Trogulidae

Trogulidae Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Trogulus tricarinatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Opiliones
Suborder:	Dyspnoi
Superfamily:	Troguloidea
Family:	Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833
Genera
† Amphitrogulus Anarthrotarsus Anelasmocephalus Calathocratus Kofiniotis Trogulus
Diversity
6 genera, 65 species
Approximate natural range of Trogulidae

Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.

Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps. ^[1]

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus , a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America. ^[1]

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance. ^[1]

Species

Main article: List of Dyspnoi species

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are: ^{[2] [3] [4]}

• Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967

• Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 –Greece
• Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 –Greece

• Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879

• Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 –Spain (Baleares)
• Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 –Italy (Sardinia)
• Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 –Italy (Sicily)
• Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) –UK to Balkans (Europe)
• Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 –Spain
• Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) –Algeria, Tunisia
• Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 –Spain, Morocco
• Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 –Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
• Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) –Italy
• Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 –Spain
• Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 –Italy
• Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 –Italy, France (Corsica)
• Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 –Spain
• Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 –Italy, France, Switzerland
• Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 –France
• Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 –Italy

• Calathocratus Simon, 1879

• Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) –Algeria, Tunisia, Italy
• Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968 –Turkey
• Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) –Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.
• Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 –Russia
• Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 –Greece (Crete)
• Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013) –Kyrgyzstan
• Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011 –Russia
• Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) –Greece (Rhodes)
• Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940) –Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
• Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) –Italy

• Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940

• Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 –Greece (Crete)

• Trogulus Latreille, 1802

• Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879 –France (Corsica)
• Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 –Spain (Baleares)
• Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971 –Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.
• Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 –Italy
• Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 –Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc
• Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 –(Unknown locality) [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
• Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 –Italy (contra reports of widespread)
• Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879 –France, Italy
• Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 –Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
• Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 –Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)
• Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 – Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.
• Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
• Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 –Portugal
• Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 –Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)
• Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 –Portugal
• Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 –Greece [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
• Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 –Italy, France, etc
• Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013 –Greece (Corfu)
• Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 –Croatia
• Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) –Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)
• Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971 –Romania
• Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013 –Croatia
• Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 –Croatia
• Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 –Spain
• Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856 –Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
• Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 –Spain
• Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968 –Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
• Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 –Croatia
• Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 –Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)
• Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833 –Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
• Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013 –Macedonia
• Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 –Croatia
• Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 –Germany, etc (Central Europe)
• Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 –Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)
• Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) –Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)
• Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973 –Turkey

See also extinct:

• † Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)

Plus see unknown:

• † Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887

• † Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887

References

1. Gruber, Jürgen (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
2. "A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
3. Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
4. "Trogulidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 2023-12-15.

Further reading

• Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
• Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN   0-674-02343-9