Alice's older sister, who reads a book without illustrations or dialogues, sits on the bank with Alice at the beginning of the book. Alice falls asleep with her head in her sister's lap and has the dream about Wonderland. When Alice awakes, she tells her sister about her dream, and the book closes with her sister daydreaming about what Alice will be like as a grown-up.
Some believe that she is named Lorina after Alice's real-life sister. Her name was never revealed in Disney's film, but she was named Mathilda in Disney's Alice in Wonderland Jr. She is named Ada in the 1995 Jetlag animated film. In the 2010 film she is married and her name is Margaret.
Dinah
Dinah is Alice's cat and bosom companion in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Alice talks to Dinah, and mentions her frequently to Wonderland residents. When Alice describes Dinah's hunting skills to the animals in the Caucus Race, they become very uncomfortable.
Dinah appears in the Disney film, and a descendant of her with the same name belonged to Alice's great-granddaughter that came to Wonderland and lived there in Alice's Wonderland Bakery.
The Duchess's Cook
The Cook, The Pig Baby, and The Duchess
The ill-mannered, belligerent and volatile cook works as a servant to the Duchess. The copious amounts of pepper (which alludes to a quick temper) she uses in her soup cause Alice, the Duchess, and her son to sneeze incessantly. Her fury at being disrupted during her cooking is made clear when she throws various pots and pans, aiming to hit both Alice and the baby. She makes another brief appearance as a key witness at the Queen of Hearts's trial, where she claims that the stolen tarts were made with pepper.
The Rev. Duckworth inspired CarrollThe Eaglet, the Duck, the Dodo, the Lory and others; illustration by John Tenniel
The Eaglet, the Lory, the Duck, and the Dodo are characters appearing in chapters two and three of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
Carroll incorporated references in his works to a group of his friends present on a boating outing on the River Thames which occurred on 4 July 1862. Carroll at the time was relating his newly forming story to the three girls, their family, and some friends. Alice Liddell became Alice; with the others represented by birds in these passages from the book. The Lory character was based on Lorina Charlotte Liddell, Alice's older sister reflecting on the Victorian era that older siblings had more power over the younger sibling. The Eaglet was also another sister, Edith Liddell; and the Duck was a caricature of Rev. Robinson Duckworth. The Dodo referenced Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Carroll) himself.[1]
It began to rain during the outing, and the group left for a nearby house. As they walked, only Alice, Lorina, and Edith could keep up. Carroll and the sisters got there first, as they walked the fastest. (According to The Annotated Alice, Carroll had originally had the characters dry off by having the Dodo lead them to a nearby house for towels.) Carroll ultimately replaced this scene in the book with the "Caucus race", as he felt that the original story would have been funny only to the people familiar with the incident.[1]
The Dodo appears in the 1951 Disney film, though the Eaglet, the Lory and the Duck do not appear. A family of horn-shaped ducks that are seen in the Tulgey Wood appear in the film.
The Executioner
He is the royal Executioner of the King and Queen of Hearts. The Queen of Hearts ordered the Cheshire Cat to be decapitated, but the Executioner argued that he couldn't because the Cat lacked a body to decapitate. This led to an argument between the Queen, the King and the Executioner about whether or not a disembodied head could be decapitated. The Executioner then argued that the Cat belonged to the Duchess, so he couldn't behead it without her permission. He is most commonly depicted as a playing card (similar to the Card painters) and his suit is clubs, though he has also been a spade, a heart and, in American McGee's Alice, a joker.
In the 1951 film several of the Card Soldiers in the Queen's court are executioners. They are all spades, rather than clubs, and carry axes. As are all of the Card Soldiers they are voiced by Don Barclay and Larry Grey.
In Tim Burton's 2010 film the executioner is an assassin working for the Red Queen, rather than the Queen of Hearts. He made a brief appearance in the film, where he was assigned to behead the Mad Hatter. Before executing him, the Executioner wanted to remove his hat, but when the Hatter insisted that he wanted to keep it on, he agreed when as long as he could get at his neck. When he swings his axe, it hit the block instead of the neck of the Mad Hatter, as it was the Cheshire Cat in disguise as the Hatter. As the Cheshire Cat floats away with Hatter's hat, the Executioner looks as shocked as other inhabitants of the Red Queen's court. Soon after that, the Red Queen ordered for her courtiers to be executed. Whether the Executioner actually ended their lives or not is unknown. In the film, the Executioner uses a heart shaped axe, hinting his suit is hearts. The Executioner was played by the English actor Jim Carter. The executioner is the only humanoid character, in the film, to be completely CGI and he speaks only one line in the entire film. He wears a long grey cloak and a hood that covers his face.
