Cosmetidae

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Cosmetidae
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Poecilaemula smaragdula Mello-Leitão, 1941, from Brazil.
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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Suborder: Laniatores
Infraorder: Grassatores
Superfamily: Gonyleptoidea
Family: Cosmetidae
C.L. Koch, 1839
Subfamilies

Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are endemic of the New World with a Nearctic-Neotropical distribution where a large fraction of the diversity of Opiliones are represented by this single family. Cosmetidae have the northern extent of their range into the USA, where a small number species occur in the southern states. However, the family is especially diverse in Mexico, Central America and northern South America; especially the Andean realms. Their range also extends further south into Argentina and southern Brazil, but they are absent in Chile. Cosmetidae are prevalent in Amazonian region, but only relatively few also occur in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Several species are also found in the Caribbean.

Contents

Description

This family comprises members that may have elaborate white or yellow (but rarely also green/orange/red) markings such as stripes and spots on the dorsal body and peculiar pedipalps strongly compressed and applied on the chelicerae. Some aspects of diagnosis are as follows

See more details in Kury & Pinto-da-Rocha (2007).

Etymology

The family name is derived from the type genus Cosmetus , which is from the Greek kosmetós 'ornate'.

Taxonomy

As of 2006, there are 125 genera and 712 species described. Most species belong to Cynorta (153 spp), Paecilaema (102 spp), Flirtea and Erginulus (30 spp each). However, there is no reason to believe most of genera of cosmetids are natural groups, except for a few like Metavononoides , Cosmetus (Kury, 2003) and Roquettea (Ferreira & Kury 2010). Attempts to organize the family in supra-specific units are hindered by the poorly resolved basic taxonomy.

The family was divided into two subfamilies for many years as: Cosmetinae and Discosomaticinae. [1]

Relationships

Cosmetidae is the sister-group of Gonyleptidae and both are closely related to the Stygnidae and Cranaidae (Kury, 1992).

The family was subsequently divided into seven subfamilies as: [2]

Cosmetinae Koch, 1839
Cynortinae Mello-Leitão, 1933
Discosomaticinae Roewer, 1923
Ferkeriinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Flirteinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Libitiinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Metergininae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Taitoinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021


Below is a scheme of genera now placed into revised subfamilies. Many currently recognised genera remain unplaced in subfamilies. [2]

Cosmetid genera by different authors (many genera absent)
Genus (see below)RoewerGoodnight & GoodnightMedrano, Kury & Mendes [2]
Cosmetus Perty, 1833 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: (?) "Paecil." Cosmetinae
Metavononoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cosmetinae
Paecilaema Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Cosmetinae
Abria Sørensen, 1932 Cosmetinae - Cynortinae (?)
Cynorta Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Cynortoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Eucynorta Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Holovonones Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Cynortinae
Metagryne Roewer, 1912 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Cynortinae
Vonones Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Cynortinae
Gryne Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Marronia Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Neokayania Yao & Xing, 2022-- Discosomaticinae
Paraprotus Roewer, 1912 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Protus Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Roquettea Mello-Leitão, 1931 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Sibambea Roewer, 1917 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae
Ferkeria Roewer, 1947 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Metalibitia Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Platygyndes Roewer, 1943 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Flirtea Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Flirteinae
Paecilaemana Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae ? Flirteinae
Paecilaemella Roewer, 1925| Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Flirteinae
Ambatoiella Mello-Leitão, 1943 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Libitiinae
Libitia Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Libitiinae
Oligovonones di Caporiacco, 1951-- Libitiinae
Arucillus Šilhavý, 1971-- Metergininae
Erginulus Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Metergininae
Meterginus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Metergininae
Poecilaemula Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Metergininae
Rhaucoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhauculanus Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhauculus Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhaucus Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Metergininae
Trinimontius Šilhavý, 1970-- Metergininae
Acritas Sørensen, 1932-- Taitoinae
Chinchipea Roewer, 1952-- Taitoinae
Chirinosbius Roewer, 1952-- Taitoinae
Chusgonobius Roewer, 1952-- Taitoinae
Cynortoplus Roewer, 1925-- Taitoinae
Cynortopyga Roewer, 1947-- Taitoinae
Eucynortella Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Taitoinae
Pygocynorta Roewer, 1925-- Taitoinae
Taito Kury & Barros, 2014-- Taitoinae
Vononana Roewer, 1928-- Taitoinae
Vononoides Roewer, 1912-- Taitoinae

