Province of Upper Silesia

Last updated • 7 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Province of Upper Silesia
Provinz Oberschlesien (German)
Province of Prussia
1919–1938
1941–1945
Map-Prussia-UpperSilesia.svg
Upper Silesia (Red)
within the Free State of Prussia (Blue).
Gau Oberschlesien.png
Administrative districts and counties in the Gau of Upper Silesia (1943)
Capital Oppeln (1919–1938)
Kattowitz (1941–1945)
Area
 • Coordinates 50°40′13.080″N17°55′13.040″E / 50.67030000°N 17.92028889°E / 50.67030000; 17.92028889
 
• 1925
9,702 km2 (3,746 sq mi)
Population 
• 1925
1,379,408
History 
• Established
1919
1938–1941
• Disestablished
1945
Political subdivisions Kattowitz region
Oppeln region
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Flagge Preussen - Provinz Schlesien.svg Province of Silesia
POL wojewodztwo slaskie II RP COA.svg Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)
Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939) POL wojewodztwo slaskie II RP COA.svg
Silesian Voivodeship (1945–1950) Blank.png
District of Opolian Silesia Blank.png
Today part of Poland
Czech Republic

The Province of Upper Silesia (German : Provinz Oberschlesien; Silesian German: Provinz Oberschläsing; Silesian : Prowincyjŏ Gōrny Ślōnsk; Polish : Prowincja Górny Śląsk) was a province of the Free State of Prussia from 1919 to 1945. It comprised much of the region of Upper Silesia and was eventually divided into two government regions ( Regierungsbezirke ) called Kattowitz (1939–1945), and Oppeln (1819–1945). The provincial capital was Oppeln (1919–1938) and Kattowitz (1941–1945), while other major towns included Beuthen, Gleiwitz, Hindenburg O.S., Neiße, Ratibor and Auschwitz, added in 1941 (the place of future extermination of Jews in World War II). [1] Between 1938 and 1941 it was reunited with Lower Silesia as the Province of Silesia.

Contents

History

Historical population

Perhaps the earliest exact census figures on ethnic or national structure of Regierungsbezirk Oppeln (Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz did not yet exist) are from 1819. In 1819 the Oppeln Region had 561,203 inhabitants, including the following "Nationalverschiedenheit": [2]

Poles: 377,100 (67,2%)
Germans: 162,600 (29,0%)
Moravians: 12,000 (2,1%)
Jews: 8,000 (1,4%)
Czechs: 1,600 (0,3%)

The population more than doubled during the next five decades, reaching over 1,2 million inhabitants by year 1867, including around 742 thousand Poles [3] : 8–9  and around 457 thousand Germans. [4] The indigenous Polish population was subjected to Germanisation policies. The last pre-World War I general census figures available, are from 1910 (if not including the 1911 census of school children - Sprachzählung unter den Schulkindern - which revealed a higher percent of Polish-speakers among school children than the 1910 census among the general populace). Large demographic changes took place between 1819 and 1910, with the region's total population quadrupling, the percent of German-speakers increasing significantly, and that of Polish-speakers declining considerably. Also the total land area in which Polish was spoken, as well as the land area in which it was spoken by the majority, declined between 1790 and 1890. [5] Polish authors before 1918 estimated the number of ethnic Poles in Prussian Upper Silesia as slightly higher than according to figures from official German censuses. [6]

Exact ethnolinguistic figures for the 19th century and early 20th century can be found in Table 1.:

Table 1. Numbers of Polish, German and other inhabitants (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln) [2] [3] [7]
Year18191828183118341837184018431846185218551858186118671890190019051910
Polish377,100

(67.2%)

418,837

(61.1%)

443,084

(62.0%)

468,691

(62.6%)

495,362

(62.1%)

525,395

(58.6%)

540,402

(58.1%)

568,582

(58.1%)

584,293

(58.6%)

590,248

(58.7%)

612,849

(57.3%)

665,865

(59.1%)

742,153

(59.8%)

918,728 (58.2%)1,048,230 (56.1%)1,158,805 (57.0%)Census, monolingual Polish: 1,169,340(53.0%) [3] : 27 

or up to1,560,000 together with bilinguals [6]

German162,600

(29.0%)

255,483

(37.3%)

257,852

(36.1%)

266,399

(35.6%)

290,168

(36.3%)

330,099

(36.8%)

348,094

(37.4%)

364,175

(37.2%)

363,990

(36.5%)

366,562

(36.5%)