The Executioner appears as an enemy in the video gameAlice: Madness Returns. He stays in the Queen's castle and is completely invulnerable to any of Alice's attacks. He has the appearance of an extremely large humanoid made of several different Card Guard parts, each piece of his sewn-together body showing a symbol of a certain suit of a card deck. The top of his head is masked by a large horned hat, and several of the Queen's tentacles are wrapped around the top of his body, even going through his eye sockets. On his is head is what looks like a jester's hat and all Card colors may imply that Executioner is a Joker Card (hence its special abilities), but it is not confirmed.
Fish Footman
The Fish and Frog Footmen
In Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Fish Footman delivers a croquet invitation from the Queen of Hearts to the Duchess's Frog Footman, which he then delivers to the Duchess.
In Tim Burton's 2010 remake of Alice in Wonderland, the Red Queen has a Fish Footman working in her castle as a butler. Both the Frog Footmen and the Fish Footman have been shown in a featurette for Tim Burton's adaptation, which premiered March 5, 2010.
Frog Footman
An anthropomorphicfrog with a bow tie and white hair who serves as a footman to The Duchess. He received a letter from a fish-footman to give it to the duchess.
In the 2010 film, there are multiple Frog Footmen who work for the Red Queen. One of them was about to be executed for eating the queen's tarts as he was too hungry.
The Frog Footman does not appear in Walt Disney's 1951 film, though there is a drum frog with a detached green head and green legs and a cymbal frog with eyes on top and blue legs in the Tulgey Wood.
Mary Ann
The White Rabbit's housemaid. Alice is mistaken for her. She does not appear at all and is only mentioned.
The Pig Baby
The Pig Baby is mentioned in Chapter 6 of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, titled "Pig and Pepper." When Alice enters the Duchess's house, she sees the Duchess holding a human baby, as shown in John Tenniel's illustration. The baby is wailing and sneezing due to the pepper particles in the air. The Duchess then goes on to sing "Speak Roughly to your little boy", shaking the baby wildly and adding to the already chaotic scene in the house. The Duchess flings the baby at Alice who catches it and then walks outside. She starts to realize that the baby is not really human after all, since it starts to grow pig ears and a turnt-up nose. Alice finally sets down the pig, as it then scurries off into the woods.
The Playing Cards
The Playing Cards
They are playing cards with a human head, arms and legs. They are loyal servants as well as guards for the Queen of Hearts. They mainly carry spears with the tip shaped as a heart. Alice first meets three cards at the Queen's castle painting white roses red. One of them explains that they accidentally planted white roses, and because the Queen hates white roses they have to paint them red or the Queen will behead them. After the Queen arrives, she finds white roses and orders the execution of all three. Alice declares that they "shan't be beheaded" and hides them in a flowerpot. Their would-be executioners spend a minute or two looking for them before giving up. When Alice joins a game of croquet with the Queen and the other playing cards, the card soldiers act as arches. They have to leave being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag the victim away. They also appear in the trial where the Knave of Hearts is accused for stealing the Queen's tarts.
The Playing Cards also appear in the 1951 Alice in Wonderland animated film as playing cards with masks shaped like card symbols that match their spears and gloves. Three of the Playing Cards were first seen by Alice painting roses on white rose bushes red until the Queen had them taken away to be beheaded for painting her roses red. They also march as they chase Alice even over the hedges of the labyrinth. They are played by The Mellomen, Don Barclay and Larry Grey. The Playing Cards also appeared in House of Mouse voiced by Corey Burton.
They appear in the 2010 film as playing cards with red armor that covers their body, masks and shoulder plates shaped like hearts, and spears with tips shaped like hearts. There are no cards of spades, clubs or diamonds, for only cards of hearts appear in this film. They are called "Red Knights" and serve the Red Queen.
They appear in the video game, American McGee's Alice where they carry axes and bow guns.
In the novel The Looking Glass Wars, they appear as robots with their outer layer shaped as cards and spears. They can fly while in card form and can walk as well as spear in soldier form. They work for Queen Redd, the main antagonist of the series.
In the otome gameAlice in the Country of Hearts (Heart no Kuni no Alice), they are humans with card-marked uniforms that have different numbers for each servant and British hats. There appear to be female versions of these as well.
Tortoise
Tortoise is the Mock Turtle's teacher. He does not appear, but is only mentioned. He is a sea turtle and when Alice asks why he was called Tortoise if he was a turtle, the Mock Turtle replies with a play on words; "We called him tortoise because he taught us!"
