| Pestalotiopsis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Conidia of Pestalotiopsis microspora | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Xylariomycetidae |
| Order: | Amphisphaeriales |
| Family: | Sporocadaceae |
| Genus: | Pestalotiopsis |
Pestalotiopsis is a genus of ascomycete fungi in the Sporocadaceae family. [1]
The genus was circumscribed by René Leopold Alix Ghislain Jules Steyaert in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. vol.19 on page 300 in 1949.
The genus name of Pestalotiopsis is in honour of Fortunato Pestalozza (died 1878), who was an Italian botanist and doctor who worked in Constantinople and Antalya. [2]
The phylogenetic relationships of genus Pestalotiopsis and allied genera has been calculated from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters in 2002. [3]
The sexual state of Pesalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria , which was introduced by Barr (in 1975) with the type species Pestalosphaeria concentrica. This species was isolated from the grey-brown spots on the living leaves of Rhododendron maximum growing in North Carolina, USA. [4]
Some species of Pestalotiopsis are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, Pestalotiopsis spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body. [5] In 2013, the first case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora was recorded. [6]
Pestalotiopsis species are known as plant pathogens, common endophytes or saprobes in a variety of hosts and environments. The species of fungi within this genus are normally considered as secondary pathogens that can be responsible for a variety of plant diseases, including cankers, dieback, leaf spots, needle blight, tip blight, grey blight, severe chlorosis, fruit rots and various other post-harvest diseases. [7] [8] [9] Pestalotiopsis species occur as generalist endophytes in trees of Western Ghats forests of southern India. [10] In Chile, Pestalotiopsis clavispora and other Pestalotiopsis spp. causes postharvest stem end rot on avocado plants. [11] Pestalotiopsis spp. also cause leaf spot on Japanese persimmon. [12]
19 different Pestalotiopsis species have been found as endophytes from bark and needles of Pinus armandii Franch. in China. [13] Botella and Diez reported the isolation of a Pestalotiopsis sp. from Pinus halepensis Mill. in Spain, [14] and Maharachchikumbura et al. referred to a Pestalotiopsis sp. isolated from a Pinus sp. in China. [15] Pestalotiopsis species have also been isolated as endophytes from pine seeds of Pinus armandii in Yunnan province, China, [16] and several other pine species across Europe and North America. [17] Then in 2020, Pestalotiopsis pini sp. nov., was found as an emerging pathogen on Stone Pine ( Pinus pinea L.) and on Pinus pinaster in Portugal. [18]
A new species of Pestalotiopsis from leaf spots on Licuala grandis from Hainan, China was found in 2013. [19]
Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis species were noted as causal agents of guava scab in Colombia. [20]
In 2018, the first report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (Dillenia indica) caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. occurred in India. [21]
In 2021, the first sighting of Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis causing leaf spot on Eurya nitida occurred in China. [22] In the same year, Pestalotiopsis kenyana was found to cause leaf spot disease on Zanthoxylum schinifolium (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China. [23]
Some members of the genus are able to grow on the synthetic polymer polyurethane as the sole carbon source under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, hence show promise as a form of bioremediation for waste reduction. [24]
Some members of the genus are able to produce taxol. [25]
In 2009, Chloropestolide A, an anti-tumor metabolite was found in Pestalotiopsis fici. [26] [27]
As accepted by Species Fungorum; [28]
A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 with some of the Pestalotiopsis species are found in the following tree: [29]
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The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.
The fungal genus Truncatella in the family Sporocadaceae, and in the Amphisphaeriales order, includes plant pathogens such as Truncatella laurocerasi.
The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants.
Pestalosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Pestalotiopsidaceae.
Apiospora is a genus of fungi which cause plant diseases. It gives its name to the family Apiosporaceae, which contains a number of other genera. This is historically a name for the teleomorph (sexual) life-cycle stage of the fungus; for some species the corresponding anamorph name is Arthrinium.
Seiridium is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Monochaetia is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae. Species in the genus are typically plant parasites and saprobes, and cause leaf spot diseases on various hosts.
Seimatosporium is a fungus genus within the family Sporocadaceae.
Diaporthomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi under the class Sordariomycetes.
The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales. It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.
Sporocadus is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Discosia is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Heterotruncatella is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Neopestalotiopsis is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Pseudopestalotiopsis is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.
Sarcostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae. Most species of this genus are saprobes, endophytes or pathogens on leaves.