Orbiliaceae

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Orbiliaceae
Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr 343795.jpg
Orbilia xanthostigma
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
Class: Orbiliomycetes
O.E. Erikss. & Baral
Order: Orbiliales
Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
Family: Orbiliaceae
Nannf. (1932)
Type genus
Orbilia
Fr. (1836)
Genera

Arthrobotrys
Brachyphoris
Dactylella
Dactylellina
Dicranidion
Duddingtonia
Dwayaangam
Gamsylella
Hyalorbilia
Monacrosporium
Orbilia
Pseudorbilia

Contents

A fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys, showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes.  Numbered ticks are 122 mm apart. 20100828 005957 Fungus.jpg
A fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys , showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes.  Numbered ticks are 122 μm apart.

The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic class Orbiliomycetes and the monotypic order Orbiliales. The family was first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932 and now contains 288 species in 12 genera. [1] Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in temperate regions. [2] Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes.

Description

Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces fruit bodies. They have small disc-shaped apothecia, that are typically convex, brightly colored or translucent. [2] Their ascospores are small (typically less than 10 x 1 μm), hyaline, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape. [3] Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats. [2] Anamorph species are hyphomycetous. [4]

Nematophagy

This family is well known for its many nematophagous species. [5] Shortly after coming into contact with its prey, fungal mycelia penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures, known as traps, which will ultimately digest the nematode's internal contents. [6] There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family: [6] [7] [8] [9]

Genera

According to the most recent classification of Ascomycota, [10] the Orbiliaceae contain only two (teleomorph) genera, the Hyalorbilia and the Orbilia . Hyalorbilia is distinguished from Orbilia by having asci without a stalk that arise from croziers, a hemispherical to broadly conical, thin-walled apex, asci and paraphyses in a gelatinous matrix, and an ectal excipulum (the outer surface of a cup-like apothecium) of horizontal textura prismatica. [11] [12]

Anamorph genera of the Orbiliaceae include Anguillospora , [13] Arthrobotrys , [14] Dactylella , [15] Dactylellina , Dicranidion , [16] Drechslerella , Helicoön , [17] Monacrosporium , and Trinacrium . It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates convergent evolution occurring among mycelial fungi in aquatic and low-nitrogen habitats. [18] This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies. [19]

In 2007, a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between Orbilia and Hyalorbilia. This species, named Pseudorbilia bipolaris Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang, was placed into its own genus in the Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features. [20]

Related Research Articles

In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:

Hyphomycetes are a form classification of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies, and are often referred to as moulds. Most hyphomycetes are now assigned to the Ascomycota, on the basis of genetic connections made by life-cycle studies or by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences; many remain unassigned phylogenetically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematophagous fungus</span> Carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes

Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes. Around 160 species are known. Species exist that live inside the nematodes from the beginning and others that catch them, mostly with glue traps or in rings, some of which constrict on contact. Some species possess both types of traps. Another technique is to stun the nematodes using toxins, a method employed by Coprinus comatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and the family Pleurotaceae. The habit of feeding on nematodes has arisen many times among fungi, as is demonstrated by the fact that nematophagous species are found in all major fungal groups. Nematophagous fungi can be useful in controlling those nematodes that eat crops. Purpureocillium, for example, can be used as a bio-nematicide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discinaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Discinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi, the best known members of which are the false morels of the genus Gyromitra. Originally erected by Erich Heinz Benedix in 1961, it was found to be a discrete clade in a molecular study of ribosomal DNA by mycologist Kerry O'Donnell in 1997. As of 2008, the family is thought to contain 5 genera and 58 species. As of 2022, the GBIF accepts Discina(Fr.) Fr., Gymnohydnotrya B.C.Zhang & Minter, 1989, GyromitraFr., 1849, HydnotryaBerk. & Broome and Maublancomyces. But calls NeogyromitraS.Imai and PseudorhizinaJacz. doubtful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleurotaceae</span> Family of mushrooms

The Pleurotaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have white spores. The family contains 13 genera over 412 species. Members of Pleurotaceae can be mistaken for members of Marasmiaceae. Perhaps the best known member is the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoglossaceae</span> Family of fungi

Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes. These fungi are broadly known as earth tongues. The ascocarps of most species in the family Geoglossaceae are terrestrial and are generally small, dark in color, and club-shaped with a height of 2–8 cm. The ascospores are typically light-brown to dark-brown and are often multiseptate. Other species of fungi have been known to parasitize ascocarps. The use of a compound microscope is needed for accurate identification.

