Alpine heath, Coenonympha gardetta (de Prunner, 1798)
• Chestnut heath, Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788)
• Scarce heath, Coenonympha hero Linnaeus, 1761
• Russian heath, Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784)
• Small heath, Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Eastern large heath, Coenonympha rhodopensis Elwes, 1900
• Cretan small heath, Coenonympha thyrsis Freyer, 1845 ^[9]
• Balkan heath, Coenonympha orientalis (Rebel, 1910) ^[10]
• Siberian heath, Coenonympha phryne (Pallas, 1771) Central and South European Russia
• False Mnestra ringlet, Erebia aethiopellus (Hoffmannsegg, 1806)
• Scotch argus, Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777)
• Almond-eyed ringlet, Erebia alberganus (de Prunner, 1798)
• Lorkovic's brassy ringlet, Erebia calcaria Lorkovic, 1953
• Common brassy ringlet, Erebia cassioides cassioides(Reiner & Hochenwarth, 1792)
• Raetzer's ringlet, Erebia christi Ratzer, 1890
• White speck ringlet, Erebia claudina (Borkhausen, 1789) Austria
• Erebia cyclopius (Eversmann, 1844) North and East European Russia ^[11]
• Erebia dabanensis Erschoff, 1871 North European Russia ^[12]
• Arctic ringlet, Erebia disa (Thunberg, 1791)
• Red-disked alpine, Erebia discoidalis (Kirby, 1837) North European Russia
• Erebia edda Ménétriés, 1851 North European Russia ^[13]
• Lapland ringlet, Erebia embla (Becklin, 1791)
• Small mountain ringlet, Erebia epiphron (Knoch, 1783)
• Spring ringlet, Erebia epistygne (Hübner, 1824)
• Eriphyle ringlet, Erebia eriphyle (Freyer, 1836)
• Large ringlet, Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805)
• Banded alpine, Erebia fasciata Butler, 1868
• Yellow-banded ringlet, Erebia flavofasciata Heyne, 1895
• Silky ringlet, Erebia gorge (Hübner 1804)
• Lefèbvre's ringlet, Erebia lefebvrei (Boisduval, [1828])
• Arran brown, Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Yellow-spotted ringlet, Erebia manto (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Woodland ringlet, Erebia medusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Lesser mountain ringlet, Erebia melampus (Fuessly 1775)
• Black ringlet, Erebia melas (Herbst 1796)
• Piedmont ringlet, Erebia meolans (Prunner, 1798)
• Mnestra's ringlet, Erebia mnestra (Hübner 1804)
• Marbled ringlet, Erebia montanus (de Prunner, 1798)
• Autumn ringlet, Erebia neoridas (Boisduval, 1828)
• de Lesse's brassy ringlet, Erebia nivalis Lorkovic & De Lesse, 1954
• Bright eyed ringlet, Erebia oeme (Hübner, 1804)
• Ottoman brassy ringlet, Erebia ottomana Herrich-Schäffer, 1847
• Dewy ringlet, Erebia pandrose (Borkhausen, 1788)
• Blind ringlet, Erebia pharte (Hübner, 1804)
• Sooty ringlet, Erebia pluto (de Prunner, 1798)
• Water ringlet, Erebia pronoe (Esper, 1780)
• Larche ringlet, Erebia scipio Boisduval, 1832
• False dewy ringlet, Erebia sthennyo Graslin, 1850
• Styrian ringlet, Erebia stirius (Godart, 1824)
• Stygian ringlet, Erebia styx (Freyer, 1834)
• de Prunner's ringlet, Erebia triarius (de Prunner, 1798)
• Swiss brassy ringlet, Erebia tyndarus (Esper, 1781)
• Dalmatian ringlet, Proterebia afra (Fabricius, 1787) European Russia, Croatia, Greece ^[14]
• Ringlet, Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Southern gatekeeper, Pyronia cecilia (Vallantin, 1894)
• Gatekeeper, Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Spanish gatekeeper, Pyronia bathseba (Fabricius, 1793)
• Oriental meadow brown, Hyponephele lupinus (O. Costa 1836)
• Dusky meadow brown, Hyponephele lycaon (Rottemburg 1775)
• Koçak's meadow brown, Hyponephele huebneri Koçak, 1980 South European Russia ^[15]
• Aegean meadow brown, Maniola chia Thomson, 1987
• Meadow brown, Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus 1758)
• Halicarnas brown, Maniola halicarnassus Thomson, 1990 Nisyros Island, Greece ^[16]
• Cyprus meadow brown, Maniola cypricola Thomson, 1990 Cyprus ^[17]
• Turkish meadow brown, Maniola megala (Oberthür, 1909) Greece ^[18]
• Sardinian meadow brown, Maniola nurag Ghiliani, 1852 Sardinia
• Dodecanese meadow brown, Maniola telmessia (Zeller, 1847) Dodecanese and North Aegean
• Marbled white, Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Western marbled white, Melanargia occitanica (Esper, 1793)
• Esper's marbled white, Melanargia russiae (Esper, 1783)
• Italian marbled white, Melanargia arge (Sulzer, 1776)
