List of stellar streams

Last updated

Stellar streams in the Milky Way, discovered in 2007 Sig07-008.jpg
Stellar streams in the Milky Way, discovered in 2007

This is a list of stellar streams. A stellar stream is an association of stars orbiting a galaxy. It was once a globular cluster or dwarf galaxy that has now been torn apart and stretched out along its orbit by tidal forces. [1] An exception in the list about Milky Way streams given below is the Magellanic Stream, composed of gas (mostly hydrogen), although in 2023 a population of stars has been described inside it. [2]

Contents

Local Group streams

Milky Way streams

Recent stellar streams on the Milky Way studied by the Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S5 collaboration) using the Anglo-Australian Telescope (2022) Stellar streams 2022 S5survey.jpg
Recent stellar streams on the Milky Way studied by the Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S⁵ collaboration) using the Anglo-Australian Telescope (2022)
Known streams in the Milky Way [5]
NameOriginMass
(solar masses)		Length
(light-years)		CompositionDiscovery year
Arcturus stream Defunct dwarf galaxy UnknownUnknownOld stars deficient in heavy elements1971 [5]
Magellanic Stream Large and Small Magellanic Clouds 200 million1 millionHydrogen gas1972
Sagittarius Stream Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 100 million1 millionWide variety of stars1994
Helmi stream Defunct dwarf galaxy 10—100 millionSeveral complete loops around the Milky WayOld stars deficient in heavy elements1999
Palomar 5 stream Globular cluster Palomar 5 5,00030,000Old stars2001
Virgo stream Defunct dwarf galaxy 30,0002001
Monoceros ring Canis Major Overdensity 100 million200,000Intermediate age stars2002
Anticenter stream Defunct dwarf galaxy Unknown30,000Old stars2006
GD-1 Globular cluster Metal-poor stars2006 [6]
NGC 5466 stream
45 Degree tidal stream		 Globular cluster NGC 5466 10,00060,000Very old stars2006 [7] [8]
Orphan stream Unknown source (hence its name)Unknown [9] 20,000Old stars2006
Acheron stream Globular cluster 2007 [7] [10]
Boötes III stream Embedded in, and possible progenitor of the Styx stream2007 [7] [10]
Cocytus stream Globular cluster 2007 [7] [10]
Lethe stream Globular cluster 2007 [10]
Styx stream Defunct dwarf galaxy (possibly Boötes III)2007 [7] [10]
Cetus Polar Stream Defunct dwarf galaxy UnknownUnknownOld stars2009 [11]
Aquarius Stream Defunct dwarf galaxy Unknown30,000Old stars2010
Lamost 1 Disrupted globular cluster 21,000Intermediate-age stars2015 [12]
Phoenix Stream Disrupted globular cluster Unknown8,000Very old stars [13] [14] 2016 [15]
S1 Streamdisrupted dwarf galaxy 942017 [16] [17]
Fimbulthul stream Globular cluster Omega Centauri 3182019 [18]
Pisces-Eridanus stream disrupted cluster or association 2,0001,300very young (~120 Myr) nearby (260 - 870 light-years) stream [19] 2019 [20]
Nyx stream remnant of a disrupted dwarf galaxy — long-ago galaxy mergerabout 200 stars2020 [21] [22]
Specterdisrupted ultra-faint dwarf galaxy 2,00018,0002022 [23]

Andromeda Galaxy streams

Known streams in the Andromeda Galaxy
NameOriginMass
(solar masses)		Length
(light-years)		CompositionDiscovery year
M31 Giant stellar stream[ citation needed ]
Andromeda NE stellar stream [24] 2004
Tidal Stream Northwest (Tidal Stream E and F) [25] 2009
Tidal Stream Southwest [25] 2009
East Cloud[ citation needed ]
North Spur[ citation needed ]
Stream A[ citation needed ]
Stream B[ citation needed ]
Stream C[ citation needed ]
Stream D[ citation needed ]

Streams beyond the Local Group

NGC 5387 with its stellar stream NGC 5387 legacy dr10.jpg
NGC 5387 with its stellar stream

Due to new deeper sky surveys, such as the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey, a large number of streams are to be expected to be discovered in the future. An initial search in 2023 by Martínez-Delgado et al. searched 389 galaxies and found 89 candidates with stellar streams (22,9%). They plan to search about 3100 galaxies, which might yield hundreds of candidates. In the pasts less sensitive surveys such as SDSS were only able to detect the brightest stellar streams. [26]