<i>Orbilia</i> Genus of fungi

Orbilia is a genus of fungi in the family Orbiliaceae. Anamorphs of this genus include the Arthrobotrys, Dactylella, Dicranidion, Dwayaangam, Helicoön, Monacrosporium, and Trinacrium. The genus was established in 1836 by Elias Magnus Fries to accommodate the species Peziza leucostigma. The mycologist Josef Velenovský wrote articles describing species found in Bohemia and Moravia (Czechoslovakia). In 1951, Fred Jay Seaver recorded 20 species in North America, and R.W.G. Dennis later described 9 species from Venezuela. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, there are about 58 species in the genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth</span> Mycologist, historian (1905-1998)

Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth was a British mycologist and scientific historian. He was the older brother of Ruth Ainsworth.

<i>Chorioactis</i> Genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster

Chorioactis is a genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster. The mushroom is commonly known as the devil's cigar or the Texas star in the United States, while in Japan it is called kirinomitake (キリノミタケ). This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and disjunct distribution; it is found only in select locales in Texas and Japan. The fruit body, which grows on the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms or dead oaks, somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore-bearing tissue known as the hymenium, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores.

<i>Sarcoscypha occidentalis</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha occidentalis, commonly known as the stalked scarlet cup or the western scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the Pezizales order. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that it is most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain large oil droplets in their spores. S. occidentalis has an imperfect form, classified as Molliardiomyces occidentalis.

<i>Macrotyphula</i> Genus of fungi

Macrotyphula is a genus of clavarioid fungi in the family Phyllotopsidaceae. Basidiocarps are simple, narrowly club-shaped to filiform, sometimes arising from a sclerotium. They typically grow on dead wood or leaf litter, often in swarms.

<i>Zoophagus</i> Genus of fungi

Zoophagus is a genus of zygomycete fungi that preys on rotifers and nematodes. It was established in 1911 by Sommerstorff, who originally considered it to be an oomycete. It is common in a variety of freshwater habitats, such as ponds and sewage treatment plants.

Charles Drechsler was an American mycologist with 45 years of research with the United States Department of Agriculture. He spent considerable time working with cereal fungal diseases, and the genus Drechslera was named after him. Drechsler also worked extensively on oomycete fungi and their interactions with vegetable plants. Drechsler was recognized as a leading authority on helminthosporia, oomycetes, and other parasitic fungi.

<i>Harposporium anguillulae</i> Species of fungus

Harposporium anguillulae is a member of the genus Harposporium. It is an endoparasitic nematophagous fungus that attacks nematodes and eelworms and is isolated commonly from field and agricultural soils as well as used as an experimental organism in the laboratory.

<i>Arthrobotrys oligospora</i> Species of fungus

Arthrobotrys oligospora was discovered in Europe in 1850 by Georg Fresenius. A. oligospora is the model organism for interactions between fungi and nematodes. It is the most common nematode-capturing fungus, and most widespread nematode-trapping fungus in nature. It was the first species of fungi documented to actively capture nematodes.

Dactylellina haptotyla is a common soil-living fungus that develops structures to capture nematodes as nutrient source. In the presence of nematodes, spores can germinate into sticky knobs or non-constricting loops. The fungus traps nematodes with sticky knobs and non-constricting loops, then breakdown the cuticle, and penetrates the body of nematodes to obtain nutrients. For its predatory nature, Dactylellina haptotyla is also considered as nematode-trapping fungus or carnivorous fungus.

