Peniophora quercina

Last updated

Peniophora quercina
Peniophora-quercina-Crust-fungus-20110225a.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Peniophoraceae
Genus: Peniophora
Species:
P. quercina
Binomial name
Peniophora quercina
(Pers.) Cooke 1879
Synonyms [1]
Species synonymy

Peniophora quercina is a species of wood-decay fungus in the family Peniophoraceae. It produces fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. The wet fruit bodies are waxy and lilac, and attached strongly to the wood on which they grow. When dry, the edges curl up and reveal the dark underside, while the surface becomes crusty and pink. P. quercina is the type species of the genus Peniophora , with the species being reclassified as a member of the genus upon the latter's creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. P. quercina is found primarily in Europe, where it can be encountered all year. Though primarily growing upon dead wood, especially oak, it is also capable of growing upon still-living wood.

Contents

Taxonomy

Early descriptions of the species came from Carl Ludwig Willdenow, who named it Lichen carneus in 1787, and Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard, who, in 1790, named it Auricularia corticalis. However, the sanctioned name is Thelephora quercina, given by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the first volume of his Systema Mycologicum . [1] The specific name quercina is in reference to Quercus , the generic name for oak. [2] A number of authors (including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lucien Quélet and Giacomo Bresadola) reclassified Bulliard's Auricularia corticalis throughout the 19th century, while Persoon's Thelephora quercina was reclassified by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, who placed it in Corticium as Corticium quercinum. [1] However, in 1879, Mordecai Cubitt Cooke transferred the species to his newly described genus Peniophora , declaring it the type species. [3] Despite subsequent attempts at reclassification, Cooke's name is the one currently used. [1]

Description

Peniophora quercina produces resupinate fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. They are up to 0.5 mm (0.020 in) thick, and form irregular patches that sometimes measure several centimetres across. [4] Initially, the species forms small, disc-shaped fruit bodies through holes in bark, but these expand and merge to form the irregular patches. [5] When fresh, the surface is reminiscent of jelly or wax, and can be smooth or warty, varying in colour from a dull blue to lilac. Initially, they are firmly attached to the wood on which they are growing, but as they dry, the edges roll inwards [4] and reveal the dark brown or black underside. [5] The dry specimens have a crusty and slightly fissured surface, and, in colour, are a bright pink or grey, tinted with lilac. [4] There is a relatively thick layer of gelatinous flesh. Apart from a brown layer close to the wood, the flesh is hyaline. [6] The species has no distinctive odour or taste, and is inedible. [7]

Microscopic features

Peniophora quercina produces spores that take the shape of a curved cylinder (sausage shaped), [5] [6] and have been variously reported as light red, pink and white. [6] [7] [8] They measure from 8 to 12 by 3 to 4 micrometres (μm). [6] [8] The spores are borne on basidia, with four spores per basidium, [7] which measure 50 to 70 by 5 to 12 μm. [2] The species has hyaline cystidia with thick cell walls, which are "heavily encrusted with crystalline material". The cystidia are often buried within the fruit body as it grows, [6] but can be found in large numbers. [5] They have been variously described as spindle-shaped or conical, [6] [7] and measure 25 to 35 by 10 to 15 μm. The hyphae have clamp connections, and the base of the fruit body is made up of brown hyphae with moderately thick cell walls, measuring 3 to 4 μm in width. [2]

Similar species

Peniophora limulata is similar in appearance to P. quercina. However, the edges of the fruit body are highlighted in a dark black, and the species favours ash, as opposed to oak. [8]

Ecology and distribution

Peniophora quercina typically grows upon dead wood, which can be attached to the tree or fallen, [4] where it causes white rot. [9] It favours oak, but can also be found on other deciduous trees, [4] such as beech. [8] P. quercina is known to be a pioneer species on dead wood, which means it can be the first species to grow. [9] It is found in Europe, where it is very common. [4] Though it can be encountered all year, [6] it produces spores in late summer and autumn. [7] It has also been recorded in Amur, in eastern Asia. [10]

The species has also been identified in living sapwood, [11] though it is latent at this time, and it is probable that it waits until the wood begins to die (when it is drier, but contains more oxygen) before the mycelia begin to grow. [12] When the species was inoculated into living wood, it did grow, but only around the inoculation wound; the species did not spread as it would have done on dead wood. [9] Another study found that the species actively colonised partially living branches, causing white rot. However, the species had little effect on the cambium, and was mostly limited to the ends of branches. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Auricularia</i> Genus of fungi

Auricularia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps are typically gelatinous and ear-shaped, with a slightly downy to conspicuously hirsute upper surface and an under surface that is smooth, wrinkled or veined. All species grow on wood. Several Auricularia species are edible and commercially cultivated on a large scale in China and East Asia.

