Pointing stick

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Pointing stick on a Lenovo ThinkPad Mouse pointing stick.jpeg
Pointing stick on a Lenovo ThinkPad
Detail: rear side of a Lenovo ThinkPad pointing stick with the strain gauges. Size: 8 x 8 mm. Out of patent Pointing stick of a Lenovo ThinkPad keyboard-4488.jpg
Detail: rear side of a Lenovo ThinkPad pointing stick with the strain gauges. Size: 8 x 8 mm. Out of patent
IBM ThinkPad caps (left-to-right): Soft Dome, Soft Rim, Classic Dome, Eraser Head (discontinued) Thinkpad trackpoint caps.JPG
IBM ThinkPad caps (left-to-right): Soft Dome, Soft Rim, Classic Dome, Eraser Head (discontinued)

A pointing stick (or trackpoint, also referred to generically as a nub or nipple) is a small analog stick used as a pointing device typically mounted centrally in a computer keyboard. Like other pointing devices such as mice, touchpads or trackballs, operating system software translates manipulation of the device into movements of the pointer on the computer screen. Unlike other pointing devices, it reacts to sustained force or strain rather than to gross movement, so it is called an "isometric" [1] pointing device. IBM introduced it commercially in 1992 on the ThinkPad 700 series under the name "TrackPoint", and patented an improved version of it in 1997 (but the patent expired in 2017). [2] It has been used for business laptops, such as Acer's TravelMate, Dell's Latitude, HP's EliteBook and Lenovo's ThinkPad.

Contents

The pointing stick senses applied force by using two pairs of resistive strain gauges. A pointing stick can be used by pushing with the fingers in the general direction the user wants the pointer to move. The velocity of the pointer depends on the applied force so increasing pressure causes faster movement. The relation between pressure and pointer speed can be adjusted, just as mouse speed is adjusted.

On a QWERTY keyboard, the stick is typically embedded between the G, H and B keys, and the mouse buttons are placed just below the space bar. The mouse buttons can be operated right-handed or left-handed due to their placement below the keyboard along the centerline. This pointing device has also appeared next to screens on compact-sized laptops such as the Toshiba Libretto and Sony VAIO UX.

Variants

Pointing sticks typically have a replaceable rubber cap, called a nub, which can be a slightly rough "eraser head" material or another shape. [3]

The cap is red on ThinkPads, but is also found in other colors on other machines. It may be gray, pink, black or blue on some Dell models, blue on some HP/Compaq laptops, and green or gray on most Toshiba laptops produced before the 2000s.

Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs.

In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called J-Mouse, [4] which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick.

In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to a D-pad or analog stick. On certain Toshiba Libretto mini laptops, the pointing stick was located next to the display. IBM sold a mouse with a pointing stick in the location where a scroll wheel is common now.

A pointing stick on a mid-1990s-era Toshiba laptop. The two buttons below the keyboard act as a computer mouse: the top button is used for left-clicking while the bottom button is used for right-clicking. Pointing stick Toshiba.jpg
A pointing stick on a mid-1990s-era Toshiba laptop. The two buttons below the keyboard act as a computer mouse: the top button is used for left-clicking while the bottom button is used for right-clicking.

Optical pointing sticks are also used on some Ultrabook tablet hybrids, such as the Sony Duo 11, ThinkPad Tablet and Samsung Ativ Q.

On the Gateway 2000 Liberty laptop the pointing stick is above the enter key on the right side of the keyboard.

A pointing stick was featured in the New Nintendo 3DS as a secondary analog stick, known as the C-Stick.

Design challenges

The IBM TrackPoint III and the TrackPoint IV have a feature called Negative Inertia that causes the pointer's velocity to "overreact" when it is accelerated or decelerated. Negative Inertia is intended to avoid the feeling of inertia or sluggishness when starting or stopping movement. [5] Usability tests at IBM have shown that it is easier for users to position the pointer with Negative Inertia, and performance is 7.8% better. [6]

Another challenge with pointing stick design is identification of the zero position (the position where no motion is desired). Because the amount of motion is small, the sensitivity of the sensors must be high, and they are subject to noise interference.

A typical solution, which assumes that pointing sticks frequently go out of calibration, is to interpret a variation below a certain threshold (over a given interval, perhaps one or several seconds) as being a neutral stick. However, the recalibration can also allow brief periods of 'drifting' (movement of the pointer while the user is not moving the pointing stick). [7]

In practice, if the re-calibration interval is set too short and if the user applies moderately consistent pressure to the stick for such an interval, this method results in an incorrect zero point. Additional pressure again moves the pointer, but the calibration may occur again, requiring even more force. If the user releases pressure at this point, the change will be interpreted as an instruction to move the opposite direction. In time, the software will re-calibrate and stop the motion.