The following genera are recognised, but unplaced in a subfamily: [2] [3] [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opiliones</span> Order of arachnids

The Opiliones are an order of arachnids, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of July 2024, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pachylinae</span> Subfamily of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Pachylinae is the most diverse subfamily of the harvestman family Gonyleptidae, including around 400 valid species. Major groups of species occur in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, Bolivian/Peruvian highlands, Argentina, and Chilean temperate forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samooidea</span> Superfamily of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Samooidea is a large superfamily in the Grassatores group of harvestmen. It includes around 380 species distributed throughout the tropics. They are characterized by the complex male genitalia, with eversible complementary sclerites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sclerosomatidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Sclerosomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 1,300 known species. One former subfamily has been recently removed to form a new family, Globipedidae.

The Stygnopsidae are a small family of harvestmen, with almost all species found in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stygnidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Stygnidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.

Agoristenidae are a neotropical harvestman family of the Suborder Laniatores, in the superfamily Gonyleptoidea.

Kimulidae is a small neotropical family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about thirty described species.

<i>Metopilio</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Metopilio is a genus of harvestmen in the family Globipedidae from Mexico and Central America.

<i>Undulus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Undulus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae. There is at least one described species in Undulus, U. formosus.

<i>Stygnomma</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Stygnomma is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Stygnommatidae. There are more than 30 described species in Stygnomma.

Cosmetinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae.

Taito is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae. The genus is endemic to the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

<i>Rhaucus</i> (harvestman) Genus of arachnids

Rhaucus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae. The genus is endemic to the northern Andes in Colombia. There are currently seven described species in the genus.

Discosomaticinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metergininae</span> Subfamily of arachnids (harvestmen/daddy longlegs)

Metergininae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae.

<i>Poecilaemula</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Poecilaemula is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae with eight described species. All species are from Central America or South America. An overview of the taxonomy was provided by Medrano et al. (2024)

Abria is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae with three described species. All species are from Venezuela. An overview of the taxonomy was provided by Villarreal, Medrano & Kury (2023)

References

  1. ↑ García, A.F.; Kury, A.B. (2017-10-26). "Taxonomic revision of the Andean harvestman genus Rhaucus Simon, 1879 (Arachnida, Opiliones,Cosmetidae)". Zootaxa. 4338 (3): 401–440. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   29245710.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Medrano, Miguel; Kury, Adriano Brilhante; Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022). "Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (2): 585–672. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043.
  3. ↑ Kury, A. B.; Mendes, A. C.; Cardoso, L.; Kury, M. S.; Granado, A. d. A.; Giribet, G.; Cruz-López, J. A.; Longhorn, S. J.; Medrano, M. A.; de Oliveira, A. B. R.; Kury, I.S.; Souza-Kury, M.A. "World Catalogue of Opiliones". WCO-Lite. version 2.6. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  4. ↑ Kury, A. B.; Mendes, A. C.; Cardoso, L.; Kury, M. S.; Granado, A. d. A.; Giribet, G.; Cruz-López, J. A.; Longhorn, S. J.; Medrano, M. A.; de Oliveira, A. B. R. "Opiliones Sundevall, 1833". World Catalogue of Opiliones. Version 2024-08-06. In: O. Bánki; Y. Roskov; M. Döring; G. Ower; D. R. Hernández Robles; C. A. Plata Corredor; T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen; A. Örn; L. Vandepitte; T. Pape; D. Hobern; S. Garnett; H. Little; R. E. DeWalt; K. Ma; J. Miller; T. Orrell; R. Aalbu; J. Abbott; et al. "Catalogue of Life". Version 2024-08-29. Catalogue of Life, Amsterdam, Netherlands. doi:10.48580/dgdwl-4pt . Retrieved 30 August 2024.
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