• Spanish marbled white, Melanargia ines (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
• Iberian marbled white, Melanargia lachesis (Hübner, 1790)
• Balkan marbled white, Melanargia larissa (Geyer, 1828)
• Sicilian marbled white, Melanargia pherusa (Boisduval, 1833) Sicily ^[19]
• Black satyr, Satyrus actaea (Esper, 1781)
• Great sooty satyr, Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793)
• Russian grayling, Hipparchia autonoe (Esper, 1784) ^[20]
• Woodland grayling, Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli 1763)
• Rock grayling, Hipparchia hermione (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Hipparchia neomiris (Godart, 1822)
• Eastern rock grayling, Hipparchia syriaca (Staudinger, 1871)
• Freyer's grayling, Hipparchia fatua Freyer, 1844
• Tree grayling, Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766)
• Southern grayling, Hipparchia aristaeus (Bonelli, 1826)
• Azores grayling, Hipparchia azorina (Strecker, 1899)
• Sicilian grayling, Hipparchia blachieri (Frühstorfer, 1908)
• Karpathos grayling, Hipparchia christenseni Kudrna, 1977 Karpathos, Greece ^[21]
• Cretan grayling, Hipparchia cretica (Rebel, 1916) Crete ^[22]
• Cyprus grayling, Hipparchia cypriensis (Holik, 1949) Cyprus ^[23]
• Eolian grayling, Hipparchia leighebi Kudrna, 1976 Eolian Islands of Italy (Volcano and Panarea) ^[24]
• Madeiran grayling, Hipparchia maderensis (Bethune-Baker, 1891)
• Samos grayling, Hipparchia mersina (Staudinger, 1871) Lesbos and Samos, Greece ^[25]
• Le Cerf's grayling, Hipparchia miguelensis (Le Cerf, 1935) Sao Miguel, Azores ^[26]
• Hipparchia neapolitana (Stauder, 1921)
• Anatolian grayling, Hipparchia pellucida (Stauder, 1924) Vóreion Aiyáion, North Aegean ^[27]
• Hipparchia sbordonii Kudrna, 1984
• Grayling, Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Balkan grayling, Hipparchia senthes (Fruhstorfer, 1908) Balkans ^[28]
• Delattin's grayling, Hipparchia volgensis (Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952) Southeast Europe ^[29]
• El Hierro grayling, Hipparchia bacchus Higgins, 1967 Canary Islands ^[30]
• Striped grayling, Hipparchia fidia (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Gomera grayling, Hipparchia gomera Higgins, 1967 Canary Islands ^[31]
• Gran Canaria grayling, Hipparchia tamadabae Owen & Smith, 1992 Canary Islands ^[32]
• La Palma grayling, Hipparchia tilosi (Manil, 1984) Canary Islands ^[33]
• Canary grayling, Hipparchia wyssii (Christ, 1889) Canary Islands ^[34]
• Dryad, Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763)
• False grayling, Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
• Great banded grayling, Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775)
• Arctic grayling, Oeneis bore (Schneider, 1792)
• Alpine grayling, Oeneis glacialis (Moll, 1783)
• Baltic grayling, Oeneis jutta (Hübner, [1806-1806])
• Melissa Arctic, Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775) North European Russia
• Graeser's grayling, Oeneis magna Graeser, 1888 North European Russia
• Norse grayling, Oeneis norna (Thunberg, 1791) North European Russia, Scandinavia
• Norique Alpin, Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775) North European Russia
• Oeneis tarpeia (Pallas, 1771) Central and South European Russia
• Hermit, Chazara briseis (Linnaeus 1764)
• Dark rockbrown, Chazara persephone (Hübner, [1805])
• Southern hermit, Chazara prieuri (Pierret, 1837)
• Brown's grayling Pseudochazara amymone Brown, 1976
• Pseudochazara anthelea (Hübner, 1824)
• Pseudochazara beroe (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844)
• Macedonian grayling, Pseudochazara cingovskii Gross, 1973
• Crimean grayling, Pseudochazara euxina (Kuznetzov, 1909)
• Grey Asian grayling, Pseudochazara geyeri (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846)
• Pseudochazara graeca (Staudinger, 1870)
• Pseudochazara hippolyte (Esper, 1783)
• Tawny rockbrown, Pseudochazara mniszechii (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
• Dils' grayling, Pseudochazara orestes De Prins & van der Poorten, 1981
• Nevada grayling, Pseudochazara williamsi (Romei, 1927)
• Satyrus virbius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) South European Russia
• Ypthima asterope (Klug, 1832) Cyprus, Dodecanese, North Aegean Islands

