Porpolomopsis calyptriformis

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Porpolomopsis calyptriformis
2007-10-06 Hygrocybe calyptriformis 369513.jpg
In England
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Porpolomopsis
Species:
P. calyptriformis
Binomial name
Porpolomopsis calyptriformis
(Berk.) Bresinsky (2008)
Synonyms [2]

Agaricus calyptriformis Berk. (1838)
Hygrophorus calyptriformis(Berk.) Berk. (1860)
Hygrocybe calyptriformis(Berk.) Fayod (1889)
Godfrinia calyptriformis (Berk.) Herink (1958)
Porpoloma calyptriformis (Berk.) Bresinsky (2003)

Contents

Porpolomopsis calyptriformis, commonly known as the pink wax cap, ballerina waxcap or salmon waxy cap, [3] is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [1] A similar but as yet unnamed species occurs in North America. [4]

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1838 by the Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley as Agaricus calyptraeformis (so spelt), based on specimens he collected locally in England. In 1889, Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod moved it to the genus Hygrocybe . The specific epithet comes from Greek καλὐπτρα (= a woman's veil) + Latin forma (= shape), hence "veil-shaped". [5]

In 2008, Bresinsky proposed the genus Porpolomopsis to accommodate the species. [6] Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, found that Porpolomopsis calyptriformis does not belong in Hygrocybe sensu stricto and confirmed its removal to the genus Porpolomopsis . [6] [7]

Description

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 125mm (5 in) tall, the cap narrowly conical at first, retaining an acute umbo when expanded, up to 75mm (3 in) across, often splitting when expanded, the margins turning upwards. The cap surface is smooth to fibrillose, slightly shiny or greasy, pale rose-pink to lilac-pink (rarely white). The lamellae (gills) are widely spaced, waxy, cap-coloured or whiter. The stipe (stem) is smooth, white to pale cap-coloured, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, c. 6.5 to 8.0 by 4.5 to 5.5μm. [8]

The species can normally be distinguished in the field, thanks to its shape and colour. No other European waxcap is pink with a pointed cap. [8]

Distribution and habitat

The Pink Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe, with its "stronghold" in the United Kingdom [1] where it is not uncommon. Like other waxcaps, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). The species has been reported from North America, but specimens that have been DNA-sequenced are not the same as the European P. calyptriformis. [4]

Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses. [9]

Conservation

Porpolomopsis calyptriformis is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [1] It is also one of 33 larger fungi proposed for international protection under the Bern Convention. [10] Porpolomopsis calyptriformis also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Austria, [11] Bulgaria, [12] the Czech Republic, [13] Denmark, [14] France, [15] Germany (Bavaria), [16] Hungary, [15] Italy, [15] Poland, [17] Slovakia, [18] Spain, [15] and Switzerland. [19]

Porpolomopsis calyptriformis
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Conical cap icon.svg Cap is conical
Adnate gills icon2.svgFree gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate or free
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Related Research Articles

<i>Hygrocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Hygrocybe is a genus of agarics in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English, basidiocarps are often brightly coloured and have dry to waxy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems. In Europe they are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands which are a declining habitat, making many Hygrocybe species of conservation concern. Four of these waxcap-grassland species, Hygrocybe citrinovirens, H. punicea, H. spadicea, and H. splendidissima, are assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Elsewhere waxcaps are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be biotrophs. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several Hygrocybe species are considered edible and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets.

<i>Hygrocybe punicea</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe punicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Records of H. punicea from North America, East Asia, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species.

<i>Cuphophyllus</i> Genus of fungi

Cuphophyllus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Cuphophyllus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Cuphophyllus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, four species, Cuphophyllus atlanticus, C. colemannianus, C. lacmus, and C. lepidopus are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Gliophorus</i> Genus of fungi

Gliophorus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Gliophorus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, two species, Gliophorus europerplexus and Gliophorus reginae, are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe chlorophana</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe chlorophana is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of golden waxcap in the UK. The species has a largely north temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and northern Asia; it has also been reported from mountainous areas of southern Australia. It typically produces basidiocarps in the autumn. In a few European countries, H. chlorophana is of conservation concern, appearing on national red lists of threatened fungi.

<i>Cuphophyllus pratensis</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus pratensis is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of meadow waxcap in the UK and in North America has variously been called the meadow waxy cap, salmon waxy cap, and butter meadowcap. The species has a widespread, mainly temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland elsewhere. The basidiocarps are edible and are occasionally collected and sold commercially.

<i>Gliophorus irrigatus</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus irrigatus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of slimy waxcap in the UK. The species is widespread in temperate regions, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and elsewhere.

<i>Hygrocybe quieta</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe quieta is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of oily waxcap in the UK. The species has a European distribution and typically occurs in grassland where it produces basidiocarps in the autumn. In several countries, H. quieta is of conservation concern, appearing on national red lists of threatened fungi.

<i>Gliophorus europerplexus</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus europerplexus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of butterscotch waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Gliophorus reginae</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus reginae is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of jubilee waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe splendidissima</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe splendidissima, is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Splendid Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Neohygrocybe ingrata</i> Species of fungus

Neohygrocybe ingrata is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of dingy waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe citrinovirens</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe citrinovirens is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Neohygrocybe ovina</i> Species of fungus

Neohygrocybe ovina is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of blushing waxcap, since the lamellae (gills) and flesh turn pinkish red when bruised. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe spadicea</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe spadicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Date Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Cuphophyllus colemannianus</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus colemannianus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of toasted waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Cuphophyllus lacmus</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus lacmus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of grey waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Neohygrocybe nitrata</i> Species of fungus

Neohygrocybe nitrata is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of nitrous waxcap, based on its smell. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Neohygrocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Neohygrocybe is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Neohygrocybe species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Neohygrocybe species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, three species, Neohygrocybe ingrata, Neohygrocybe nitrata, and Neohygrocybe ovina, are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Cuphophyllus lepidopus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of scalyfoot waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Pink Waxcap Porpolomopsis calyptriformis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" . Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  2. ↑ "Porpolomopsis calyptriformis". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  3. ↑ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN   0027-5514.
  4. 1 2 "Taxonomy in Detail: Pink Waxcap Porpolomopsis calyptriformis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" . Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  5. ↑ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
  6. 1 2 Lodge DJ; et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi: 10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0 . S2CID   220615978. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  7. ↑ Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC   3160800 . PMID   22025807.
  8. 1 2 Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN   978-87-983581-7-6.
  9. ↑ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID   21139028. S2CID   318326.
  10. ↑ "33 threatened fungi in Europe" (PDF). ECCF. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  11. ↑ "Austrian fungi database". Austrian Mycological Siociety. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  12. ↑ Gyosheva MM, Denchev CM, Dimitrova EG, Assyov B, Petrova RD, Stoichev DT (2006). "Red List of fungi in Bulgaria" (PDF). Mycologia Balcanica. 3: 81–87.
  13. ↑ "Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic". Czech Scientific Society for Mycology. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  14. ↑ "Den danske rødliste". Aarhus Universitet. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Species dossier: Hygrocybe calyptriformis" (PDF). Plantlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  16. ↑ "Rote Liste gefährdeter Großpilze Bayerns" (PDF). Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  17. ↑ "Czerwona Lista grzybów Polski". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  18. ↑ "Red list of Slovak fungi" (PDF). Slovak Mycological Society. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  19. ↑ "Provisorische Rote Liste". Pilze Schweiz. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
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