Panaeolus papilionaceus

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Panaeolus papilionaceus
Panaeolus papilionaceus California.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Bolbitiaceae
Genus: Panaeolus
Species:
P. papilionaceus
Binomial name
Panaeolus papilionaceus
Synonyms

Agaricus calosus
Agaricus campanulatus
Agaricus papilionaceus
Galerula campanulata
Panaeolus campanulatus
Panaeolus retirugis
Panaeolus sphinctrinus

Contents

Panaeolus papilionaceus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnexed gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnexed
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is black
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Panaeolus papilionaceus, [a] commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed small brown mushroom that feeds on dung.

This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus .

Description

The cap is 1–5 centimetres (1⁄2–2 in) across, obtusely conic then becoming campanulate, and grayish brown. [1] It is not hygrophanous and the margin is adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge. [1] The flesh is thin. [2]

The gills are adnate to adnexed, close to crowded, [2] one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. The spore print is black. [2]

The stipe is 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle, [1] fibrous, and pruinose.

The odor is mild and the taste unappetizing.

Microscopic features

The spores are 12–18 x 7–10  μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore.

Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Similar species

There are numerous lookalike species. [3]

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including [4] Canada (Alberta, [5] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California, [5] Colorado, Florida, Georgia, [5] Indiana, [5] Louisiana, [5] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, [5] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, [5] Washington), [5] the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico, [5] Norway, Slovenia, [5] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.

Edibility

Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible [6] and is not substantial. While similar-looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana , contain psilocybin, P. papilionaceus does not. [7]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus, P. retirugis, [1] and P. sphinctrinus [1]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  2. 1 2 3 Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 356–57. ISBN   978-0-89815-170-1.
  3. ↑ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 614. ISBN   978-0-593-31998-7.
  4. ↑ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
  6. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  7. ↑ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN   978-158-214-396-5.
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