NGC 3862 | |
---|---|
Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
Constellation | Leo |
Right ascension | 11h 45m 05.0s [1] |
Declination | 19° 36′ 23″ [1] |
Redshift | 0.021718 ± 0.000019 [1] |
Heliocentric radial velocity | 6511 ± 6 km/s [1] |
Distance | 304 Mly (93.3 Mpc) |
Group or cluster | Leo Cluster |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.67 [1] |
Characteristics | |
Type | E [1] |
Size | ~152,000 ly (46.6 kpc) (estimated) [1] |
Apparent size (V) | 1.5 x 1.5 [1] |
Notable features | contains a supermassive black hole powering a jet of plasma that is moving at 98 percent of the speed of light |
Other designations | |
UGC 06723, PGC 036606, MCG +03-30-095, CGCG 097-127, 3C 264, 4C +19.40, PKS 1142+19 [1] |
NGC 3862 is an elliptical galaxy located 300 million light-years away [2] in the constellation Leo. [3] Discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785, [4] NGC 3862 is an outlying member of the Leo Cluster. [5]
The galaxy is classified as a FR I radio galaxy [6] and as a Head-tail radio galaxy. [7] [8] It hosts a supermassive black hole that is blasting a jet of plasma that is moving at 98 percent of the speed of light and is one of the few jets that can be seen in visible light. [9]
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3862: SN 2023bqk (type Ia-pec, mag. 18.3). [10]
Observations made by Bridle et al. in 1981 using maps made with the VLA revealed a jet-like structure emerging from the nucleus of NGC 3862. [7] In late January 1992, the Hubble Space Telescope observed NGC 3862 with the Faint Object Spectrograph and confirmed the presence of an optical jet in the nucleus of NGC 3862. [11] [3]
The optical jet, which has a measured length of 2,800 ly (860 pc ), appears to expand slowly and dims in peak and integrated brightness within the interior of the apparent ring of dust. [12] Within distances of about 260–360 ly (80–110 pc ), the jet appears narrow and well-collimated. [13] [14] At a distance of 330 ly (100 pc ) the jet starts to abruptly expand and becomes turbulent. At this distance, filaments and pronounced kinks can be observed which suggests that the jet is oscillating or evolving a helical structure. [14] After crossing the ring at a distance of around 980–1,300 ly (300–400 pc ), the jet widens dramatically, changes direction, and dims more rapidly both in peak and integrated brightness and becomes more diffuse in appearance. This suggests that the jet is interacting with the dust ring and becomes less collimated. [12] However, Perlman et al. suggests that the disk and the jet occupy physically distinct regions of the galaxy and therefore are not interacting. [15]
The total amount of energy produced by the jet is estimated to be around 3.71 × 1042 ergs. [16]
The jet of NGC 3862 contains four [17] [15] faint knots of material designated in increasing order from the nucleus: Knot A, B, C and D. [15] The knots exhibit a structure similar to that of a string of pearls. [9]
NGC 3862 contains a Head-tail radio morphology [5] [18] [19] with two tails [20] [21] that extend 520,000 ly (160 kpc ). [7] [18] This morphology appears to be the result of the galaxy interacting with the intracluster medium (ICM). [22]
The central region of NGC 3862 appears host a nearly face-on disk of dust [23] [24] [12] [25] with a diameter of 2,200 ly (675 pc ). [26] However, as the jet of galaxy has been suggested to lie at angle of 50° [15] [12] to Earth's line of sight, the dust disk must be puffed up [12] [23] in order for the jet to have been disturbed by the disk. [12] The emission of CO in the nucleus exhibits a double-horned line profile which suggests that the dust disk is rotating. The inferred distribution of the CO is consistent with the observed dust disk and the presence of the molecular gas suggests that the gas originated from either a merger with two gas-rich galaxies a few billion years ago or from cannibalism of smaller gas-rich galaxies. [27]
Hutchings et al. proposed instead that the apparent disk represents an evacuated region cleared of dust by some nuclear related process or by the jet itself [28] [23] as indicated by the color of the region inside the ring being similar to the color of the galaxy spectrum. [28] Lara et al. also suggested this as the jet appears to widen within the apparent ring which would be consistent with an explanation of a favored expansion of the jet due to the lower density medium within the evacuated region or bubble. [13]
NGC 3862 contains a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 4.7×108 M☉. [29] [8]
The black hole is responsible for producing the jet of plasma that is moving at nearly the speed of light. [9]
NGC 3862 has an elliptical [30] or a lenticular companion galaxy known as IC 2955. It lies about 72,000 ly (22 kpc ) from NGC 3862. [24]
Centaurus A is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance. NGC 5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.
