| Philaeus chrysops | |
|---|---|
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| Philaeus chrysops. Male, dorsal view | |
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| Female, dorsal view | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Philaeus |
| Species: | P. chrysops |
| Binomial name | |
| Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) | |
| Synonyms | |
List
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Philaeus chrysops is a species of jumping spider (Salticidae).
Philaeus chrysops occurs in the Palearctic, from Portugal to South China and Korea. They are rather common in most of Europe, especially in the southern countries. They are not reported in Ireland, Iceland and some other northern regions, like most of Scandinavia, Estonia, Latvia and Northern European Russia. Outside Europe, they are present in North Africa, the Near East, Turkey, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia and Korea. [1] [2] [3]
These spiders prefer open and warm areas. They can usually be found in dry, rocky or sandy habitats, with low and open vegetation.
Normal body length is 7–12 millimetres (0.28–0.47 in), but 5 mm small males do occur. Unusual for spiders, the males are often bigger. The sexes differ extremely Sexual dimorphism: males are very colorful with a glaringly red opisthosoma (chrysops means "golden eye" in Greek). The males have a dark brown or blackish cephalothorax, usually with two broad longitudinal white stripes behind the rear eyes. The abdomen is bright orange-red on the back and the sides, with a longitudinal black stripe in the center and black shoulders. The long, slender legs are dark with the patellae and most of the tibiae of the first two pairs bright orange-red. [2]
The cephalothorax of the female is similar to the male, but with much smaller white stripes. The back of her abdomen is largely covered with a very broad rather irregular brown band with two longitudinal whitish stripes and a few whitish marks near the sides. The remainder of the abdomen and the sides may be orange-brown or pale brown, the legs light brown with dark brown rings. [1] [2]
These spiders can be found in the warm spring and summer months. The young spiders become adults around July. Like the other jumping spiders, this species does not use the canvas to capture prey. Philaeus chrysops hunts freely, quickly jumping on prey and blocking it with claws and pedipalps. Hunting takes place only during the day, in the hot hours. [2] When the adult male has found a female, it will start a courtship, shaking forelegs in the air and drumming on the ground with the abdomen and pedipalps. After the mating, females lay the eggs in a cocoon, watching them until hatching. [2] [4]
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Aelurillus desertus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Aelurillus that is endemic to the United Arab Emirates. It was first described in 2010 by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten. Initially only the male was described, the female following ten years later. The spider was originally classified in the genus Rafalus but was moved to its current genus at the same time as the female description was first published. The species is medium-sized with cephalothorax that is between 2.8 and 3.3 mm long and a abdomen that is between 2.8 and 4.8 mm long. The female is larger than the male. The carapace has a distinctive stripe. The female has three darker spots on the abdomen. The species can be distinguished by the existence of a triangular lobe on the palpal bulb on the male and the way that the copulatory openings are close to the rear of the epigyne on the female.
Langona bethae is a species of jumping spider in the genus Langona that lives in Botswana and Zimbabwe. The male was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming. The spider is large with a cephalothorax between 2.6 and 3.5 mm long and a abdomen between 2.2 and 4.4 mm. The female is larger than the male. The spider has a brown carapace that has two white streaks on the thorax a black eye field. It has the toothless chelicerae typical of the genus. It can be distinguished by its abdominal pattern, which has a yellow streak of an irregular shape. The male has a hidden embolus that is shorter than that on the related Langona pilosa. The female has copulatory organs that resemble Langelurillus ignorabilis but differ in the design of the seminal ducts.
Langona zimbabwensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Langona that lives in Zimbabwe. The male was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming in 2011. The female has not been identified. The spider is large with a cephalothorax between 2.9 and 3 mm long and an abdomen between 2.5 and 2.6 mm. The spider has a brown carapace with two faint white stripes on its back and a black eye field. It has the toothless chelicerae typical of the genus. It has a long and thin tibial apophysis. The spider can be distinguished from others in the genus by its distinctive pattern of 12 white spots, consisting of six pairs, and a black stripe on its abdomen.
Langona sabulosa is a species of jumping spider in the genus Langona that lives in Namibia. It was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is large with a cephalothorax between 2.2 and 4 mm long and a abdomen between 2.2 and 4.5 mm. The female is noticeably larger than the male and has a very different shape to its much larger abdomen, being more heart-shaped than oval. It has the toothless chelicerae typical of the genus. The abdomen has a large leaf-like pattern, which differentiates it from other species in the genus, as can the yellowish-orange colour of the pedipalps on the male. The female has a unique epigyne that led Wesołowska to question where it should be allocated in the subtribe Aelurillina.
Plexippus lutescens is a species of jumping spider in the genus Plexippus that lives in Namibia and Zimbabwe. It was first described in 2002 by Wanda Wesołowska. Only the male has been described. In 2017, Jerzy Prószyński declared it should be reclassified as the spider has a different palpal bulb to others in the genus, but this was not been undertaken. It is a medium-sized spider, with a cephalothorax typically 3.3 mm (0.13 in) long and an abdomen that is 4 mm (0.16 in) long. The dark brown carapace has three white stripes and the reddish-brown abdomen has a single stripe of lighter brown. The spider has a short tibial apophysis and thin embolus. It lacks the lateral lobe on the palpal bulb that is visible on other species in the genus.
Plexippus minor is a species of jumping spider in the genus Plexippus that lives in the United Arab Emirates. The male was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten in 2010 and the female in 2020. The spider is medium-sized with a cephalothorax between 3.1 and 3.8 mm long and an abdomen between 3.3 and 4.1 mm long. It has a shape and colouring typical of the genus. The male has a orange carapace while the female is brownish-fawn. The copulatory organs distinguish it from related species, particularly the male's shorter embolus and tibial apophysis and the female's wide pocket on its epigyne.
Eris militaris, known commonly as the bronze jumper or bronze lake jumper, is a species of jumping spider, belonging to the Salticidae family. It is found in the United States and Canada within both suburban and rural areas. The male and female of this species can be differentiated from their size or by the coloration on their cephalothorax and abdomen. The females have a lighter cephalothorax a slightly darker abdomen with white spots. They are active in the autumn and winter season and can be found in sheltered areas within vegetation. They can also be found living within apple orchards, where insecticides may be present, which can potentially effect or alter their personality and behavior. Their diet consists of small insects, almost anything they can hold.
