| Nipponopsalididae | |
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| Nipponopsalis yezoensis | |
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| Family: | Nipponopsalididae Martens, 1976 |
| Genus: | Nipponopsalis Martens & Suzuki, 1966 |
| Type species | |
| Ischyropsalis abei Sato & Suzuki, 1939 | |
| Diversity | |
| 1 genus, 3 species | |
Nipponopsalididae is a family of harvestmen with three described species in one genus, Nipponopsalis, which is found in East Asia.
The genus name Nipponopsalis is a combination of Nippon, meaning Japan, where the genus was first discovered, and the ending of the harvestman genus Ischyropsalis, [1] which comes from the Greek "psalis" (scissors), referring to the long chelicerae. [2]
They range in body length from 2.3 to 4.1 mm. The carapace is domed, with a large, low ocularium, and rather large eyes. The pedipalps and legs are very long and slender, and the chelicerae are longer than their body and heavily sclerotized. These chelicerae are superficially similar to those found in some Ischyropsalidioids, although this is a case of convergence. The cheliceral fingers exhibit 2 forms of teeth: narrow diaphanous teeth in the middle, and courser teeth distally. [1]
The opisthosoma is generally poorly sclerotized, and the corona analis is incomplete. The segmentation of the dorsum differs between males and females, as females generally are less heavily sclerotized than males, and exhibit a scutum laminatum or scutum dissectum, with each opisthosomal tergite free, whereas the males exhibit a scutum parvum, with the first 5 opisthosomal tergites fused together. Further sexual dimorphisms include size, as females are larger than males, and the chelicerae, which are stouter and stronger in males, and which exhibit different sex-based armature. [3]
The penis shaft is long, slender, and gradually tapering, and the glans is three-branched. The two lateral branches of the glans appear as plates that are set with setae and shield the median branch, which houses the opening of the seminal duct. [1]
In at least one species, N. abei, clavate glandular setae are present on the pedipalps of juveniles, but are lost during development to adulthood; it is not known if this is the case for the other species in the genus. This ontogenic characteristic is also found in the related family Dicranolasmatidae. [4]
They can be distinguished from other long-jawed Dyspnoi, like Ischyropsalis, Taracus, and Oskoron, by the complete absence of any spines on the second thoracic segment, though they are not known to be sympatric with any of those genera. [2]
This family is very geographically conserved, and is known only from East Asia, primarily the four main Japanese islands. They are also known from South Korea, the more southern Japanese islands of Yakushima and Amami Ōshima, and most of the Kuril Islands, except for Urup. [1] [2] [5] [6] [7]
Nipponopsalididae belong to the superfamily Troguloidea. They have been regarded as a sister group to all remaining Troguloidea, [1] though the most recent Opiliones phylogeny places them as the sister group to a clade consisting of Dicranolasmatidae and Trogulidae, with Nemastomatidae as sister to all remaining Troguloidea. [8] An internal phylogeny has not yet been conducted for this family. When originally described, the superficial morphological similarities between Nipponopsalis and Ischyropsalis led Nipponopsalis to be placed within that genus, though it is now known to be distinct, and morphological similarities between the two genera are a result of convergence.
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| Recovered by Giribet et al. (2002) |
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| Recovered by Fernández et al. (2017) |
Synonym: Ischyropsalis abeiSato & Suzuki, 1939
This species was discovered in Iwakuni, in the Yamagutchi prefecture in southern Japan. It was the first species of the genus to be described. [9]
The chelicerae of this species exhibit unique, conspicuous apophyses. Both male and female individuals possess apophyses on the first cheliceral segment, though they are considerably larger in males than in females. In males, the most pronounced apophysis faces inwards, but in females, the most pronounced apophyses face outwards. Males also possess another apophysis on the second segment, which extends backwards and overlaps with the pronounced apophysis on the first segment. [3] The penis in this species has a pair of soft bubble-like protuberances near the base of the glans, which are not found in other species. The glans is also longer than that of N. yezoensis, and the shaft is longer than that of N. coreana. [5]
Synonym: Ischyropsalis abeiSato & Suzuki, 1939
This subspecies is known from the three Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyoshu, and Shikoku. This subspecies has more swollen male cheliceral apophyses and considerably shorter legs than N. abei longipes. Leg measurements (in millimeters) for males are : I 11, II 20, III 11, IV 15. [6]
This subspecies is known from the island of Amami-oshima, one of the Satsunan Islands. It represents the southernmost distribution of the genus. This subspecies has distinctly narrower male cheliceral apophyses and considerably longer legs than N. abei abei. Leg measurements (in millimeters) for males are: I 22, II 40, III 23, IV 33. [6]
Synonym: Ischyropsalis coreanaSuzuki, 1966
This species was discovered in Chungju, Korea, and was the first to be discovered outside of Japan.
The male chelicerae in this species exhibit a unique, notable protuberance basally on the second segment. [10] In addition, the penis shaft is shorter and broader than that of the other species, with a proportionally larger glans. [5]
Synonym: Ischyropsalis yezoensisSuzuki, 1958
This species was discovered in Akan National Park, in Hokkaido. [11] Additional specimens have since been collected in the Kuril Islands of eastern Russia. [7] This species represents the northernmost distribution of the genus.