Other known streams outside the Local Group
NameLocationOriginMass
(solar masses)		Length
(light-years)		CompositionCharacteristicsDiscovery year
Young Blue Tidal Stream [27] NGC 5128 A gas fragment or
a dwarf galaxy		2002
NGC 4013 [28] former dwarf satellite
with low inclination orbit		large looping structure2008
NGC 5907 [29] low-mass satellite accretionmultiple surrounding loops2009
NGC 4651 [30] satellite accretionnarrow jet-like structure and surrounding debris shell2010
NGC 3521 [30] satellite accretionjet-like structure and surrounding debris shell2010
NGC 7531 [30] satellite accretionsurrounding debris shell2010
NGC 1084 [30] satellite accretionthree giant disconnected plumes of similar width2010
NGC 4216 [30] satellite accretionongoing tidal disruption of satellite galaxies
seen as long tails extending from the progenitor satellite		2010
NGC 1055 [30] satellite accretionclear box shaped inner halo sprinkled with a plethora of coherent spikes2010
NGC 5291 [31] galaxy interactiontwo separate tidal tails to the north and south?
petal of the sunflower Messier 63 (NGC 5055) [32] dwarf satellite accretion4x1081979/2011
NGC 5387 [33] satellite accretion6x10811.7 kpc young starsenhanced star formation, metal-poor2014
feather on the hat Messier 104 (NGC 4594) [34] major mergerextremely metal rich2021

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Local Group</span> Group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way

The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way, where Earth is located. It has a total diameter of roughly 3 megaparsecs (10 million light-years; 9×1019 kilometres), and a total mass of the order of 2×1012 solar masses (4×1042 kg). It consists of two collections of galaxies in a "dumbbell" shape; the Milky Way and its satellites form one lobe, and the Andromeda Galaxy and its satellites constitute the other. The two collections are separated by about 800 kiloparsecs (3×10^6 ly; 2×1019 km) and are moving toward one another with a velocity of 123 km/s. The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster, which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster. The exact number of galaxies in the Local Group is unknown as some are occluded by the Milky Way; however, at least 80 members are known, most of which are dwarf galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 2</span> Globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius

Messier 2 or M2 is a globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius, five degrees north of the star Beta Aquarii. It was discovered by Jean-Dominique Maraldi in 1746, and is one of the largest known globular clusters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 53</span> Globular cluster in the constellation Coma Berenices

Messier 53 is a globular cluster in the Coma Berenices constellation. It was discovered by Johann Elert Bode in 1775. M53 is one of the more outlying globular clusters, being about 60,000 light-years (18.4 kpc) light-years away from the Galactic Center, and almost the same distance from the Solar System. The cluster has a core radius (rc) of 2.18 pc, a half-light radius (rh) of 5.84 pc, and a tidal radius (rtr) of 239.9 pc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf galaxy</span> Small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars

A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of about 1000 up to several billion stars, as compared to the Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, which closely orbits the Milky Way and contains over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy; others consider it a full-fledged galaxy. Dwarf galaxies' formation and activity are thought to be heavily influenced by interactions with larger galaxies. Astronomers identify numerous types of dwarf galaxies, based on their shape and composition.

The Milky Way has several smaller galaxies gravitationally bound to it, as part of the Milky Way subgroup, which is part of the local galaxy cluster, the Local Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4013</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

NGC 4013 is an edge-on barred spiral galaxy about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. The disk of NGC 4013 shows a distinct "peanut"-shaped bulge in long exposure photographs that N-body computer simulations suggest is consistent with a stellar bar seen perpendicular to the line of sight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1427</span> Galaxy in the constellation Fornax

NGC 1427 is a low-luminosity elliptical galaxy located approximately 71 million light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel on November 28, 1837. It is a member of the Fornax Cluster. The galaxy has a stellar mass of 7.9 × 1010M☉, and a total mass of 9.4 × 1010M☉. However, the mass of the dark matter halo surrounding the galaxy is around 4.3 × 1012M☉.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4449</span> Galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici

NGC 4449, also known as Caldwell 21, is an irregular Magellanic type galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici, being located about 13 million light-years away. It is part of the M94 Group or Canes Venatici I Group that is relatively close to the Local Group hosting our Milky Way galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 2808</span> Globular cluster in the constellation Carina

NGC 2808 is a globular cluster in the constellation Carina. The cluster currently belongs to the Milky Way, although it was likely stolen from a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way. NGC 2808 is one of our home galaxy's most massive clusters, containing more than a million stars. It is estimated to be 12.5-billion years old.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R. Jay GaBany</span> American astronomer and astrophotographer

Robert Jay GaBany is an American amateur astronomer and astrophotographer who is also known for his work with an international team of astrophysicists led by Dr. David Martínez-Delgado. GaBany helped pioneer the use of modest size telescopes and off the shelf CCD-cameras to produce long exposure images that revealed ancient galactic merger remnants in the form of star streams surrounding nearby galaxies that were previously undetected or suspected.