Through the Looking-Glass
Returning characters - Dinah, Alice's sister, Frog Footman, Hatter, Hare
Dinah, Alice's cat, in an illustration from Through the Looking-Glass
Several characters from the original book, other than Alice, appear. The most prominent is Dinah who reappears now the mother of two kittens. She assumes the role of Humpty Dumpty. Though Alice's sister does not appear she is briefly mentioned. The Frog Footman makes a minor reappearance as a gardener. The Hatter and the Hare also reappear as messengers for the White King, renamed Hatta and Haigha, "one to come, and one to go". Haigha is notable for adopting "Anglo-Saxonattitudes", referring to a ninth- to eleventh-century style in English drawing, in which the figures are shown in swaying positions with the palms held out in exaggerated positions.[2][3]
Kitty
Kitty, the black kitten
Kitty is Dinah's black kitten and a character of the Lewis Carroll's novel Through The Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Kitty, who assumes the role of the Red Queen, appears in chapters I and XII.
Snowdrop
Snowdrop is Dinah's white kitten and a character of Lewis Carroll's novel Through The Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Snowdrop, who assumes the role of the White Queen, appears in chapters I and XII.
Nobody
A character the White King mentions when Alice says "I see nobody on the road". Considering how the king refers to Nobody like a person he was familiar with, it suggests that the king actually knew somebody named Nobody.
Talking Flowers
The Talking Flowers
The flowers Alice meet include a tiger-lily, a rose, a iris, pansies, tulips, lilac, daffodils, sunflowers, dandelions, daisies, a violet, blue bonnets, sweet peas, thistle, calla and lilies of the valley, morning glories, lazy daisies, and a larkspur. Alice first meets them in the garden, where they mistake her for a type of flower that can move. The one Alice first makes contact with is a tiger-lily, who sets the other flowers straight. When Alice asks if they are frightened when no one takes care of them, the rose tells her that the tree in the middle is there. The daisies tell her that it says "Bough-wough", which is why branches are called boughs. Then all of them make shrill voices and don't stop until Alice whispers that she will pick them if they don't hold their tongues. The violet rudely tells Alice that she had never seen anyone looked stupider, of course, she had never seen anybody herself as explained by the tiger-lily. The rose tells her there is another flower that can move like her and looks like her but that she is redder, her petals are shorter, and she wears her thorns on her head. The larkspur hears this flower on the gravel-walk. Alice discovers that the red flower is the Red Queen, her hair the petals and thorns the points of her crown. Alice leaves the flowers to meet the Queen. Some of the flowers are pawns with the daisies being both red and white, while the tiger-lily and the rose are red.[4]
They also appear in the 2010 movie. They are played by Imelda Staunton, whose head was filmed and digitally added to the Flower Heads.
Two flowers: the daffodils and the pansies appear in second special of The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse: "The Wonderful Spring of Mickey Mouse".
Red Knight
The Red Knight
The Knight comes across Alice while riding through a wood at the start of chapter VIII. He attempts to capture her for the Red side, but then the White Knight suddenly appears and exclaims that he has rescued her. They decide to fight over her, in the manner according to Looking-glass world's bizarre "Rules of Battle." Alice remarks to herself that these rules seem to be: (1) "if one Knight hits the other, he knocks him off his horse, and if he misses, he tumbles off himself", (2) both combatants must "hold their clubs with their arms, as if they were Punch and Judy", and (3) both combatants must always fall on their heads. The contests ends when both knights fall from their horses and the White is inexplicably decided the victor. They shake hands and then the Red mounts and gallops away. He is the Red King's knight. Actors who have portrayed him onscreen include Don Matheson and Greg Wise. [4]
Train Passengers
Train passengers and guard
While taking a train across the third square, Alice encounters several passengers, including a man dressed entirely in white paper, a goat, a horse with a cold, a beetle, and the Gnat (see below).
Guard
A guard on the train through the third square. He collects the passengers' giant tickets. He gets angry at Alice when she doesn't have one. He was played in the 1985 TV movie by Merv Griffin.
Aged Man
The Aged Man and the White Knight
He only appears within the poem, Haddocks' Eyes that the White Knight recites to Alice in chapter VIII. According to the poem, the Knight met the Aged Man sitting atop a gate in a field and questioned him as to his profession. The Man responds with a long list of absurd occupations, including making waistcoat buttons from the eyes of haddocks and digging for buttered rolls.
The last stanza closes by describing him as:
...that old man I used to know— Whose look was mild, whose speech was slow Whose hair was whiter than the snow, Whose face was very like a crow, With eyes, like cinders, all aglow, Who seemed distracted with his woe, Who rocked his body to and fro, And muttered mumblingly and low, As if his mouth were full of dough...