Additionally, if "press-to-select" is enabled, the software may generate unexpected click events by touching the pointing stick during typing.

History

In 1984, Ted Selker, a researcher at PARC, worked on a pointing stick based on a study[ citation needed ] showing that it takes a typist 0.75 seconds to shift from the keyboard to the mouse, and comparable time to shift back. Selker built a model of a device that would minimize this time. It was only three years later, working at IBM, that Selker refined his design, resulting in the TrackPoint product [8] for which IBM received US patents in 1996 [9] [10] and 2000. [11]

Pointing sticks were the dominant pointing device for laptops before the advent of the touchpad. During later years, they faced a decline in popularity as most laptop-producing brands switched to touchpads, although as of 2021, some manufacturers like Lenovo still produce laptops with pointing sticks. [12]

Problem scope

A ThinkPad UltraNav featuring both a red pointing stick (top right) and a touchpad (bottom left) Ultranav assembly.JPG
A ThinkPad UltraNav featuring both a red pointing stick (top right) and a touchpad (bottom left)

Space constraints

A Dell Latitude E4310 laptop with a pointing stick (upper middle) and a touchpad (bottom). They were commonly featured together on Dell Latitude laptops, beginning in the late 1990s. Dell Latitude E4310 Pointing Stick and Touchpad.jpg
A Dell Latitude E4310 laptop with a pointing stick (upper middle) and a touchpad (bottom). They were commonly featured together on Dell Latitude laptops, beginning in the late 1990s.

The pointing stick can be used in ultra-compact netbooks [13] where there would be no place for a touchpad.

Finger motion reduction

The pointing stick is positioned such that the hands do not need to be removed from the home row to manipulate the mouse pointer. [14]

Continuous motion

Some people find them more appealing for mobile gaming than a touchpad, because the trackpoint allows infinite movement without repositioning. [14] This is because a user's finger may run off the edge of a touchpad while positioning the pointer, requiring them to reposition their finger in order to continue. [15]

Ergonomics

Some users feel that pointing sticks cause less wrist strain because a user does not need to avoid resting wrists on a touchpad, which are usually located just below the keyboard. One criticism is that because the pointing stick depends on the user's applying pressure, it can cause hand cramps (although this can be partly solved by setting the sensitivity higher and lifting the finger when the pointer is not being moved). Another criticism is that it stresses the index finger and may lead to repetitive strain injury.

A number of ergonomic studies to compare trackpoint and touchpad performance have been performed. [16] [17] Most studies find that touchpad is slightly faster; one study found that "the touchpad was operated 15% faster than the trackpoint". [18] Another study found that average object selection time was faster with a touchpad, 1.7 seconds compared to 2.2 seconds with a trackpoint, and object manipulation took 6.2 seconds with a touchpad, on average, against 8.1 seconds with trackpoint. [19]