3C 449 is a low-redshift Fanaroff and Riley class I radio galaxy. It is thought to contain a highly warped circumnuclear disk surrounding the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). The name signifies that it was the 449th object of the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources (3C), published in 1959.
NGC 4203 is the New General Catalogue identifier for a lenticular galaxy in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It was discovered on March 20, 1787 by English astronomer William Herschel, and is situated 5.5° to the northwest of the 4th magnitude star Gamma Comae Berenices and can be viewed with a small telescope. The morphological classification of NGC 4203 is SAB0−, indicating that it has a lenticular form with tightly wound spiral arms and a weak bar structure at the nucleus.
NGC 3311 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy located about 190 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on March 30, 1835. NGC 3311 is the brightest member of the Hydra Cluster and forms a pair with NGC 3309 which along with NGC 3311, dominate the central region of the Hydra Cluster.
NGC 6047 is an elliptical galaxy located about 430 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules. It was discovered by astronomer Lewis Swift on June 27, 1886. NGC 6047 is a member of the Hercules Cluster.
NGC 708 is an elliptical galaxy located 240 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda and was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 21, 1786. It is classified as a cD galaxy and is the brightest member of Abell 262. NGC 708 is a weak FR I radio galaxy and is also classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy.
NGC 679 is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located 210 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 13, 1784 and is a member of Abell 262.
NGC 703 is a lenticular galaxy located 240 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 21, 1786 and is also a member of Abell 262.
NGC 541 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at a distance of circa 230 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 541 is about 130,000 light years across. It was discovered by Heinrich d'Arrest on October 30, 1864. It is a member of the Abell 194 galaxy cluster and is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with nearby fragments. NGC 541 is a radio galaxy of Fanaroff-Riley class I, also known as 3C 40A.
NGC 753 is a spiral galaxy located 220 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer by Heinrich d'Arrest on September 16, 1865 and is a member of Abell 262.
NGC 4636 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is a member of the NGC 4753 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It is located at a distance of about 55 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 4636 is about 105,000 light years across.
NGC 759 is an elliptical galaxy located 230 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. NGC 759 was discovered by astronomer by Heinrich d'Arrest on September 17, 1865. It is a member of Abell 262.
NGC 1386 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Eridanus. It is located at a distance of circa 53 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 1386 is about 50,000 light years across. It is a Seyfert galaxy, the only one in Fornax Cluster.
NGC 4061 is an elliptical galaxy located 310 light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. It was rediscovered by John Herschel on April 29, 1832. It is listed both as NGC 4061 and NGC 4055. NGC 4061 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group and forms an interacting pair with its companion, NGC 4065 as evidenced by distortions in their optical isophotes.
NGC 545 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at a distance of circa 250 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 545 is about 180,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 1, 1785. It is a member of the Abell 194 galaxy cluster and is included along with NGC 547 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.
NGC 547 is an elliptical galaxy and radio galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at a distance of circa 220 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 547 is about 120,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 1, 1785. It is a member of the Abell 194 galaxy cluster and is included along with NGC 547 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.
NGC 4294 is a barred spiral galaxy with flocculent spiral arms located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.
NGC 4298 is a flocculent spiral galaxy located about 53 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 8, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.
NGC 4299 is a featureless spiral galaxy located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.
NGC 4302 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 8, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.