The Aged Man represents the White King's bishop.[4]
Lily
She is the daughter of the White Queen. The Queen is looking for her daughter Lily. Since she is too young to play, Alice takes her place as a pawn.
The Monstrous Crow
The Crow is listed as the Red King's bishop,[4] but Alice never encounters it over the course of the story. According to the rhyme, it is "black as a tar-barrel" and of a monstrous size. The Tweedle brothers (white rooks[4]) are terrified of the Crow, and when the pair see the White Queen's shawl being blown around by the wind at the end of chapter IV, they mistake it for the dread bird and flee through the woods. because the shaul is black.
Bread and Butterfly
The Bread and Butterfly
The Bread-and-Butterfly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on bread and butter. Its wings are thin slices of bread-and-butter, with a crust as its body and a lump of sugar as its head. It lives on weak tea with cream in it.
In the 1951 Disney movie, it appears as a butterfly that has wings of bread with butter spread on them.
Rocking Horse Fly
Rocking horsefly
The Rocking-Horse-Fly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on the rocking-horse. Its body is that of a horse with black dots and wings on its back, while its legs are connected to rockers. It is made entirely of wood and rocks about. It lives on sap and sawdust.
In the 1951 Disney movie its body is yellow, while its saddle, tail, and rockers are red. In the 2010 adaptation, it has a black-and-white polka-dotted body. It has hair on its neck and tail. A Rocking-Horse-Fly was seen defending itself against a Snap-Dragonfly; another was seen rocking on a mushroom in the mushroom garden. In the mangaPandora Hearts, which is basically saturated with references to the books, there is a Chain that bears a resemblance to the Rocking-Horse Fly.
Snap-Dragonfly
The Snap Dragonfly
The Snap-Dragonfly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on a traditional game called snap-dragon combined with a plant called a snapdragon and a dragonfly.
'Look on the branch above your head,' said the Gnat, 'and there you'll find a snap-dragon-fly. Its body is made of plum-pudding, its wings of holly-leaves, and its head is a raisin burning in brandy.'
—Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There
In the 2010 adaptation, the Snap-Dragonfly's body, head, and tail are those of a dragon with antennae resembling long and thin horns; therefore, its name and form is a pun on 'dragon' from dragonfly. Snap-Dragonflies are seen flying around, with one of them fighting a Rocking-Horse-Fly.
The Gnat
Alice meets the gnat on her head. He calls Alice an old friend, but Alice doesn't recognize him—causing him to become depressed. During the train ride, Alice hears the Gnat mentioning topics he believes would make good jokes. The Gnat seems to love jokes; however, he doesn't like telling them himself—he prefers others to tell the jokes. After the journey on the train, the Gnat introduces her to three insects: the Rocking-Horse-Fly, the Snap-Dragonfly, and the Bread-and-Butterfly. He then sighs himself away.
Alice meets the fawn in Chapter 3 after getting off the train, and coming to an open field. No longer being able to remember her name, she sees the fawn. They have both forgotten their names, and decide to walk together as they ponder them. The fawn then remembers its name, and realizes Alice is a human, instinctively running away. Alice cries after it, but is glad that he helped her to remember her own name.
In the 1985 film, Alice meets it after meeting the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse. The fawn doesn't speak, but it sucks on Alice's fingers while she pets it. Alice sings a song to it, and then it leaves to find its mother while Alice leaves to try and get back home.
Characters created for films
The Doorknob (Joseph Kearns) is a character created for the 1951 Disney Film. It likes to sleep, and therefore prefers silence over noise. As shown in Kingdom Heartsvideo game, The Doorknob also hides the world's Keyhole. The Doorknob is the only character from the 1951 film to not have appeared in the book itself. It also uses the phrase "One good turn deserves another", an idiom first recorded at the end of the 14th century.[6] Contrary to the entry in Jiminy's Journal, Sora and company never enter through the door on which the Doorknob is fixed. The Doorknob appears again in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, this time having a conversation with Roxas.
The Owl appears in the second segment of the 1985 movie version, first as a painting, then at other points as a character who gives Alice advice about courage. He is played by Jack Warden.
Bayard the Bloodhound (voiced by Timothy Spall) – an older version of the Puppy from chapter IV of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The film also includes his wife and their puppies.
The Ascots – A Family whose son Hamish (Leo Bill) wishes to marry Alice. Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively.
Charles Kingsleigh was Alice's beloved father who later passes away. Charles is played by the New Zealand actor Marton Csokas. His wife is played by Lindsay Duncan.
