Many-colored fruit dove

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Many-colored fruit dove
Temporal range: Quaternary
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Manycoloured fruitdove male bobbys.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Ptilinopus
Species:
P. perousii
Binomial name
Ptilinopus perousii
Peale, 1849
Subspecies
  • P. p. perousii
  • P. p. mariae

The many-colored fruit dove (Ptilinopus perousii), also known as manuma in the Samoan language, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. [2] [3] It occurs on islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean where it is found in Fiji, the Samoan Islands, and Tonga. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Today, the birds are most often found in Fiji and Tonga. [4] It usually feeds high in the canopy on fruit and berries, especially banyan fig. The nest is a small platform of twigs where one white egg is laid. [5]

Contents

Description

Female, Vuna, Taveuni, Fiji Isles Manycoloured fruitdove fem bobbys.JPG
Female, Vuna, Taveuni, Fiji Isles

It is a small dove, 23 cm (9.1 in) in length. Adults weigh in at 90 g (3.2 oz). [5] The male is mostly pale yellow-white with a red crown and red bar across the back. The female is mostly green, darker on the back and greyer on the head and breast. Her crown is red while the undertail-coverts are red in Samoan birds and yellow in birds from Fiji and Tonga.

Male Ptilinopus perousii perousii is pale on the bottom and yellow on top. There is also a crimson band and corona. The female is said to resemble the purple-capped fruit dove; however, there is no yellow band. They have grey on the bottom while green on top. It only has a crimson corona unlike the male. [3]

Taxonomy

The many-colored fruit dove is in the columbid family with the other doves and pigeons. It a fruit dove meaning it belongs to genus Ptilinopus . However, it is very far from most other doves and has no close relatives due to it being endemic to the South Pacific islands. [5] The two subspecies are Ptilinopus perousii mariae and P. p. perousii. The mariae subspecies is found in Fiji and Tonga. [6]

Its English name is literal: it is a many-colored dove that eats fruit. The Samoan name manuma means shy bird and comes from the Samoan words for bird and shame. [7] [8] Their Latin name comes from Captain Jean Francois de Galaup Comte de la Pérouse of the French navy, of whom explored the Pacific. [9]

Distribution and habitat

Male, Matei, Taveuni, Fiji Isles Manycolouredfd male bibis.JPG
Male, Matei, Taveuni, Fiji Isles

Manuma are found across many islands and archipelagos across Polynesia with a range of 660,000 sq. km. [10] They are most often found in Fiji and Tonga. They can be found in lowland subtropical and tropical broadleaf forests. [5] In these forests, they are found in the canopies. They can also be found in urban areas. [11] The manuma's fossil range is from 0.12 million years ago to today, exclusively in the quaternary. [12]

Behavior

Diet

The many-colored fruit dove is a frugivore. It forages the canopies of trees in search of figs. On Samoa and American Samoa it is mostly the banyan. This strict diet keeps the two fig species in check; however, any decline in the amount of figs may be a disaster for the many-colored fruit dove. [4] However, on Fiji and Tonga, manuma are known to eat fruits of ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), bishop wood (Bischofia javanica), and māgele ( Trema cannabina ). [3] :105,128

Social

Manuma are often found in small flocks. In each flock there are normally more males than females. [3]

Status

While not listed as threatened or endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), their population is in decline in American Samoa. The justification of the conservation status is that the decline is not extreme enough and the restricted area is not small enough for the vulnerability status. [10]

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, large numbers of this bird were reported on Tutuila, American Samoa. In the 1970s, a population survey found there were around 80 individuals present. In the 1990s, there were 50 individuals on Tutuila reported. [3]

Biologists with the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources and workers from Pacific Bird Conservation and the Toledo Zoo captured four many-colored fruit dove to begin a captive breeding project at Association of Zoos and Aquariums facilities. [2]

The many-colored fruit dove chief food source, the banyan fruit, are also in decline due to deforestation and their susceptibility to storm damage. In the 1990s, Cyclone Val and Cyclone Ofa killed or damaged a number of banyan trees, or otherwise stripped them bare of leaves and fruit. Hunting is another cause of the bird's decline on Tutuila. Hunters in search of lupe (Pacific imperial pigeon, Ducula pacifica) or manutagi (purple-capped fruit-doves, Ptilinopus porphyraceus) may kill many-colored fruit doves instead. [3] In interviews conducted by American Samoa environmental officials, more than a quarter of hunters reported accidentally shooting a many-colored fruit dove. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Cananga odorata</i> Species of tree

Cananga odorata, known as ylang-ylang or cananga tree, is a tropical tree that is native to and originated in the Philippines and spread to Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Cambodia, Thailand, India and Vietnam. It is valued for the essential oils extracted from its flowers, which has a strong floral fragrance. Ylang-ylang is one of the most extensively used natural materials in the perfume industry, earning it the name "Queen of Perfumes".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tutuila</span> Largest island in American Samoa

