List of spiral DRAGNs

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Spiral DRAGNs or Speca-like galaxies are a type of spiral galaxies which are also radio galaxies or which contain DRAGNs (Double Radio-source Associated with Galactic Nucleus).

Contents

Most DRAGNs are associated with elliptical galaxies, as are most double-lobed radio-galaxies. [1] Spiral DRAGNs are inconsistent with currently known galaxy formation processes. [2] As of 2023, there are nearly 36 spiral DRAGNs. [3]

Lenticlular galaxies containing DRAGNs are as rare as spiral DRAGNs, with only 5 known examples as of 2020, [4] including: Centaurus A, [5] [6] NGC 612 [7] and NGC 1534. [4] Nearby Seyfert galaxies containing small or galaxy-scale radio jets/lobes are not accepted as Specas or Spiral DRANGs.

The first spiral-host large radio galaxy, 0313-192 , was discovered in 1998 by Michael J. Ledlow, Frazer N. Owen, and William C. Keel [8] . After more than a decade the second case, Speca, was discovered by Ananda Hota and his collaborators in 2011 [9] . Since Speca was also episodic, two pairs of radio lobes on either sides of the host, it removed all doubts on possible background galaxy confusing as the host. Hereafter the search for Speca-like galaxy got intensified and by 2023 the total number of such galaxies has increased to three dozens, establishing itself as a new class of radio galaxies [3] .

List

GalaxyIdentified DateNotesReferences
ESO 0313-192 1998First known spiral DRAGN, located in Abell 428. It is the first spiral DRAGN with VLBI detection. [10] [11] [12] [8]
ESO 248-G10 2000Second known spiral DRAGN, one of the largest with a scale of 2.51 megaparsecs. [13]
Speca 2011First confirmed case due to its episodic radio jet nature. Hosted in a massive spiral and with giant Mpc-scale radio-lobes. It was the second galaxy shown to have three episodes of periodic activity, the first was an elliptical. [NB 1] [9] [14] [12]
J2345-0449 2014Third known spiral DRAGN with two episodic activities, observed at radio wavelengths and measuring about 1.6 megaparsecs in total size. [15]
SDSS J1649+2635 2014Fourth known spiral DRAGN; first located in a grand design spiral galaxy. It was discovered by cross-matching spiral galaxies identified by galaxy zoo volunteers with the Unified Radio Catalog. It was the first systematic search for spiral DRAGNs. [1] [16] [12] [17]
J0836+05322015Two clear spiral arms [18]
J1159+58202012/2015Candidate: Disturbed galaxy with signs of a merger. [19] [18]
J1352+31262015Candidate: Galaxy was well studied at the time of the discovery by Singh et al. The galaxy was classified as spiral or irregular galaxy. [18]
MCG+07-47-102016radio source has a low luminosity [20]
NGC 6185 2022The largest known spiral DRAGN, the scale of the radio lobes is 2.54 Mpc. [21] [22]
J0354-13402022spiral host that is a narrow-line Seyfert 1, size of the de-projected jets is 250 kpc [23]
J0209+07502022loose spiral arms, has star-forming clumps [24]
J0806+06242022several spiral arms and a luminous bar-like feature [24]
J1328+57102022low-mass, low-redshift galaxy with many star-forming regions, at least two prominent arms and a strong bar. One of the few intermediate massive black holes (≤ 105 M☉) with a strong radio emission and the first with a double-lobed radio emission. [24]
J1656+64072022extremely massive star-forming spiral galaxy [24]
J1128+24172022star-forming clumps in the arms [24]
J1646+3832022dust-lane with peculiar arc-like shape [24]
J0326-06232023two major spiral arms, scale of the radio lobes is 430 kpc [3]
J1110+03212023scale of the radio lobes is 100 kpc [3]
J1134+30462023scale of the radio lobes is 380 kpc [3]
NGC 5383 2023Second spiral DRAGN found to be hosted by a grand design spiral galaxy, scale of the radio lobes is 70 kpc. [25]
LEDA 896325 2025Similar to Speca and J2345-0449 this is episodic and giant (2Mpc) [26]

