Pale-breasted spinetail

Pale-breasted spinetail
At Piraju, São Paulo State, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Furnariidae
Genus:	Synallaxis
Species:	S. albescens
Binomial name
Synallaxis albescens Temminck, 1823

The pale-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis albescens) is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. ^[2] It is found in Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Ecuador. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

Taxonomy and systematics

The pale-breasted spinetail's taxonomy is in flux. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) recognizes these 11 subspecies: ^[2]

• S. a. latitabunda Bangs, 1907
• S. a. insignis Zimmer, JT, 1935
• S. a. occipitalis Madarász, G, 1903
• S. a. littoralis Todd, 1948
• S. a. perpallidaTodd, 1916
• S. a. nesiotis Clark, AH, 1902
• S. a. trinitatisZimmer, JT, 1935
• S. a. josephinae Chubb, C, 1919
• S. a. inaequalisZimmer, JT, 1935
• S. a. albescens Temminck, 1823
• S. a. australisZimmer, JT, 1935

The Clements taxonomy recognizes two more subspecies, S. a. hypoleuca (Ridgway, 1909) and S. a. griseonota (Todd, 1948). ^[7] The IOC includes hypoleuca within latitabunda and griseonota within inaequalis. ^[2] BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World does not recognize the two Clements entries nor trinitatis. ^[8]

What is now the dark-breasted spinetail (S. albigularis) was previously treated by some authors as conspecific with the pale-breasted spinetail. Some now treat them as sister species. ^[9]

This article follows the IOC 11-subspecies model.

Description

The pale-breasted spinetail is 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 9 to 17 g (0.32 to 0.60 oz). It is slightly smaller and has a shorter bill than most other members of genus Synallaxis. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies S. a. albescens have a pale brownish gray face with an even paler line through the eye. Their forehead is olive grayish brown and their crown dark rufous, often with slight mottling. Their back, rump and uppertail coverts are olive-brown. Their wing coverts are rufous and their flight feathers tawny-brownish. Their tail is olive-brown with a variable rufescent tinge on the outer feathers; it is graduated and the feathers have somewhat pointed tips. Their throat is whitish with black flecks in its lower part. Their breast is pale buffy gray, their belly a paler buffy gray, and their flanks and undertail coverts browner than the belly. Their iris is yellowish to light brown or brown, their maxilla black to dark gray, their mandible blackish to gray (sometimes with a dark tip to the gray), and their legs and feet yellowish brown to grayish olive or brownish yellow. Juveniles have a brownish gray crown, and compared to adults they have paler and more rufescent upperparts, an almost white throat, and paler underparts with an almost white center to the belly. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

The other 10 subspecies of the pale-breasted spinetail differ from the nominate and each other thus: ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]}

• S. a. latitabunda: darker than the nominate with browner tail and flanks
• S. a. insignis: more extensive grayish of the forehead and a smaller rufous crown than the nominate, with a paler and brownish-tinged back and a paler and less grayish breast
• S. a. occipitalis: darker than the nominate with a blackish forehead
• S. a. littoralis: more brownish upperparts than insignis and underparts less grayish than the nominate
• S. a. perpallida: darker than the nominate with more grayish upperparts, darker rufous crown and wing coverts, and a very white belly
• S. a. nesiotis: paler crown and shoulders (with a yellowish tinge) than the nominate, with paler and grayer upperparts and whiter underparts
• S. a. trinitatis: darker crown and wing coverts and a more buff-brown back than the nominate
• S. a. josephinae: darker than nesiotis with a darker face, a less buffy back, a more grayish breast, and darker brownish flanks
• S. a. inaequalis: much paler than josephinae with lighter rufous crown and wing coverts, a grayish tinged back, whiter throat and belly, and pale gray to whitish breast
• S. a. australis: similar to the nominate, with olive tips on the crown feathers and a duller and more grayish brown back

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the pale-breasted spinetail are found thus: ^{[2] [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [6]}

• S. a. latitabunda: southwestern Costa Rica and the Pacific coasts of southern Panama and northwestern Colombia
• S. a. insignis: northern and central Colombia and Venezuela's Apure state
• S. a. occipitalis: mountains of north-central Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
• S. a. littoralis: coastal northern Colombia
• S. a. perpallida: Colombia's Guajira Peninsula and far northwestern Venezuela
• S. a. nesiotis: Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta east into northern Venezuela; also Isla Margarita
• S. a. trinitatis: Trinidad and eastern Venezuela
• S. a. josephinae: southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and northern Brazil's Roraima state
• S. a. inaequalis: French Guiana and north-central and northeastern Brazil
• S. a. albescens: eastern and southern Brazil from Maranhão and Pernambuco to Mato Grosso and Paraná, eastern Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina's Misiones Province
• S. a. australis: southeastern Peru's Department of Madre de Dios, central and eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina south to La Pampa and Buenos Aire provinces, and western Uruguay.