<i>Crucibulum</i> Genus of fungi

Crucibulum is a genus in the Nidulariaceae, a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests. Often called "splash cups", the fruiting bodies are adapted for spore dispersal by using the kinetic energy of falling drops of rain. The "eggs" inside the bird's nests are hard waxy shells containing spores, and tend to stick to whatever nearby herbage they land on, thus increasing the odds of being consumed and dispersed by herbivorous animals. Members of this genus are saprobic, obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter, and are typically found growing on decayed wood and wood debris. The three known Crucibulum species are distinguished from other genera of the Nidulariaceae by their relatively simple funiculus – a cord of hyphae that connects the peridiole to the exterior of the bird's nest.

<i>Terana caerulea</i> Species of fungus

Terana caerulea, commonly known as the cobalt crust fungus or velvet blue spread, is a saprobic crust fungus in the family Phanerochaetaceae. Usually found in warm, damp hardwood forests on the undersides of fallen logs and branches of deciduous trees, this unique fungus has been described as "blue velvet on a stick". This species was chosen as fungus of the year for 2009 by the German Mycological Society.

<i>Peniophora</i> Genus of fungi

Peniophora is a genus of fungi which are plant pathogens. Members of the genus belong to the class Agaricomycetes, order Russulales, and family Peniophoraceae. The genus is widespread, and contains 62 species. The species of Peniophora are resupinate, or crust-like, and are described as corticioid. A number of its members are parasitised by other fungi. For example, Tremella mesenterica is a parasite to several species of Peniophora.

<i>Exidia glandulosa</i> Species of fungus

Exidia glandulosa is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It is a common, wood-rotting species in Europe, typically growing on dead attached branches of oak. The fruit bodies are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) wide, shiny, black and blister-like, and grow singly or in clusters. Its occurrence elsewhere is uncertain because of confusion with the related species, Exidia nigricans.

<i>Atheniella adonis</i> Species of fungus

Atheniella adonis, which has the recommended name of scarlet bonnet in the UK, is a species of agaric in the family Cyphellaceae. Found in Asia, Europe, and North America, it produces small orangish to reddish mushrooms with caps up to 1.2 cm (0.5 in) in diameter and thin pinkish-white stems reaching 4 cm (1.6 in) long. The fungus typically grows in conifer woods and peat bogs, suggesting a preference for acidic environments. The appearance of several atypical fruitings on deciduous wood in the Netherlands in the late 1970s was attributed to increases in atmospheric pollution that raised the acidity of the wood substrate.

<i>Mycena vitilis</i> Species of fungus

Mycena vitilis, commonly known as the snapping bonnet, is a species of inedible mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the ground among leaves in damp places, especially under alder. The small pale gray to whitish fruit bodies are usually attached to small sticks buried in the leaves and detritus. They are distinguished by their long, slender stems that root into the ground, and by the grooved cap that reaches diameters of up to 2.2 cm (0.9 in). The grayish-white gills on the underside of the cap are distantly spaced, and adnately attached to the stem. M. vitilis contains strobilurin B, a fungicidal compound with potential use in agriculture.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. An ectomycorrhizal species, it is found in Asia, Africa, and North America. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corticioid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Corticium and subsequently to the family Corticiaceae, but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers and other texts.

<i>Podoserpula</i> Genus of fungi

Podoserpula is a genus of fungi in the family Amylocorticiaceae. The genus contains six species including the type species, P. pusio, commonly known as the pagoda fungus. Species of the genus Podoserpula produce fruit bodies consisting of up to a dozen caps arranged in overlapping shelves, attached to a central axis. Its unique shape is not known to exist in any other fungi. The genus is known to occur in Australia and New Zealand, Venezuela, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.

<i>Lactarius argillaceifolius</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius argillaceifolius is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The mushrooms produced by the fungus have convex to flattened drab lilac-colored caps that are up to 18 cm (7.1 in) wide. The cream-colored gills are closely spaced together and extend slightly down the length of the stem, which is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3.5 cm (1.4 in) thick. The mushroom produces an off-white latex when injured that stains the mushroom tissue brownish.

<i>Mycena stylobates</i> Species of fungus

Mycena stylobates, commonly known as the bulbous bonnet, is a species of inedible mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. Found in North America and Europe, it produces small whitish to gray fruit bodies with bell-shaped caps that are up to 15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter. The distinguishing characteristic of the mushroom is the fragile stipe, which is seated on a flat disk marked with distinct grooves, and fringed with a row of bristles. The mushrooms grow in small troops on leaves and other debris of deciduous and coniferous trees. The mushroom's spores are white in deposit, smooth, and ellipsoid-shaped with dimensions of 6–10 by 3.5–4.5 μm. In the development of the fruit body, the preliminary stipe and cap structures appear at the same time within the primordium, and hyphae originating from the stipe form a cover over the developing structures. The mycelia of the mushroom is believed to have bioluminescent properties.