References

1. Lukhtanov, V & A. Lukhtanov (1994): Herbipoliana Bd. 3: Die Tagfalter Nordwestasiens. 1-440.Verlag Dr. Ulf Eitschberger, Marktleuthen.
2. Description d'un Argynnis nouveau de la Sibérie orientale Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 43 (1): 112-114
3. Tshikolovets, V. V. (2011) Butterflies of Europe & the Mediterranean area. 544 S.: Pardubice, Czech Republic (Tshikolovets Puplications).
4. IUCN Red List Boloria selenis
5. Gorbunov, P. Y. The Butterflies of Russia: classification, genitalia, keys for identification (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea). in Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology. 2001
6. Eversmann, 1847 Lepidoptera quaedam nova Rossiae et Sibiriae indigena descripsit et delineavit Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 20 (3): 66-83, 6 pls.
7. Tuzov, V. K., Bogdanov, P. V., Devyatkin, A. L., Kaabak, L. V., Korolev, V. A., Murzin, V. S., Samodurov, G. D. & Tarasov, E. A. 1997 Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and Adjacent Territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Sofia: Pensoft.
8. Satyridae collection of Siberian Zoological Museum (curators - V.V.Dubatolov and Yu.P.Korshunov)
9. IUCN Red List Coenonympha thyrsis
10. IUCN Red List Coenonympha orientalis
11. IUCN Red List Erebia cyclopius
12. O. Karsholt, J. Razowski (eds.), 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe: a distributional checklist
13. Russian insects
14. IUCN Red List Proterebia afra
15. Koçak, A. Ö. (1980): On the nomenclature of some genus- and species-group names of Lepidoptera. Nota Lepidopterologica 2 (4): 139-146
16. IUCN Red List Maniola halicarnassus
17. IUCN Red List Maniola cypricola
18. IUCN Red List Maniola megala
19. IUCN Red List Melanargia pherusa
20. "Satyridae collection of Siberian Zoological Museum (curators - V.V.Dubatolov and Yu.P.Korshunov)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
21. IUCN Red List Hipparchia christenseni
22. IUCN Red List Hipparchia cretica
23. IUCN Red List Hipparchia cypriensis
24. IUCN Red List Hipparchia leighebi
25. IUCN Red List Hipparchia mersina
26. IUCN Red List Hipparchia miguelensis
27. Stauder, H. (1924) Neue Palaearktenformen II. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 14: 59-66.
28. Fruhstorfer, H. (1908): Neue palaearktische Satyriden. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 2 (2): 9-10.
29. IUCN Red List Hipparchia volgensis
30. IUCN Red List Hipparchia bacchus
31. IUCN Red List Hipparchia gomera
32. IUCN Red List Hipparchia tamadabae
33. IUCN Red List Hipparchia tilosi
34. Red List Hipparchia wyssii

• Bozano, G.C. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Milan: Omnes Artes. incomplete (parts in progress) some parts available as e-books.
• Higgins, L.G. & Riley, N.D. (1970). A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN   9780002120289
• Higgins, L.G., (1975). The Classification of European Butterflies. London, Collins, 320 pp. ISBN   9780002196246
• Kudrna O., Ed. Butterflies of Europe. Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden 8 volumes
• Tshikolovets, V.V. Butterflies of Europe and Mediterranean Area. Tshikolovets, Kiev ISBN   9788090490000

Further reading

• Seitz, A., 1912a-1927. Die Palaearktischen Tagfalter. Grossschmetterlinge Erde 1: 8-379 online in English

External links

• Butterflies of the Caucasus region and south of Russia
• Euroleps Butterflies of the Palearctic
• Insecta.pro > Catalogue> Europe> 1000 per page
• Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Palaearktischen Tagfalter. Plates
• Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Palaearktischen Tagfalter. Text (as search available pdf pdf)
• fauna-eu[.]org Fauna Europaea Excludes Russian Far East. Includes 1. North European Russia: Murmanskaya Oblast, Kareliya Respublika, Arkhangel'skaya Oblast, inland incl. Nenetskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, excluding Nova Zemlya and Franz Josef Land which are treated separately), Komi Respublika, Vologodskaya Oblast 2. Northwest European Russia: Leningradskaya Oblast, Pskovskaya Oblast, Novgorodskaya Oblast 3. Central European Russia: Kostromskaya Oblast, Tverskaya Oblast, Yarovslavskaya Oblast, Ivanovskaya Oblast, Nizhegorodskaya Oblast, Vladimirskaya Oblast, Smolenskaya Oblast, Moskovskaya Oblast, Ryazanskaya Oblast, Mordoviya Respublika, Chuvashkaya Respublika, Ul'yanovskaya Oblast, Kaluzhskaya Oblast, Tul'skaya Oblast, Lipetskaya Oblast, Tambovskaya Oblast, Penzenskaya Oblast, Bryanskaya Oblast, Orlovskaya Oblast, Kurskaya Oblast, Voronezhskaya Oblast, Belgorodskaya Oblast 4. East European Russia: Kirovskaya Oblast, Permskaya Oblast (incl. Komi-Permyatskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug), Udmurtskaya Respublika, Bashkortostan Respublika, Mariy El Respublika, Tatarstan Respublika, Samarskaya Oblast, Orenburgskaya Oblast 5. South European Russia: Saratovskaya Oblast, Volgogradskaya Oblast, Astrakhanskaya Oblast, Rostovskaya Oblast, Kalmykiya Respublika 6. Kaliningradskaya Oblast (between Poland and Lithuania) 7. Novaya Zemlya 8. Franz Josef Land (excl. Ushakova I. and Vize I.)

See also

• List of butterflies of Europe (Lycaenidae)