Morethia adelaidensis

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Morethia adelaidensis
Saltbush Skink (Morethia adelaidensis) (9391150782).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Scincidae
Genus: Morethia
Species:
M. adelaidensis
Binomial name
Morethia adelaidensis
(Peters, 1874)

The saltbush Morethia skink (Morethia adelaidensis), or more commonly referred to as saltbush skink, is a species of skink found in Australia. [2] They are part of an 8 species genus of Morethia, which are all endemic to Australia. Akin to other members of the Morethia genus, saltbush skinks feature transparent disks as eye covers and eyelids which are stationary, along with specialised limbs which enable quick traversal of sand dunes. [3] Taxonomically, the species was first classified by German explorer Wilhelm Karl Hartwig in 1871. [3]

Contents

Distribution

Recorded habitat range spans from Lake Eyre Basin, extending into coastal regions of Nullarbour, arid regions of Western Australia and the northern corner border of NSW, Australia. Saltbush Morethia skinks have a preference for arid shrublands, which make up their primary habitat zones. [3] In reference to the species name, Its spatial distribution is primarily linked to the presence of Saltbush chenopod shrubs in these habitat zones. Their distribution is generally shared with other species in the Morethia genus such as Morethia boulengeri, which also have a preference for this habitat type. [3]

Higher abundances are generally observed in areas with observable grass cover, such as temperate native grasslands in South Australia, [4] while non-grassland habitat contains more infrequent populations. Saltbush skinks additionally occupy river gorges and rocky granite outcrops; however, their widespread arid distribution does not limit them to these zones. [5]

Description

Saltbush skinks are small sized skinks, with adult males averaging 5 cm in size based on snout-vent length, with grey, or olive grey complexions. [3] Two primary black bands stretch dorsally and laterally, extending down to the tail. The upper black band is darker, with significant speckled markings. [3] Directly below black bands is a singular interrupted, irregular white band which extends through the ear and above each forelimb.

Saltbush Skink (Morethia adelaidensis) (9391139972).jpg
Saltbush skink, pictured with fire-tail markings covering ventral edges

Species examined in Lake Eyre are found to feature paler markings, with lateral black lines less visible compared to species found elsewhere. However, most species exhibit darker markings. Saltbush Morethia skinks feature visibly separated nasal superiors, or supranasals. While its eyes are surrounded by granule-like scale clusters. [3]

Reproduction

Saltbush skinks produce egg clutches and do not produce live offspring, which means that they are oviparous by nature. [6] Clutches generally average around 5 eggs per breeding female, which are usually buried in sandy substrates, or amongst rocky granite outcrops. While egg clutch size is dependant on the size of breeding females. [3] Like other Morethia skinks, breeding males develop orange ‘fire-tail’ markings, covering all ventral edges, which also extend under the tail and around both hind and forelimbs for territorial purposes. [3] Breeding observations are limited, however anecdotal findings suggest that communal nesting patterns are possible, with numerous breeding females. [7]

Diet and behaviour

Saltbush skinks are insectivorous, akin to other Morethia species. The species is diurnal and is mostly active during the day. Like other reptiles, saltbush skinks require thermal heat for temperature regulation. Saltbush skinks are halophytic and have a high tolerance for saline areas. Like other Morethia taxa, saltbush skinks burrow shallow perturbations in sandy soils, either amongst shrubs or rocky outcrops. [7] This behaviour has been observed in salt flat shrub lands of Lake Eyre Basin, along with saltbush vegetation found in southern Queensland. [7]

Threats and predators

The Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently lists saltbush skinks as 'Least concern'. Therefore, the species is unabated from general land clearing and grazing. [8]

Akin to other smaller sized skinks of the Morethia genus, saltbush skinks are preyed upon by native snake species of the Elapidae genus. [9] The species has been found in the stomachs of curl snakes (Suta suta.) in Western Australia, along with other medium to large snake species with diets consisting of smaller sized reptiles. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Morethia</i> Genus of lizards

Morethia, commonly called Morethia skinks or firetail skinks, is a genus of skinks in the order Squamata that are found in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broad-headed snake</span> Species of snake

The broad-headed snake is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is restricted to the Sydney Basin in New South Wales, Australia. It is one of three snakes in the genus Hoplocephalus, all restricted to eastern Australia. It is currently endangered in New South Wales and is listed as vulnerable under the Commonwealth Legislation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwyer's snake</span> Species of snake

Dwyer's snake also known commonly as the whip snake and the variable black-naped snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Australia, where it is found from New South Wales to South Queensland. While closely related to Australian sea snakes, S. dwyeri is a terrestrial reptile.

<i>Oligosoma nigriplantare</i> Species of lizard

Oligosoma nigriplantare, the Chatham Islands skink, is a species of skink in the family Scincidae.

