Malwai | |
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ਮਲਵਈ • ملوئی | |
Native to | India, Pakistan |
Region | Malwa (Punjab) |
Early form | |
Gurmukhī Shahmukhi | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Part of a series on |
Punjabis |
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Malwai is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language, spoken in the Malwa region of Punjab. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
Major Malwai speaking centers are Ferozepur, Fazilka, Faridkot, Muktsar, [note 1] Moga, Bathinda, Sangrur, Patiala, Barnala, Mansa districts and Jagraon, Raikot and Ludhiana (West) tehsils of Ludhiana district. [note 2]
Many Malwai speakers also live in Dabwali, Kalanwali and Rania tehsils of Sirsa district and kaithal district of Haryana, India; the Jakhal and Ratia tehsils of Fatehabad district of Haryana, India.
The dialect is also found spoken in Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts of Rajasthan, India.
In Pakistan, it is spoken in Vehari district of Punjab by the communities migrated from Indian Punjab after Partition 1947.It is also spoken in Bahawalnagar and Nankana Sahib districts.
Although the characteristic distinction among the various dialects of Punjabi language lies in the speech pattern, the Malwai dialect most notably differs from the other dialects through its distinctive 'ū' (ਊ) sound in all future-tense verb endings.
Standard Punjabi | Malwai Dialect |
---|---|
āvegā | āūgā |
āvegī | āūgī |
āvoge | āūŋge |
pīvegā | pīūgā |
pīvegī | pīūgī |
pīvoge | pīūŋge |
Another notable difference is that where other Punjabi dialects have /l/ (ਲ) in Malwai many of those words are pronounced with an /r/ (ਰ) or [ɭ̆] (ਲ਼) instead. For example:
Majhi dialect 1(ghaddi khalarna), 2 (banda khalota). Malwai dialect 1(ghaddi kharaona), 2 (banda kharota).
The following peculiarities in vocabulary are also observed:
English | Standard Punjabi | Malwai | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gurmukhi | Shahmukhi | Gurmukhi | Shahmukhi | |
He will come. | ਉਹ ਆਵੇਗਾ | اوہ آویگا | ਉਹ ਆਊਗਾ | اوہ آؤگا |
I am coming. | ਮੈਂ ਆ ਰਿਹਾ ਹਾਂ | میں آ رہا آں | ਮੈਂ ਆਈ ਜਾਨਾਂ। | میں آئی جاناں۔ |
He is coming. | ਉਹ ਆ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ | اوہ آ رہا اے | ਉਹ ਆਈ ਜਾਂਦੈ। | اوہ آئی جاندَے۔ |
To lift/to pick (up) | ਚੁੱਕਣਾ | چُکنا | ਚੱਕਣਾ | چَکنا |
To uproot/to dig (out) | ਪੁੱਟਣਾ | پُٹنا | ਪੱਟਣਾ | پَٹنا |
Your | ਤੁਹਾਡਾ | تَہاڈا | ਥੋਡਾ/ਸੋਡਾ | تُہاڈا |
(My/your/his/her) own | ਆਪਣਾ | اپنا | ਆਵਦਾ | آودا |
By me/from me | ਮੇਰੇ ਤੋਂ/ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ | میرے توں/میرے کولوں | ਮੈਥੋਂ | میتھوں |
By you/from you | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਤੋਂ/ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ/ਤਾਡਾ | تہاڈے توں/تہاڈے کولوں/تاڈا | ਥੋਤੋਂ | تُہاتھوں |
Camel | ਊਠ | اُوٹھ | ਬੋਤਾ | اُٹھ |
Son | ਪੁੱਤਰ | پُتر | ਪੁੱਤ | پُت |
Friend | ਮਿੱਤਰ | یار/مِتر | ਮਿੱਤ | بیلی |
Urine | ਮੂਤਰ | مُوتَر | ਮੂਤ | مُوت |
Dew drop | ਤ੍ਰੇਲ਼ | تریل | ਤੇਲ਼ | تیل |
Also, in contrast with Majhi dialect, 'ਹ' is not tonal. Exceptions are encountered when 'ਹ'/'ہ' is not followed by a schwa ending or a vowel sound, as in, ਕਹਿਣਾ, ਰਹਿ, ਘਾਹ / ۔کہنا، رہِ، گھاہ
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 113 million native speakers.
Hanumangarh district is a district in the state of Rajasthan in India. The city of Hanumangarh is the district headquarters and its largest city.