Related Research Articles
Alice in Wonderland is a 1933 American pre-Code fantasy film adapted from the novels by Lewis Carroll. The film was produced by Paramount Pictures, featuring an all-star cast. It is all live action, except for the Walrus and The Carpenter sequence, which was animated by Harman-Ising Studio.
The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll's 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. He is very often referred to as the Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase "mad as a hatter" pre-dates Carroll's works. The Hatter and the March Hare are referred to as "both mad" by the Cheshire Cat, in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in the sixth chapter titled "Pig and Pepper".
Alice in Wonderland is a 1985 American two-part made-for-television adventure family fantasy musical film of Lewis Carroll's books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). An Irwin Allen production, it used a huge all-star cast of notable actors and actresses. The title role was played by Natalie Gregory, who wore a blonde wig for this miniseries. Alice in Wonderland was first telecast December 9, 1985, and December 10, 1985, at 8:00pm EST on CBS.
The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. She is a childish, foul-tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as "a blind fury", and who is quick to give death sentences at even the slightest of offenses. One of her most famous lines is the oft-repeated "Off with his/her head!" / "Off with their heads!"
The White Rabbit is a fictional and anthropomorphic character in Lewis Carroll's 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. He appears at the very beginning of the book, in chapter one, wearing a waistcoat, and muttering "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!" Alice follows him down the rabbit hole into Wonderland. Alice encounters him again when he mistakes her for his housemaid Mary Ann and she becomes trapped in his house after growing too large. The Rabbit shows up again in the last few chapters, as a herald-like servant of the King and Queen of Hearts.
Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen, and was directed by Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and Hamilton Luske. With the voices of Kathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn, Richard Haydn, Sterling Holloway, Jerry Colonna, Verna Felton, J. Pat O'Malley, Bill Thompson, and Heather Angel, the film follows a young girl Alice who falls down a rabbit hole to enter a nonsensical world Wonderland that is ruled by the Queen of Hearts, while encountering strange creatures, including the Mad Hatter and the Cheshire Cat.
Adventures in Wonderland is a 1992–1995 American live-action/puppet musical television series based on the novels Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871) by Lewis Carroll as well as the 1951 animated film. In the series, Alice, is portrayed as a girl who can come and go from Wonderland simply by walking through her mirror.
Alice in Wonderland is a 1999 made-for-television film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). It was first broadcast on NBC and then shown on British television on Channel 4.
Lewis Carroll's books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871) have been highly popular in their original forms, and have served as the basis for many subsequent works since they were published. They have been adapted directly into other media, their characters and situations have been appropriated into other works, and these elements have been referenced innumerable times as familiar elements of shared culture. Simple references to the two books are too numerous to list; this list of works based on Alice in Wonderland focuses on works based specifically and substantially on Carroll's two books about the character of Alice.
An unbirthday is an event celebrated on all days of the year which are not a person's birthday. It is a neologism which first appeared in Lewis Carroll's 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass. The concept gave rise to "The Unbirthday Song" in the 1951 animated feature film Alice in Wonderland.
The Looking Glass Wars is a series of three novels by Frank Beddor, heavily inspired by Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The premise is that the two books written by Lewis Carroll are a distortion of the "true story".
The King of Hearts is a character from the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. He is the husband of the Queen of Hearts.
Alice in Wonderland is a musical by Henry Savile Clarke and Walter Slaughter (music), based on Lewis Carroll's books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). It debuted at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in the West End on 23 December 1886. Aubrey Hopwood (lyrics) and Walter Slaughter (music) wrote additional songs which were first used for the 1900 revival.
The Knave of Hearts is a character from the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.
The Red Queen is a fictional character and the main antagonist in Lewis Carroll's fantasy 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass. She is often confused with the Queen of Hearts from the previous book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), although the two are very different.
The White Queen is a fictional character who appears in Lewis Carroll's 1871 fantasy novel Through the Looking-Glass.
Alice in Wonderland is an Australian 51-minute direct-to-video animated film from Burbank Films Australia originally released in 1988.
Alice in Wonderland is a 1949 French film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 fantasy novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Directed by Dallas Bower, the film stars Carol Marsh as Alice, Stephen Murray as Lewis Carroll, and Raymond Bussières as The Tailor. Most of the Wonderland characters are portrayed by stop-motion animated puppets created by Lou Bunin.
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a 10-minute black-and-white silent film made in the United States in 1910, and is based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 book of the same name.
Wonderland is the setting for Lewis Carroll's 1865 children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
↑ See, for instance, the Utrecht Psalter, the Easter Tables (British Library MS Caligula.A.XV) or the Psychomachia of Prudentius (British Library MS Add. 24199). (D. Talbot Rice, English Art 871-1100, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1952)).
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