<i>Morethia boulengeri</i> Species of lizard

Morethia boulengeri is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

<i>Eulamprus quoyii</i> Species of lizard

Eulamprus quoyii, more commonly known as the eastern water skink, eastern water-skink, or golden water skink, is a viviparous species of diurnal skink. Eulamprus quoyii belongs to the family Scincidae and is considered a common garden animal in Australia. The skink is endemic to Australia and found only along the east coast of the country. It makes its home in creekside habitats along the east coast of Australia and in urban garden areas with high amounts of moisture. The species can be identified by the twin, long yellow stripes that run along its body from the top of the eye, as well as by several more specific character derived states. The pale yellow dorsolateral stripes are most likely where its common name, the golden water skink, is derived. Like other ectotherms, the skink can often be seen basking in the sun on rocky outcroppings in order to regulate its body temperature. Its diet mainly consists of both aquatic and terrestrial insects, tadpoles and small amounts of plant matter. The skink both hunts for food and scavenges when necessary and is considered an opportunistic feeder. It is prey to larger lizards, snakes, cats and birds and so will often be seen moving quickly into hiding when other organisms are present.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curl snake</span> Species of snake

The curl snake is a species of venomous, heavily built snake in the family Elapidae. The species, which is native to Australia, is also known more commonly in Western Australia as the myall snake. The curl snake is often confused with a similar species named the Ord curl snake.

<i>Cryptoblepharus australis</i> Species of lizard

Cryptoblepharus australis, commonly called the inland snake-eyed skink, is a species of skink in the genus Cryptoblepharus.

<i>Ctenotus strauchii</i> Species of lizard

Ctenotus strauchii, also known commonly as the eastern barred wedge-snout ctenotus or Strauch's ctenotus, is a small species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia and is found throughout semi-arid and arid regions in most of Australia's mainland states except Western Australia, although one record does exist for Western Australia in 1975.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centralian blue-tongued skink</span> Species of lizard

The Centralian blue-tongued skink or Centralian blue-tongue is a species of skink, occurring predominantly in the far north-west corner of New South Wales, Australia. It is one of six species belonging to the genus Tiliqua; the blue-tongued skinks and the shinglebacks.

The soil-crack whip snake or crack-dwelling whipsnake is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. It is only mildly venomous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stokes's skink</span> Species of lizard

Egernia stokesii is a gregarious species of lizard of the Scincidae family. This diurnal species is endemic to Australia, and is also known as the Gidgee skink, spiny-tailed skink, Stokes's skink and Stokes's egernia. The species forms stable, long-term social aggregations, much like the social groups seen in mammalian and avian species. This characteristic is rarely found in the Squamata order, but is widespread within the Australian subfamily of Egerniinae skinks. Populations of E. stokesii are widely distributed, but fragmented, and occur in semi-arid environments. There are three recognised subspecies. The conservation status for the species is listed as least concern, however, one subspecies is listed as endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bull skink</span> Species of lizard

The bull skink, southern sand-skink or southernheath skink is a species of terrestrial skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. It is one of eleven species within the Liopholis genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mallee black-backed snake</span> Species of snake

The Mallee black-backed snake also known as the Mitchell's short-tailed snake or more commonly as the black-backed snake, is a species of venomous snake from the family Elapidae. This species is native to Australia and is found in a variety of habitats in southern mainland Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little whip snake</span> Species of snake in Australia

The little whip snake, also known commonly as the whip hooded snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

Lyon's snake-eyed skink is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Queensland in Australia.

<i>Morethia obscura</i> Species of lizard

The shrubland Morethia skink is a species of skink endemic to Australia, of the family Scincidae, found in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria (Australia), Western Australia in Australia.

Morethia storri, also known commonly as the top end firetail skink or Storr's morethia, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

<i>Ctenotus leonhardii</i>

Ctenotus leonhardii, known by the common names Leonhardi's ctenotus, Leonhardi's skink or common desert ctenotus, is a species of skink found in a range of arid and semi-arid regions throughout mainland Australia. The species was named after German anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi in 1919 and belongs to the genus Ctenotus, one of the largest genera of lizards in Australia.

<i>Ctenotus regius</i> Species of lizard

The pale-rumped ctenotus or regal striped skink is a medium-sized species of skink with an arid distribution restricted to the Australian Mainland, which belongs to the largest group of reptiles in Australia, Ctentotus.

References

  1. Cogger, H.; Shea, G. (2017). "Morethia adelaidensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T109480297A109480336. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T109480297A109480336.en . Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  2. Morethia adelaidensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 22 September 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Smyth, Michael (31 August 1972). "Morethia (Lacertilia, Scincidae,) South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 16: 563–570 via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  4. Pelgrim, K.; Fenner, A. L.; Schofield, J. A.; Bull, C. M. (2014-01-01). "Dynamics of a Temperate Grassland Reptile Community in the Mid-North of South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 138 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1080/03721426.2014.11649013. hdl: 2328/35753 . ISSN   0372-1426. S2CID   55069695.
  5. Swan, Gerry; Foster, Ralph (June 2005). "The reptiles and amphibians of Mutawintji National Park, Western New South Wales". Australian Zoologist. 33 (1): 39–48. doi: 10.7882/AZ.2005.003 . ISSN   0067-2238.
  6. "Morethia adelaidensis". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  7. 1 2 3 Greer, Allen E. (1980-07-31). "A new species of Morethia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from northern Australia, with comments on the biology and relationships of the genus". Records of the Australian Museum. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  8. "Saltbush morethia skink (Morethia adelaidensis) at the Australian Reptile Online Database | AROD.com.au". www.arod.com.au. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  9. 1 2 Shine, Richard (1988). "Food Habits and Reproductive Biology of Small Australian Snakes of the Genera Unechis and Suta (Elapidae)". Journal of Herpetology. 22 (3): 307–315. doi:10.2307/1564154. ISSN   0022-1511. JSTOR   1564154.