The pale-breasted spinetail inhabits a wide variety of open grassy landscapes. These include savanna, cerrado , campo rupestre , shrub-steppe, brushy areas in woodlands, pastures, and the edges of secondary forest, marshes, and roadsides. In elevation it is generally found below 1,500 m (4,900 ft). In Central America it occurs below 1,250 m (4,100 ft) and in Colombia up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft). ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]}

Behavior

Movement

The pale-breasted spinetail is believed to be a year-round resident in most of its range, though the farthest southern sub-population might make some northern movement after the breeding season. ^[10]

Feeding

The pale-breasted spinetail feeds on a wide variety of arthropods, and also includes small snails in its diet. It usually forages in pairs, gleaning prey from grass, foliage, small branches, and at times the ground. It usually stays below about 2 m (7 ft) of the ground. ^[10]

Breeding

The pale-breasted spinetail's breeding season varies geographically but is generally within the local spring and summer. Though it is a member of the ovenbird family, which is named for the clay nests many species make, the pale-breasted spinetail constructs a globe of grass and thorny sticks with a horizontal entrance tube. The tube and inner chamber are lined woth soft plant material. The nest is typically placed in bunch grass or in a vine-covered bush, usually within 2 m (7 ft) of the ground and rarely as high as 9 m (30 ft). The clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period is 15 to 18 days and fledging occurs about 16 days after hatch. The species is thought to be monogamous, and both members of the pair incubate the clutch and care for nestlings. ^[10]

Songs and calls Listen to pale-breasted spinetail on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The pale-breasted spinetail sings for long periods. Its song is variously described as "a sharp, scratchy zwee-bit, zweebit" ^[13] , a "very high scratchy wéetjirr wéetjirr" ^[14] , an "incessantly repeated wee-tee" ^[15] , an "unceasing, very high, shrill 'zutsweet zutsweet- -' " ^[11] , a repeated "wee bidget..wee bidget..." ^[12] , and "a buzzy, nasal 'wéé-byew', 'wáke-up', 'wa-tér' " ^[10] . A call in Costa Rica is a "sharp 'bip' " that is often repeated and followed by a "long rattling 'churrr' ". ^[10] In Brazil its call is described as an "extr. high 'tsweét' ". ^[11]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the pale-breasted spinetail as being of Least Concern. It has an exremely large range and its estimated population of 50 million mature individuals is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. ^[1] It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range though local in southeastern Brazil. It is "[t]olerant of moderate anthropogenic disturbance, provided that adequate areas of tall grass remain [and is expanding] its range in areas that have been cleared". ^[10]

References

1. BirdLife International (2020). "Pale-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22702301A138175036. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22702301A138175036.en . Retrieved 5 December 2023.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
3. Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 348.
4. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
5. "Official checklist of Trinidad & Tobago" (PDF). Trinidad & Tobago Bird Status & Distribution Committee. December 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
6. Claramunt, Santiago; Mazzulla, J. C. (2002). "La presencia de Synallaxis albescens en Uruguay (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae)" (PDF). Comunicaciones Zoológicas del Museo de Historia Natural y Antropología. 13 (200): 1–4.
7. Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 28, 2023
8. HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
9. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
10. Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). Pale-breasted Spinetail (Synallaxis albescens), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pabspi1.01 retrieved December 5, 2023
11. van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN   978-0-19-530155-7.
12. de la Peña, Martín R.; Rumboll, Maurice (2001). Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 62, map 62.10. ISBN   0691090351.
13. Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-8014-7373-9.
14. vanPerlo, Ber (2006). Birds of Mexico and Central America. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 59, map 59.3. ISBN   0691120706.
15. McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-9827615-0-2.

Further reading

• Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). "Pale-breasted castlebuilder" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 335–340.
• ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN   0-8014-9792-2.
• Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN   0-7136-6418-5.

External links

• Image - Animal Diversity Web