Naming and brands

NameBrandCurrent ModelsPast ModelsColor
Acer FineTrackNone TravelMate 6410, 6460, 6492, 6492G, 6592, 6592G, 6593Green
Asus SensePointExpertBook P2S200, S200N, S200Ne, S300N
ASUS pro: B8230UA; ADVANCED BU201		Black/Gray, Blue/Gray
Casio  ?Cassiopeia Fiva MPC series
Dell TrackStick, Dual PointNone Latitude: 13": E4300, E4310, E6320, E6330, XT3; 14": E5400, E5410, E5420, E5430, E5440, E5450, E5470, 5480, 5490/95, E6420, E6430, E6430s, 6430u, E7440, E7450, E7470, 7480, 7490; 15": E5530, E5540, E5550, E5570, 5580, 5590, E6500, E6510, E6520, E6540
Retro Latitude: D400, D410, D420, D430, D600, D610, D620, D630, D800, D810, D820, D830, XT;
Precision: M2300, M2400, M4300, M4400, M4500, M4600, M4700, M4800, M6700, M6800, M6400, M6500, 3510, 3520, 3530, 7510, 7520, 7530, 7540, 7710, 7720, 7730, 7740;
Inspiron: 4000, 8100, 8200, 8600, 9100; L		Blue, black or gray
Elonex Mouse emulatorNone Elonex ONE Black
Fujitsu StickPoint, QuickPoint, Quick Touch [20] None Lifebook T2010, T2020, S7110, S7210, S7220, B2400/2500/2600 series, E8310 (optional), E8410 (optional), E8420 (optional), U1010/U810/U50, U820/U2010, P1100/1500/1600 series, P1620, P1610, P1630, P2120,Black or blue
GPD  ?NonePocket 1Blue
HP PointStickAll EliteBooks excluding 1000 series and Folio;
Some ZBooks excluding Studio series;
ProBook 6450b, 6455b & 6550b		All EliteBooks excluding 1000 series; all models ending with p or w; all models starting with nc, nw or c; 6445b (optional), 6545b (optional), tc4200, tc4400; Presario models starting with v, 8500Black, orange or blue (older models)
JVC, Victor (InterLink) Pointing Stick, TrackpointMP-XP3210, MP-XP5220, MP-XP7210, MP-XP7220, MP-XP7230, MP-XP7250, MP-XP731, MP-XP7310, MP-XP741, MP-XV631, MP-XP831, MP-XV841, MP-XV941
Blue/Gray
IBM, Lenovo TrackPointAll ThinkPads, excluding most Chromebooks; Travel Keyboard with UltranavMost ThinkPads, Space Saver II, Model M13, Model M4-1, Trackpoint IV, Trackpoint USB Keyboard, TransNote, Trackpoint MouseRed
NEC NX PointNoneEasyNote MX45, MX65, S5Dark Gray
Nintendo C-StickNone New Nintendo 3DS, New Nintendo 3DS XL and New Nintendo 2DS XL [21] [22] Gray
Samsung Pointing stickSeries 6, Ativ QSeries 4All colors
Sony Pointing stickNoneSony Vaio Duo 11, Sony VAIO P series, BX series, C1 series, U8 series, UX series, X505, Sony PS3 Wireless Keyboard [23] None
Sprintek FlexPointSK8702/SK8703 for Laptop/Tablet PC/Netbook/Industrial KeyboardNoneNone
Dynabook (formerly Toshiba)AccuPointTecra R Series, Z Series and W Series, Portege Z Series and R Series Portégé (not current models 06/2007), 300-7000 series, T3000 series; Tecra series 500-9000, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, M2, M5, M9, M10, M11, S Series; Satellite Pro series 400-4000, T2000; Satellite 100-4000 series, Libretto 50CT, 70CT, 100CTGreen, blue
Unicomp Pointing stickEnduraPro (for desktop)On-The-Stick, Mighty MouseRed

Informal names

Various informal names have been invented, including "nub", [24] "clit mouse", which is an intercommunity term, usually seen on ThinkPad forums, and "nipple mouse". [24] [25]

Other uses

While typically employed on a computer keyboard, IBM included one on its Trackpoint Mouse product; suggested uses included scrolling (as with a scroll wheel) or a dual-cursor system. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pointing device</span> Human interface device for computers

A pointing device is a human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) and CAD systems allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures by moving a hand-held mouse or similar device across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer and other visual changes. Common gestures are point and click and drag and drop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trackball</span> Pointing device

A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down ball mouse with an exposed protruding ball. Users roll the ball to position the on-screen pointer, using their thumb, fingers, or the palm of the hand, while using the fingertips to press the buttons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laptop</span> Personal computer for mobile use

A laptop computer or notebook computer, also known as a laptop or notebook, is a small, portable personal computer (PC). Laptops typically have a clamshell form factor with a flat-panel screen on the inside of the upper lid and an alphanumeric keyboard and pointing device on the inside of the lower lid. Most of the computer's internal hardware is in the lower part, under the keyboard, although many modern laptops have a built-in webcam at the top of the screen, and some even feature a touchscreen display. In most cases, unlike tablet computers which run on mobile operating systems, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for desktop computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ThinkPad</span> Business laptops and tablets series by Lenovo

ThinkPad is an American line of business-oriented laptop and tablet computers produced since 1992. The early models were designed, developed and marketed by International Business Machines (IBM) until it sold its PC business to Lenovo in 2005; since 2007, all new ThinkPad models have been branded Lenovo instead and the Chinese manufacturer has continued to develop and sell ThinkPads to the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Touchpad</span> Type of pointing device

A touchpad or trackpad is a type of pointing device. Its largest component is a tactile sensor: an electronic device with a flat surface, that detects the motion and position of a user's fingers, and translates them to 2D motion, to control a pointer in a graphical user interface on a computer screen. Touchpads are common on laptop computers, contrasted with desktop computers, where mice are more prevalent. Trackpads are sometimes used with desktop setups where desk space is scarce. Wireless touchpads are also available, as detached accessories. Due to the ability of trackpads to be made small, they were additionally used on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable media players.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scroll wheel</span> Component of a computer mouse used for scrolling

A scroll wheel is a wheel used for scrolling. The term usually refers to such wheels found on computer mice. It is often made of hard plastic with a rubbery surface, centred around an internal rotary encoder. It is usually located between the left and right mouse buttons and is positioned perpendicular to the mouse surface. Sometimes the wheel can be pressed left and right, which is actually just two additional macros buttons.