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Moga district is one of the twenty-two districts in the state of Punjab, India. It became the 17th district of Punjab State on 24 November 1995 cut from Faridkot district. Moga District is among the largest producers of wheat and rice in Punjab, India. People from Moga City and Moga District belong to the Malwa culture. The district is noted for being the homeland for a high proportion of Indian Punjabi expatriates who emigrated abroad and their descendents, which has given it the nickname of "NRI district".
Majha is a region located in the central parts of the historical Punjab region, currently split between the republics of India and Pakistan. It extends north from the right banks of the river Beas, and reaches as far north as the river Jhelum. People of the Majha region are given the demonym "Mājhī" or "Majhail". Most inhabitants of the region speak the Majhi dialect, which is the basis of the standard register of the Punjabi language. The most populous city in the area is Lahore on the Pakistani side, and Amritsar on the Indian side of the border.
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Kotkapura is a historic city in Faridkot district, Punjab, India. some 15 km from Faridkot City, 50 km from Bathinda, 40 km from Moga and 30 km from Muktsar in the state of Punjab, India. It is the largest city in the Faridkot District and has a large cotton market. It takes around 15 minutes by bus from Faridkot, 4 hours by road from Chandigarh and 2 hours from Ludhiana, and 8 hours from New Delhi by train to reach the city. It is a central city on route to Ganganagar, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Firozpur, etc. KotkKapura takes its name from its founder, Nawab Kapur Singh, and the word 'Kot', meaning a small fort – literally the 'Fort of Kapura'. The city is known for its "Dhodha Sweet" and "Atta Chicken" both of which are exported outside India.
Sri Muktsar Sahib is a historical city and district headquarters in Punjab, India. The 2011 Census of India put the total population of Sri Muktsar Sahib municipality at 117,085, making it the 14th largest city of Punjab, in terms of population. The second Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad was born in the village Matte-di-Sarai (Sarainaga) in the same district. Earlier the city was called Khidrana/Khidrane di dhab, the city was named Muktsar after the Battle of Muktsar in 1705 and the district headquarters in 1995. The government officially changed the name of the city to Sri Muktsar Sahib in 2012, though the city is still primarily referred to by its unofficial name – Muktsar.
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Puadhi is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language primarily spoken in the Puadh region of northern India. It is spoken between the Sutlej and Ghaggar river basins in the present day states of Punjab and Haryana, and the union territory of Chandigarh and Uttar Pradesh.
Punjab is a state in northwestern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest; by the Indian union territories of Chandigarh to the east and Jammu and Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest Indian state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and the official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%) forming the dominant religious groups. The state capital, Chandigarh, is a union territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. Three tributaries of the Indus River — the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi — flow through Punjab.
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Chakar is a village in the Jagraon tehsil of Ludhiana district in Indian Punjab. It is located on the Guru Gobind Singh Marg. The sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind Sahib visited this place in 1631 during his tour of Malwa region and the tenth master, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 after the battle of Chamkaur Sahib
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Punjab:
The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
Malwa region lies in the southern side of Satluj river. It includes the largest of all the three regions of the state. The dialects of Punjabi language define regional identities. Malwa is defined by Malwai, Majha by Majhai and ...
The people of the region speak the Malwa dialect, which is similar to Punjabi. Malwa is surrounded by the river Sutlej in the north, the river Ghaggar in the south, the Shivalik Hills in the east and Pakistan in the west.
The other important Punjabi dialects are Malwa, Doabi, Powadhi, Dogri, and Bhattiani.
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: CS1 maint: others (link)According to the renowned Sikh Scholar, the late Principal Teja Singh, Punjabi is the language that the people of the Punjab have spoken from time immemorial. A living language keeps on changing its complexion. During the course of history, this change in complexion may result in the language being transformed beyond recognition. Punjabi has undergone this metamorphosis time and again and yet it remains Punjabi, the language to which the people in this part of the country belong. Even today the language spoken by the people living in Pothoar is different in flavor from the one spoken in Malwa, as much as the language spoken in Malwa is different in taste from that of Majha. It is said that the dialects in India start changing about every 30 kilometers. Like all other Indian languages, Punjabi, too, has a number of dialects. They can be as diverse as Pahari, spoken in the north, and Lehndi, prevalent in the south.
A further factor is added by the setting of the novel in an isolated village in the Malwa region of Punjab. The poorly educated characters converse with each other in the local Malwai dialect of Punjabi. Their colloquial dialogue constitutes a crucial element of the fictional discourse, with the third person narrator portraying characters and situations through the character's speech rhythms and the cultural environment they evoke.