Tutuila is the largest and most populous island of American Samoa and is part of the archipelago of the Samoan Islands. It is the third largest island in the Samoan Islands chain of the Central Pacific. It is located roughly 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) northeast of Brisbane, Australia and lies over 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) to the northeast of Fiji. It contains a large, natural harbor, Pago Pago Harbor, where Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa, is situated. Pago Pago International Airport is also located on Tutuila. The island’s land expanse is about 68% of the total land area of American Samoa. With 56,000 inhabitants, it is also home to 95% of the population of American Samoa. The island has six terrestrial and three marine ecosystems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superb fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The superb fruit dove, also known as the purple-crowned fruit dove, is a medium-sized, colourful fruit-dove in the family Columbidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink-headed fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The pink-headed fruit dove also known as pink-necked fruit dove or Temminck's fruit pigeon, is a small colourful dove.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wompoo fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The wompoo fruit dove, also known as wompoo pigeon, is one of the larger fruit doves native to New Guinea and eastern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whistling fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The whistling fruit dove, also known as the velvet dove or yellow-headed dove, is a small fruit dove from Fiji. The species is endemic to the islands of Kadavu and Ono in the Kadavu Group in the south of Fiji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-naped fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The black-naped fruit dove, also known as the black-headed fruit dove, is a medium-sized, up to 24 cm (9.4 in) long, green fruit dove with yellowish bill and iris. The male has a pale grey head with a black nape, yellow throat, and golden yellow and pink undertail coverts. The plumage of the female and the young is entirely green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange fruit dove</span> Species of bird endemic to Fiji

The orange fruit dove is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. One of the most colorful doves, the male has a golden olive head and elongated bright orange "hair-like" body feathers. The golden-olive remiges are typically covered by the long orange wing coverts when perched. The legs, bill and orbital skin are bluish-green and the iris is whitish. The female is a dark green bird with blackish tail and orange-yellow undertail coverts. The young resemble females.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial pigeon</span> Genus of birds

Ducula is a genus of the pigeon family Columbidae, collectively known as imperial pigeons. They are large to very large pigeons with a heavy build and medium to long tails. They are arboreal, feed mainly on fruit and are closely related to the other genus of fruit-eating doves, Ptilinopus. Both genera display brightly coloured plumage, predominantly green, often with contrasting under-parts of purple, orange or red. Some Ducula have prominently swollen ceres. They have large gapes and swallow seeds whole, playing an important role in seed dispersal.

The Rapa fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae, which includes pigeons and doves. It is endemic to the island of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia. The species was classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018 because of its small population and predicted continued decline. The Rapa fruit dove primarily feeds on fleshy fruit. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and it has an extent of 30 km2. It is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and invasive species. Effective land protection and management could increase the quality of habitat for the species. Additional research into population dynamics and the impact of threats to the species can give a better understanding of the conservation practices needed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flame-breasted fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The flame-breasted fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Philippines only being found in the mountains of Luzon.This is a large dove reaching 42 cm long, being the largest fruit dove in the country and rivalling the size of Imperial pigeons. It is identified with its red hood, black wings with a red patch on its secondaries and its unmistakable flame-coloured breast. Its natural habitats are in upper areas of the tropical moist lowland forest and in mid to upper montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss, poaching for the pet trade and hunting for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The dwarf fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in lowland and foothill forest in New Guinea and the Raja Ampat Islands.The dwarf fruit dove weighs 49 grams, about equivalent to the weight of two AA batteries. This bird is the smallest in length of the fruit dove genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimson-crowned fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The crimson-crowned fruit dove, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in American Samoa, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest.

<i>Ficus obliqua</i> A tree, the small-leaved fig

Ficus obliqua, commonly known as the small-leaved fig, is a tree in the family Moraceae, native to eastern Australia, New Guinea, eastern Indonesia to Sulawesi and islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Previously known for many years as Ficus eugenioides, it is a banyan of the genus Ficus, which contains around 750 species worldwide in warm climates, including the edible fig. Beginning life as a seedling, which grows on other plants (epiphyte) or on rocks (lithophyte), F. obliqua can grow to 60 m (200 ft) high and nearly as wide with a pale grey buttressed trunk, and glossy green leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fruit dove</span> Genus of birds

The fruit doves, also known as fruit pigeons, are a genus (Ptilinopus) of birds in the pigeon and dove family (Columbidae). These colourful, frugivorous doves are found in forests and woodlands in Southeast Asia and Oceania. It is a large genus with over 50 species, some threatened or already extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuma Samoa</span> Rugby team

Manuma Samoa is a professional rugby union team based in Samoa that plays in the Global Rapid Rugby competition. Founded in 2019 as Kagifa Samoa, the team is backed by the Samoa Rugby Union.

Amalau is the name of a valley and a bay within the National Park of American Samoa. Amalau Valley is located between Vatia and Afono, and it is an isolated valley with various wildlife such as large numbers of native bird species and flying fox megabats. Amalau Valley is reached on the road leading to Vatia. There are only a few homes at Amalau.

References

  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Ptilinopus perousii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22691410A93311416. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691410A93311416.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Population Enhancement for Manuma". Pacific Bird Conservation. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Craig, P., ed. (2009). Natural History Guide to American Samoa (PDF) (3rd ed.). Pago Pago, American Samoa: U.S. National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09.
  4. 1 2 Fingan, Chance (2008-04-28). "Creature Feature: the Many-Colored Fruit Dove". National Parks Traveler. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Ptilinopus perousii (Many-colored Fruit Dove; Many-colored Fruit-Dove)". WorldSpecies.org. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  6. "Many-colored Fruit-Dove (mariae)". Avibase . Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  7. 1 2 MacKinnon, J. B. (2020-03-19). "The Rich Meals That Keep Wild Animals on the Menu". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  8. "Definition of MANUMA". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  9. Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H. M.; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Garcia, Ernest (2020-03-04). "Many-colored Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus perousii)". Birds of the World.
  10. 1 2 "Many-coloured Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus perousii) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
  11. Oiseaux.net. "Ptilope de La Pérouse - Ptilinopus perousii - Many-colored Fruit Dove". www.oiseaux.net. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  12. "Fossilworks: Ptilinopus perousii". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

Further reading