Edwin Joseph Selker, better known as Ted Selker, is an American computer scientist known for his user interface inventions.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pen computing</span> Uses a stylus and tablet/touchscreen

Pen computing refers to any computer user-interface using a pen or stylus and tablet, over input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Input device</span> Device that provides data and signals to a computer

In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, computer mice, scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones.

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References

  1. ↑ "WO2001014957A1 - Control stick for a finger pointing device - Google Patents". 2001-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  2. ↑ "US6115030A - Trackpoint device - Google Patents". 1997-12-18. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  3. ↑ "Lenovo Support and Downloads: TrackPoint Caps and how to order for ThinkPad systems and TrackPoint Keyboards". IBM.com. 2007-07-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  4. ↑ "J-Mouse - Trained In Tech". Archived from the original on 2023-05-05.
  5. ↑ US 5570111,Robert C. Barrett; Robert S. Olyha, Jr.& Joseph D. Rutledge,"Graphical user interface cursor positioning device having a negative inertia ...",issued 1996-10-29
  6. ↑ R. C. Barrett; E. J. Selker; J. D. Rutledge*; R. S. Olyha* (1995). "Negative Inertia: A Dynamic Pointing Function". SIGCHI. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ "R/Thinkpad - Track point drift". 30 September 2014.
  8. ↑ Golden, Peter. "The development of the IBM ThinkPad, Part I: big BLUE'S big ADVENTURE". Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
  9. ↑ US 5521596,Edwin J. Selker&Joseph D. Rutledge,"Analog input device located in the primary typing area of a keyboard",issued 1996-05-28
  10. ↑ US 5489900,Matthew F. Cali; Jerome J. Cuomo& Donald J. Mikalsenet al.,"Force sensitive transducer for use in a computer keyboard",issued 1996-02-06
  11. ↑ US US6115030,Viktors Berstis&Thomas Guthrie Zimmerman,"Trackpoint device",issued 2000-09-05
  12. ↑ Osborne, Joe (2017-06-21). "Why the ThinkPad TrackPoint is still a thing, according to Lenovo's chief designer". TechRader. Future Publishing. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  13. ↑ Miller, Paul (2009-01-07). "Sony VAIO P hands-on". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
  14. 1 2 Lee, Jon (2007-04-25). "Trackpoint vs Touchpad". jonlee.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.
  15. ↑ "Looking for Nub: Best and Worst Notebook Pointing Sticks". www.laptopmag.com. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  16. ↑ Batra, S.; Dykstra, D.; Hsu, P.; Radle, K.; Wiedenbeck, S. (1998). "Pointing device performance for laptop computers". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting. Human Factors Society: 535–540.
  17. ↑ Sutter, C.; Ziefle, M (2005). "Interacting with notebook input devices: An analysis of motor performance and users' expertise". Human Factors. 47 (1). Human Factors Society: 169–187. doi:10.1518/0018720053653893. PMID   15960095. S2CID   8573990.
  18. ↑ Sutter, Christine; Armbrüster, Claudia; Oehl, Michael; Müsseler, Jochen (2008). "Office work places with laptop computers: User specific requirements for input devices and software design" (PDF). USA Publishing.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ↑ Sutter, C.; Ziefle, M. (2003). How to handle notebook input devices: an insight in button use strategy. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 241–251. ISBN   9780415309943.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Support & Downloads". Fujitsu. 2002-12-01. Archived from the original on 2002-12-01. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  21. ↑ "Controller". 26 April 2024.
  22. ↑ "New Nintendo 3DS XL Review". PC Magazine. 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  23. ↑ "Japan scores official Bluetooth PS3 keyboard for ¥5,000". 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  24. 1 2 Munroe, Randall (2007-04-02). "Appropriate Term". xkcd . Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  25. ↑ Eric S. Raymond, Guy L. Steele Jr.; et al. "nipple mouse". Jargon File. Retrieved 2011-07-08. Based on The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. 1996. ISBN   9780262680929.
  26. ↑ "TrackPoint Mouse". IBM. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
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