Notes

  1. ↑ SPECA = Spiral-host Episodic radio galaxy tracing Cluster Accretion

References

  1. 1 2 Minnie Mao; Ryan Duffin; Frazer Owen; William Keel; Jay Blanchard (2013-08-02). "A low-band study of the spiral DRAGN 1649+26". NRAO. VLA/14A-406.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ University of Manchester, "Here be Spiral DRAGNs", H2020-EU.1.3.2., CORDIS, 660432
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gao, X. Y.; Yuan, Z. S.; Han, J. L.; Wen, Z. L.; Shan, S. S. (2023-03-01). "Three New Spiral Galaxies with Active Nuclei Producing Double Radio Lobes". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 23 (3): 035005. arXiv: 2301.01548 . Bibcode:2023RAA....23c5005G. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acb251. ISSN   1674-4527.
  4. 1 2 Duchesne, S. W.; Johnston-Hollitt, M. (2019-04-01). "The remnant radio galaxy associated with NGC 1534". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 36 e016. arXiv: 1806.09255 . Bibcode:2019PASA...36...16D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2018.26. ISSN   1323-3580. S2CID   119101002.
  5. ↑ Burbidge, G. R.; Burbidge, E. Margaret (1957-01-01). "The Sources of Radio Emission in NGC 5128 and NGC 1316". The Astrophysical Journal. 125: 1. Bibcode:1957ApJ...125....1B. doi: 10.1086/146279 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  6. ↑ Cooper, B. F. C.; Price, R. M.; Cole, D. J. (1965-12-01). "A study of the decimetric emission and polarization of Centaurus A". Australian Journal of Physics. 18 (6): 589. Bibcode:1965AuJPh..18..589C. doi: 10.1071/PH650589 . ISSN   0004-9506.
  7. ↑ Ekers, R. D.; Goss, W. M.; Kotanyi, C. G.; Skellern, D. J. (1978-10-01). "NGC 612-A Radio Galaxy with a Disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 69: L21. Bibcode:1978A&A....69L..21E. ISSN   0004-6361.
  8. 1 2 Ledlow, Michael J.; Owen, Frazer N.; Keel, William C. (1998-03-01). "An Unusual Radio Galaxy in Abell 428: A Large, Powerful FR I Source in a Disk-dominated Host". The Astrophysical Journal. 495 (1): 227. arXiv: astro-ph/9709213 . Bibcode:1998ApJ...495..227L. doi:10.1086/305251. ISSN   0004-637X.
  9. 1 2 Hota, Ananda; Sirothia, S. K.; Ohyama, Youichi; Konar, C.; Kim, Suk; Rey, Soo-Chang; Saikia, D. J.; Croston, J. H.; Matsushita, Satoki (2011-10-01). "Discovery of a spiral-host episodic radio galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 417 (1): L36 –L40. arXiv: 1107.4742 . Bibcode:2011MNRAS.417L..36H. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01115.x . ISSN   1745-3925.
  10. ↑ Mao, Minnie Y.; Blanchard, Jay M.; Owen, Frazer; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Singh, Vikram; Scaife, Anna; Paragi, Zsolt; Norris, Ray P.; Momjian, Emmanuel; Johnson, Gia; Browne, Ian (2018-07-01). "The first VLBI detection of a spiral DRAGN core". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (1): L99 –L104. arXiv: 1805.03039 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478L..99M. doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly081 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  11. ↑ "Giant Radio Jet Coming From Wrong Kind of Galaxy". NRAO. 8 January 2003.
  12. 1 2 3 Jaime Trosper (6 December 2014). "Astronomers Find a Strange, Perplexing Spiral Galaxy". From Quarks to Quasars.
  13. ↑ Byrant, J. J. (2000). "The Giant Radio Galaxy MRC B0319-454: Circumnuclear Structure of the Host Galaxy ESO 248-G10". NASA ADS. Retrieved 2025-12-16.
  14. ↑ "Exotic Galaxy Reveals Tantalizing Tale". 25 August 2011.
  15. ↑ Bagchi, Joydeep; Vivek, M.; Vikram, Vinu; Hota, Ananda; Biju, K. G.; Sirothia, S. K.; Srianand, Raghunathan; Gopal-Krishna; Jacob, Joe (2014). "Megaparsec relativistic jets launched from an accreting supermassive black hole in an extreme spiral galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 788 (2): 174. arXiv: 1404.6889 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...788..174B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/174. eISSN   1538-4357. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   53706255.