In astronomy, the Sagittarius Stream is a long, complex structure made of stars that wrap around the Milky Way galaxy in an orbit that nearly crosses the galactic poles. It consists of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, resulting from the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 922</span> Peculiar galaxy in the constellation Fornax

NGC 922 is a peculiar galaxy in the southern constellation of Fornax, located at a distance of 142 Mly from the Milky Way. It is one of the nearest known collisional galaxies. This object was described by the Herschels as "considerably faint, pretty large, round, gradually pretty much brighter middle." The general form is described by the morphological classification of SB(s)cd pec, which indicates a peculiar (pec) barred spiral galaxy (SB) with no inner ring system around the bar (s) and loosely-wound spiral arms (cd).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4660</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4660 is an elliptical galaxy located about 63 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1395</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1395 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Eridanus. It is located at a distance of circa 75 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 1395 is about 130,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 17, 1784. It is a member of the Eridanus Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7492</span> Globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius

NGC 7492 is a globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius. It was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel on September 20, 1786. It resides in the outskirts of the Milky Way, about 80,000 light-years away, more than twice the distance between the Sun and the center of the galaxy, and is a benchmark member of the outer galactic halo. The cluster is immersed in, but does not kinematically belong to, the Sagittarius Stream.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palomar globular clusters</span> Faint globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy

The Palomar globular clusters are some of the faintest of all globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy, and been discovered in the 1950s on the survey plates of the first Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS). In total there are 15 Palomar globular clusters, which include Palomar 1, Palomar 2, Palomar 3, Palomar 4, Palomar 5, Palomar 6, Palomar 7, Palomar 8, Palomar 9, Palomar 10, Palomar 11, Palomar 12, Palomar 13, Palomar 14, and Palomar 15. Some Palomar Globulars, like Palomar 6, Palomar 7, Palomar 9, Palomar 10 and Palomar 11 are clusters of average size located nearby, yet obscured in our line of sight by dust. Other Palomar globulars, like Palomar 3, Palomar 4 and Palomar 14 are giants located in the far outer halo of the Milky Way. Some even originated from a different galaxy, such as Palomar 12 from the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, which is now known as a satellite of the Milky Way. Observation of different Palomar globulars greatly varies in the degree of difficulty depending on the cluster. Some are small and compact, others are very sparse, to the point where they may be hard to distinguish from foreground stars.