Arthrobotrys dactyloides is a species of fungus in the family Orbiliaceae. It is nematophagous, forming loops of hypha to trap nematodes, on which it then feeds.

Stylopage is a polytypic genus of predacious fungus in the order Zoopagales, within the subphylum Zoopagomycotina. All known species of Stylopage subsist on various species of amoebae or nematodes by trapping their prey, typically using an adhesive substance that coats their vegetative hyphae, and absorbing nutrients through the projection of a haustorium. 17 extant Stylopage species have been described thus far.

Brian Charles Sutton is a British botanist, phytopathologist, mycologist, known as one of the world's leading experts in coelomycete classification. He was the president of the British Mycological Society for the academic year 1985–1986.

Arthrobotrys musiformis is a species of nematode catching fungi, genus Arthrobotrys. This, like other Arthrobotrys species, captures and feeds on nematodes. It is widespread, with its initial discovery being in Norfolk, Virginia. This species demonstrates promising anti-helminth potential, and is hypothesized to reduce the number of parasitic nematodes in plants and livestock as either a biocontrol or through isolating metabolites.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Cannon, P. F.; Kirk, P. M., eds. (2007). "Orbiliaceae". Fungal Families of the World. CABI. pp. 251–252. ISBN   978-0-85199-827-5.
  3. Blackwell M, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW (1996). Introductory Mycology. New York: Wiley. ISBN   0-471-52229-5.[ page needed ]
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  5. Pfister, Donald H. (1997). "Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi". Mycologia. 89 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026750.
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  7. Yang, Ying; Yang, Ence; An, Zhiqiang; Liu, Xingzhong (15 May 2007). "Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8379Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702770104 . PMC   1895958 . PMID   17494736.
  8. Drechsler, Charles (1 July 1937). "Some Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free-Living Terricolous Nematodes". Mycologia. 29 (4): 447–552. doi:10.1080/00275514.1937.12017222.
  9. Stirling GR (1991). Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International. ISBN   0-85198-703-6.[ page needed ]
  10. "Outline of Ascomycota - 2007" . Retrieved 2008-12-25.
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  12. Wu, Mei-Lee; Su, Yu-Chih; Baral, Hans-Otto; Liang, Shih-Hsiung (2007). "Two new species of Hyalorbilia from Taiwan" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 25: 233–244. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.594.3347 . S2CID   90409824.
  13. Webster, J; Descals, E. (1979). "The teleomorphs of water-borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water". In Kendrick, Bryce (ed.). The Whole Fungus: The Sexual-asexual Synthesis. National Museum of Natural Sciences. pp. 419–451. ISBN   978-0-660-00146-3.
  14. Pfister, Donald H. (1 May 1994). "Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph". Mycologia. 86 (3): 451–453. doi:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026433.
  15. Thakur, S.; Zachariah, K. (1 November 1989). "Response of the fungus Dactylella rhopalota to bacteria". Plant and Soil. 120 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1007/BF02370294. S2CID   28858277.
  16. Korf, Richard P (1992). "A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 8, Orbiliaceae". Mycotaxon. 45: 503–510. INIST   4551685.
  17. Pfister, DH (1995). "Helicoon sessile, the anamorph of Orbilia luteorubella". Inoculum. Mycological Society of America. 46: 34.
  18. Webster, John (June 2011). "Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi". In Rayner, A. D. M.; Brasier, C. M.; Moore, David (eds.). Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi: Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–201. ISBN   978-0-521-27925-3. NAID   10019290922.
  19. Li Y, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Cai L, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang K (2005). "Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode-trapping fungi (Orbiliales) estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes". Mycologia. 97 (5): 1034–46. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1034. hdl: 10722/53351 . PMID   16596955.
  20. Zhang, Ying; Yu, Ze-Fen; Baral, H.-O.; Qiao, Min; Zhang, Ke-Qin (2007). "Pseudorbilia gen. nov. (Orbiliaceae) from Yunnan, China" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 26: 305–312.