<i>Thelephora palmata</i> Species of clavarioid fungus

Thelephora palmata is a species of clavarioid fungus in the family Thelephoraceae. The fruit bodies are leathery and coral-like, with branches that are narrow at the base before widening out like a fan and splitting into numerous flattened prongs. The wedge-like tips are whitish when young, but darken as the fungus matures. The common names of the fungus refers to its pungent odor, likened to fetid garlic. A widely distributed but uncommon species, it is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, where it fruits on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest.

<i>Peziza phyllogena</i> Species of fungus

Peziza phyllogena, commonly known as the common brown cup or the pig-ear cup, is a species of fungus in the family Pezizaceae. A saprobic species, the fungus produces brownish, cup-shaped fruit bodies that grow singly or in clusters on either soil or well-rotted wood. It is found in Europe, North America, and Iceland, where it fruits in the spring.

<i>Peziza domiciliana</i> Species of fungus

Peziza domiciliana, commonly known as the domicile cup fungus, is a species of fungus in the genus Peziza, family Pezizaceae. Described by English mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, the fungus grows on rotten wood, drywall/plasterboard, and plaster in homes, damp cellars, and basements. It is known from Asia, Europe, North America, and Antarctica.

<i>Xylobolus frustulatus</i> Species of fungus

Xylobolus frustulatus, commonly known as the ceramic fungus or ceramic parchment, is an inedible species of crust fungus in the Stereaceae family. The fruit body forms small, hard, flat crust-like aggregations that resemble broken pieces of ceramic tile. These pieces are initially whitish before turning yellow-brown to gray-brown in age. The spore-bearing cells cover the upper surfaces of the fruit body. A saprobic species, it grows on well-decayed oak wood in Asia, northern Europe, and North America.

<i>Amanita ochrophylla</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ochrophylla is a fungus of the family Amanitaceae native to southeastern Australia. Its large and distinctive buff fruit bodies are common after rainfall.

<i>Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva</i> Species of fungus

Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva is a species of bracket fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Known primarily from Australia, it has also been recorded from Brazil and India. It is a white-rot fungus that grows on rotting eucalyptus wood. Its main identifying feature is the lilac colour of the pore surface on the underside of the fruit body.

<i>Peniophora incarnata</i> Species of fungus

Peniophora incarnata, the rosy crust fungus, is a species of Basidiomycotal fungus in the order Russulales and family Peniophoraceae. It is a resupinate, or crust-like species, that grows on the surface of bark. In Scandinavia it grows on a range of deciduous hosts and less often on coniferous trees.

<i>Aleurodiscus oakesii</i> Species of fungus

Aleurodiscus oakesii is a cluster of small, gray-white, irregular cup-shaped saprotrophic fungi that grows on decaying hardwood tree bark. This fungus may also be called hophornbeam discs, and it causes smooth patch disease. A. oakesii is found year round in North America, Europe, and Asia and is commonly found on oak trees.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Peniophora quercina (Pers.) Cooke 1879". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 Rea, Carleton (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: a Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge University Press. p. 696.
  3. ↑ Cooke, Mordecai Cubitt (1879). "On Peniophora". Grevillea. 8 (45): 17–21.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sterry, Paul; Hughes, Barry (2009). Complete Guide to British Mushrooms & Toadstools. HarperCollins. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-00-723224-6.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Ellis, Martin Beazor; Ellis, J. Pamela (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. Springer. pp. 141–2. ISBN   978-0-412-36970-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Phillips, Roger (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books. p. 241. ISBN   0-330-26441-9.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Jordan, Michael (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. Frances Lincoln. p. 119. ISBN   0-7112-2378-5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Pegler, David (2001). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe. Pan Macmillan. p. 159. ISBN   978-0-86272-565-5.
  9. 1 2 3 Boddy, Lynne; Rayner, A. D. M. (1984). "Internal spread of fungi inoculated into attached oak branches". New Phytologist. 98 (1): 155–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb06105.x . JSTOR   2433986. PMID   29681123.
  10. ↑ Burt, Edward Angus (1931). "Hymenomycetous fungi of Siberia and eastern Asia–Mostly of wood-destroying species". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 18 (3): 469–487. doi:10.2307/2394033. JSTOR   2394033.
  11. ↑ Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar; Kruys, Nicholas (2001). Ecology of Woody Debris in Boreal Forests. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 50. ISBN   978-87-16-16432-2.
  12. ↑ Boddy, Lynne; Frankland, Juliet C.; West, Pieter (2008). Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes . Academic Press. p.  226. ISBN   978-0-12-374185-1.
  13. ↑ Boddy, Lynne; Rayner, A. D. M. (1983). "Ecological roles of Basidiomycetes forming decay communities in attached oak branches". New Phytologist. 93 (1): 77–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb02694.x . JSTOR   2431897.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.