References

  1. ↑ Schilling, Govert (January 12, 2022). "Stellar streams are revealing their secrets". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  2. ↑ Chandra, Vedant &+ (27 June 2023). "Discovery of the Magellanic Stellar Stream Out to 100 KPC". The Astrophysical Journal. 956 (2): 110. arXiv: 2306.15719 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...956..110C. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acf7bf .
  3. ↑ Li, Ting S.; Ji, Alexander P.; Pace, Andrew B.; Erkal, Denis; Koposov, Sergey E.; Shipp, Nora; Da Costa, Gary S.; Cullinane, Lara R.; Kuehn, Kyler; Lewis, Geraint F.; Mackey, Dougal (2022-01-02). "S 5: The Orbital and Chemical Properties of One Dozen Stellar Streams". The Astrophysical Journal. 928 (1): 30. arXiv: 2110.06950 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...928...30L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac46d3 . S2CID   238856998.
  4. ↑ "Twelve for dinner: The Milky Way's feeding habits shine a light on dark matter". Dunlap Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  5. 1 2 Ibata, Rodrigo & Gibson, Brad (April 2007). "The Ghosts of Galaxies Past". Scientific American. 296 (4): 40–45. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296d..40I. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-40. PMID   17479629.
  6. ↑ Grillmair, C.J. & Dionatos, O. (2 May 2006). "Detection of a 63° cold stellar stream in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L17–L20. arXiv: astro-ph/0604332 . Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L..17G. doi:10.1086/505111. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   8561289.
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  9. ↑ Newberg, Heidi Jo; Willett, Benjamin A.; Yanny, Brian & Xu, Yan (5 February 2010). "The Orbit of the Orphan Stream". The Astrophysical Journal. 711 (1): 32–49. arXiv: 1001.0576 . Bibcode:2010ApJ...711...32N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/1/32. S2CID   91177423.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv: 0811.3965 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID   17328907.
  11. ↑ Newberg, Heidi Jo; Yanny, Brian & Willett, Benjamin A. (10 July 2009). "Discovery of a new, polar-orbiting debris stream in the Milky Way stellar halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 700 (2): L61–L64. arXiv: 0906.3291 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...700L..61N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L61. S2CID   118395419.
  12. ↑ Vickers, John J.; Smith, Martin C.; Hou, Yonghui; Wang, Yuefei & Zhang, Yong (23 December 2015). "LAMOST 1: A disrupted satellite in the constellation Draco". The Astrophysical Journal. 816 (1): L2 (5 pp). arXiv: 1512.05090 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...816L...2V. doi: 10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L2 . S2CID   118542097.
  13. ↑ Wan, Zhen; Lewis, Geraint F.; Li, Ting S.; Simpson, Jeffrey D.; Martell, Sarah L.; Zucker, Daniel B.; et al. (29 July 2020). "The tidal remnant of an unusually metal-poor globular cluster". Nature. 583 (7818): 768–770. arXiv: 2007.14577 . Bibcode:2020Natur.583..768W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2483-6. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   32728241. S2CID   220845585.
  14. ↑ Wan, J. M. Diederiky (29 July 2020). "Observations of a star system called the Phoenix stellar stream offer the first evidence of vanished star clusters that had extremely low levels of heavy elements. Their remnants might cast light on the early assembly of the Milky Way". News and views / Astronomy and astrophysics. Nature. 583 (7818): 768–770. arXiv: 2007.14577 . Bibcode:2020Natur.583..768W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2483-6. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   32728241. S2CID   220845585.
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  16. ↑ Myeong, G C; Evans, N W; Belokurov, V; Amorisco, N C; Koposov, S E (2017-12-20). "Halo substructure in the SDSS--Gaia catalogue: streams and clumps". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1537–1548. arXiv: 1712.04071 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx3262 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  17. ↑ O’Hare, Ciaran A. J.; McCabe, Christopher; Evans, N. Wyn; Myeong, GyuChul; Belokurov, Vasily (2018-11-07). "Dark matter hurricane: Measuring the S1 stream with dark matter detectors". Physical Review D. 98 (10): 103006. arXiv: 1807.09004 . Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98j3006O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.103006. ISSN   2470-0010.
  18. ↑ Malhan, Khyati (23 April 2019). "Ghostly tributaries to our galaxy: Catastrophic tale of the most massive globular cluster of the Milky Way". Nature Research Astronomy Community. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  19. ↑ Curtis, Jason L.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Wright, Jason T. & Cummings, Jeffrey D. (August 2019). "TESS reveals that the nearby Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream is only 120 Myr old". The Astrophysical Journal. 158 (2): 77. arXiv: 1905.10588 . Bibcode:2019AJ....158...77C. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab2899 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  20. ↑ Meingast, Stefan; Alves, João & Fürnkranz, Verena (February 2019). "Extended stellar systems in the solar neighborhood. II. Discovery of a nearby 120° stellar stream in Gaia DR2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 622: L13. arXiv: 1901.06387 . Bibcode:2019A&A...622L..13M. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834950 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  21. ↑ "Nyx: Stellar stream of stars discovered in Milky Way that originated in another galaxy". ScitechDaily. 8 July 2020.