  16. ↑ "Strange galaxy perplexes astronomers: Prominent 'jets' of subatomic particles". ScienceDaily. 2 December 2014.
  17. ↑ Minnie Y. Mao; Frazer Owen; Ryan Duffin; Bill Keel; Mark Lacy; Emmanuel Momjian; Glenn Morrison; Tony Mroczkowski; Susan Neff; Ray P. Norris; Henrique Schmitt; Vicki Toy; Sylvain Veilleux (2015). "J1649+26: A Grand-Design Spiral with a Large Double-Lobed Radio Source". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (4): 4176–4185. arXiv: 1410.8520 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.446.4176M. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2302 . S2CID   119234804.
  18. 1 2 3 Singh, Veeresh; Ishwara-Chandra, C. H.; Sievers, Jonathan; Wadadekar, Yogesh; Hilton, Matt; Beelen, Alexandre (2015-12-01). "Discovery of rare double-lobe radio galaxies hosted in spiral galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (2): 1556–1572. arXiv: 1509.01559 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.454.1556S. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv2071 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  19. ↑ Koziel-Wierzbowska, D.; Jamrozy, M.; Zola, S.; Stachowski, G.; Kuzmicz, A. (2012-05-01). "CGCG 292-057 - a radio galaxy with merger-modulated radio activity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (2): 1546–1551. arXiv: 1203.0538 . Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1546K. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20727.x . ISSN   0035-8711. S2CID   118411322.
  20. ↑ Mulcahy, D. D.; Mao, M. Y.; Mitsuishi, I.; Scaife, A. M. M.; Clarke, A. O.; Babazaki, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Suganuma, R.; Matsumoto, H.; Tawara, Y. (2016-11-01). "Discovery of a low-luminosity spiral DRAGN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 595: L8. arXiv: 1609.04820 . Bibcode:2016A&A...595L...8M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629536. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   54018506.
  21. ↑ Oei, Martijn (2022). "Measuring the giant radio galaxy distribution with the LoTSS". ArXiv. Retrieved 2025-11-29.
  22. ↑ Oei, Martijn (2022). "An intergalactic medium temperature from a giant radio galaxy" . Retrieved 2025-11-29.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ↑ Vietri, A.; Järvelä, E.; Berton, M.; Ciroi, S.; Congiu, E.; Chen, S.; Di Mille, F. (2022-06-01). "Spectacular 240 kpc double-sided relativistic jets in a spiral-hosted narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 662: A20. arXiv: 2204.00020 . Bibcode:2022A&A...662A..20V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243523. ISSN   0004-6361.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wu, Zihao; Ho, Luis C.; Zhuang, Ming-Yang (2022-12-01). "An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (1): 95. arXiv: 2210.11724 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...941...95W. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9cd5 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  25. ↑ Hardcastle, M. J. (2023). "The LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey. VI. Optical identifications for the second data release". NASA ADS. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
  26. ↑ Sethi, Sagar; Kuźmicz, Agnieszka; Hunik, Dominika; Jamrozy, Marek (2025-07-01). "Serendipitous discovery of a spiral host in a 2 Mpc double-double lobed radio galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 699: L4. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202554987 . ISSN   0004-6361.
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