This species exhibits unique male palpal morphology, with the tibia connected to the patella via a short stalk, and swollen basally; the tibia and tarsus are also densely covered in short hairs. Unlike the other species, male chelicerae in this species feature only small tubercles, rather than conspicuous armature. [11] The penis shaft is proportionally longer than in other species, with a shorter glans. [5]
This species is absent from Urup Island in the central Kurils, and the populations from the Kurils north of Urup show clear morphological differences in the chelicerae and male pedipalps from the populations south of Urup into Hokkaido, suggesting that the Iturup Strait, between the islands of Iturup and Urup, has served as an important geographical barrier separating these two groups. [7]
The Opiliones are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are endemic of the New World with a Nearctic-Neotropical distribution where a large fraction of the diversity of Opiliones are represented by this single family. Cosmetidae have the northern extent of their range into the USA, where a small number species occur in the southern states. However, the family is especially diverse in Mexico, Central America and northern South America; especially the Andean realms. Their range also extends further south into Argentina and southern Brazil, but they are absent in Chile. Cosmetidae are prevalent in Amazonian region, but only relatively few also occur in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Several species are also found in the Caribbean.
Dyspnoi is a suborder of harvestmen, currently comprising 43 extant genera and 356 extant species, although more species are expected to be described in the future. The eight families are currently grouped into three superfamilies: the Acropsopilionoidea, Ischyropsalidioidea, and Troguloidea.
Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen, colloquially known as mite harvestmen. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.
Sabacon is a genus of the monotypic harvestman family Sabaconidae, with 59 species.
Caddoidea superfamily of harvestmen arachnids with a single family Caddidae, which now only contains 2 extant species. The family previously contained many more taxa under a previous wider concept, but the familial definition was narrowed after restudy.
Ogoveidae is a family of harvestmen with three described species in one genus, Ogovea, which is found in equatorial West Africa.
Ischyropsalididae is a family of harvestmen with 35 described species in 3 genera, found in Europe and North America.
The Dicranolasmatidae are a monotypic family of harvestmen with 16 described species in a single genus, Dicranolasma.
Epedanidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 200 described species. They are the sister group of the Gonyleptoidea.
Opiliones are an order of arachnids and share many common characteristics with other arachnids. However, several differences separate harvestmen from other arachnid orders such as spiders. The bodies of opiliones are divided into two tagmata : the abdomen (opisthosoma) and the cephalothorax (prosoma). Unlike spiders, the juncture between the abdomen and cephalothorax is often poorly defined. Harvestmen have chelicerae, pedipalps and four pairs of legs. Harvestmen were traditionally thought to have two eyes, except in the case of eyeless species. Developmental genetic work has shown that living species retain up to six eyes, including one pair of rudimentary median eyes and one pair of rudimentary lateral eyes.
This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids.
Asiolasma ailaoshan is a species of harvestman belonging to the family Nemastomatidae. It is endemic to Yunnan Province, China. It was initially described in the genus Cladolasma before being redefined within Asiolasma when that genus was newly described.
Cladolasma, is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Nemastomatidae. The genus is monotypic containing a single species Cladolasma parvulum. They are endemic to Japan, with records in Ehime and Tokushima Prefectures. The genus was described by Seisho Suzuki, with the type species Cladolasma parvulum Suzuki, 1963, subsequently revised to Dendrolasma parvulum in Suzuki (1974), but later restored as a valid genus.
Dasylobus argentatus is a species of harvestman in the family Phalangiidae.
Ortholasmatinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Nemastomatidae with 27 described species in 7 genera. They are found in temperate and often mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Langona recta is a species of jumping spider in the genus Langona that lives in Ivory Coast. It was first described in 2022 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. Only the male has been identified. The spider is medium-sized, with a cephalothorax that is typically 4.0 mm (0.16 in) long and an abdomen between 3.0 and 3.5 mm long. It is hairy and brown, the abdomen lighter than the carapace with a hint of a white streak visible on the back. It has the toothless chelicerae typical of the genus, but, unlike other Langona spiders, has a straight palpal apophysis, or spike, reflected in the species name.
Asiolasma juergengruberi is a species of harvestmen belonging to the family Nemastomatidae. It is endemic to northern Yunnan Province China. It was described in the genus Asiolasma.
Dendrolasma dentipalpe is a species of harvestman in the family Nemastomatidae. It is found in North America, in USA California. The species was described by Shear & Gruber, 1983, who reported the holotype from the US in "Carlotta, Humboldt County", alongside other Californian specimens.
Martensolasma is a genus of harvestmen in the family Nemastomatidae with two described species . Both species are found in Mexico. The type species was include in catalog by Schönhofer (2013). The genus Martensolasma was described by William Shear, with the type species Martensolasma jocheni Shear, 2006. A second species was later added to the genus by Cruz-López, 2017.
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