  22. ↑ Necib, L.; Ostdiek, B.; Lisanti, M.; et al. (6 July 2020). "Evidence for a vast prograde stellar stream in the solar vicinity". Nature Astronomy. 4 (11): 1078–1083. arXiv: 1907.07190 . Bibcode:2020NatAs...4.1078N. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1131-2. S2CID   197430957.
  23. ↑ Chandra, Vedant; Conroy, Charlie; Caldwell, Nelson; Bonaca, Ana; Naidu, Rohan P.; Zaritsky, Dennis; Cargile, Phillip A.; Han, Jiwon Jesse; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Ting, Yuan-Sen; Woody, Turner (2022). "A Ghost in Boötes: The Least-Luminous Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 940 (2): 127. arXiv: 2207.13717 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...940..127C. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b4b . S2CID   251134878.
  24. ↑ Zucker, Daniel B.; Kniazev, Alexei Y.; Bell, Eric F.; Martinez-Delgado, David; Grebel, Eva K.; Rix, Hans-Walter; et al. (10 August 2004). "A New Giant Stellar Structure in the Outer Halo of M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 612 (2): L117–L120. arXiv: astro-ph/0401098 . Bibcode:2004ApJ...612L.117Z. doi:10.1086/424706. S2CID   16057037.
  25. 1 2 "New tidal streams found in Andromeda reveal history of galactic mergers" . Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  26. ↑ Martínez-Delgado, David; Cooper, Andrew P.; Román, Javier; Pillepich, Annalisa; Erkal, Denis; Pearson, Sarah; Moustakas, John; Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Laine, Seppo; Akhlaghi, Mohammad; Lang, Dustin; Makarov, Dmitry; Borlaff, Alejandro S.; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Pearson, William J. (2023-03-01). "Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 671: A141. arXiv: 2104.06071 . Bibcode:2023A&A...671A.141M. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202245011 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  27. ↑ Peng, Eric W.; Ford, Holland C.; Freeman, Kenneth C.; White, Richard L. (December 2002). "A Young Blue Tidal Stream in NGC 5128". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (6): 3144–3156. arXiv: astro-ph/0208422 . Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3144P. doi:10.1086/344308. S2CID   16642381.
  28. ↑ Martinez-Delgado, David; Pohlen, Michael; Gabany, R. Jay; Majewski, Steven R.; Penarrubia, Jorge; Palma, Chris (23 February 2009). "Discovery of a Giant Stellar Tidal Stream Around the Disk Galaxy NGC 4013". The Astrophysical Journal. 692 (2): 955–963. arXiv: 0801.4657 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...692..955M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/955. S2CID   14957582.
  29. ↑ Martinez-Delgado, David; Penarrubia, Jorge; Gabany, R. Jay; Trujillo, Ignacio; Majewski, Steven R.; Pohlen, Michael (10 December 2008). "The Ghost of a Dwarf Galaxy: Fossils of the Hierarchical Formation of the Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 5907". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): 184–193. arXiv: 0805.1137 . Bibcode:2008ApJ...689..184M. doi:10.1086/592555. S2CID   8387773.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martinez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Crawford, Ken; Zibetti, Stefano; Majewski, Steven R.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Fliri, Jurgen; Carballo-Bello, Julio A.; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Penarrubia, Jorge; Chonis, Taylor S.; Madore, Barry; Trujillo, Ignacio; Schirmer, Mischa; McDavid, David A. (7 September 2010). "Stellar Tidal Streams in Spiral Galaxies of the Local Volume: A Pilot Survey with Modest Aperture Telescopes". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (4): 962–967. arXiv: 1003.4860 . Bibcode:2010AJ....140..962M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/962. S2CID   43034946.
  31. ↑ Médéric Boquien; Pierre-Alain Duc; Jonathan Braine; Elias Brinks; et al. (2007). "Polychromatic view of intergalactic star formation in NGC 5291". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 467 (1): 93–106. arXiv: astro-ph/0703002 . Bibcode:2007A&A...467...93B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066692. S2CID   5822678.
  32. ↑ Chonis, Taylor S.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Majewski, Steven R.; Hill, Gary J.; Gralak, Ray; Trujillo, Ignacio (2011-11-01). "A Petal of the Sunflower: Photometry of the Stellar Tidal Stream in the Halo of Messier 63 (NGC 5055)". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (5): 166. arXiv: 1109.0019 . Bibcode:2011AJ....142..166C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/166. hdl: 2152/34376 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  33. ↑ Beaton, Rachael L.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Majewski, Steven R.; D'Onghia, Elena; Zibetti, Stefano; Gabany, R. Jay; Johnson, Kelsey E.; Blanton, Michael; Verbiscer, Anne (2014-08-01). "Cannibalization and Rebirth in the NGC 5387 System. I. The Stellar Stream and Star-forming Region". The Astrophysical Journal. 790 (2): 117. arXiv: 1312.0585 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...790..117B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/117. ISSN   0004-637X.
  34. ↑ Martínez-Delgado, David; Román, Javier; Erkal, Denis; Schirmer, Mischa; Roca-Fàbrega, Santi; Laine, Seppo; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Jimenez, Manuel; Malin, David; Carballo-Bello, Julio A. (2021-10-01). "A feather on the hat: tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 506 (4): 5030–5038. arXiv: 2106.04548 . Bibcode:2021MNRAS.506.5030M. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1874 . ISSN   0035-8711.

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