406,950

(38.1%)

409,218

(36.3%)

457,545

(36.8%)

566,523 (35.9%)684,397 (36.6%)757,200 (37.2%)884,045(40.0%)
Other21,503

(3.8%)

10,904

(1.6%)

13,254

(1.9%)

13,120

(1.8%)

12,679

(1.6%)

41,570

(4.6%)

42,292

(4.5%)

45,736

(4.7%)

49,445

(4.9%)

48,270

(4.8%)

49,037

(4.6%)

51,187

(4.6%)

41,611

(3.4%)

92,480

(5.9%)

135,519

(7.3%)

117,651

(5.8%)

Total population: 2,207,981

Weimar Republic

From 1919 to 1921 three Silesian Uprisings occurred among the Polish-speaking populace of Upper Silesia; the Battle of Annaberg was fought in the region in 1921. In the Upper Silesia plebiscite of March 1921, 59,4% voted against merging with Poland and 40,6% voted for, [8] [9] with clear lines dividing Polish and German communities. The exact border, the maintenance of cross-border railway traffic and other necessary co-operations, as well as equal rights for all inhabitants in both parts of Upper Silesia, were all fixed by the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia, [10] signed in Geneva on 15 May 1922. On 20 June the Weimar Republic ceded, de facto, the eastern parts of Upper Silesia, becoming part of the Silesian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic. Within Weimar Germany, the Prussian Province of Silesia was divided into the provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia The territory remaining in Prussian Upper Silesia was administered within the Oppeln Region and — according to Polish sources — had 530,000 Poles within it. [11]

Nazi Germany

After the Nazis' takeover in Germany, anti-Semitic laws were also introduced in German Upper Silesia, against the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia of 1922. Among other stipulations, according to the treaty each contractual party guaranteed in its respective part of Upper Silesia equal civil rights for all the inhabitants. The German Upper Silesian Franz Bernheim succeeded in convincing the League of Nations to force Nazi Germany to abide by the Accord, by filing the Bernheim petition. [12] Accordingly, in September 1933 the Reich's Nazi government suspended in German Upper Silesia all anti-Semitic discrimination laws already imposed and excepted the province from all new such future decrees, until the Accord expired in May 1937. [13]

The Polish population was also increasingly persecuted. The first conference of the Nazi anti-Polish organization Bund Deutscher Osten in Upper Silesia was held on 9 June 1933 in Gliwice. [14] A secret Sicherheitsdienst report from 1934, mentioned Bytom, Gliwice, Prudnik, Strzelce Opolskie, Zabrze and the Olesno and Opole rural districts as the main centers of the Polish movement in the province. [15] In August 1937, the Germans arrested 31 Polish youth activists. [16]

The Province of Upper Silesia was joined to Lower Silesia to form the Province of Silesia in 1938. The persecution of Poles then further intensified. [17]

World War II

After the invasion of Poland in 1939, Polish Upper Silesia, including the Polish industrial city of Katowice, was directly annexed into the Province of Silesia. This annexed territory, also known as East Upper Silesia (Ostoberschlesien), became part of the new Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz.

German occupation forces began a policy of repression against the Polish population of eastern Upper Silesia, which started as early as September 1939 [18] based on lists made before the war that pointed out Poles active in social and political life. [18] A second wave of arrests happened during October and November in Intelligenzaktion Schlesien, aimed against Polish intellectuals, many of whom perished in prison camps. A third wave of arrests came in April and May 1940 during the AB Aktion.

In Katowice, according to the historian Czesław Madajczyk, one of the harshests centres of oppression was the prison on Mikołowska street where people were reported to be murdered by Germans through the use of guillotine. [18] A prison and penal camp were also established in the region in which Polish activists from Upper Silesia were held. [18]

At the same time, the Polish population was expelled from eastern Upper Silesia; from 1939 until 1942, 40,000 Poles were expelled. [19] In their place, ethnic Germans from Volhynia and the Baltic countries were settled in Upper Silesia's urban areas. Until 1943, about 230,000 ethnic Germans were located on the Polish territories of eastern Upper Silesia and the Wartheland. [20] [21] The death toll of the Polish population in Upper Silesia at the hands of Germans is about 25,000 victims, with 20,000 of them being from urban population. [18]

Province of Upper Silesia during World War II, composed of merged German and Polish territories. Gorny slask 1945.png
Province of Upper Silesia during World War II, composed of merged German and Polish territories.

In 1941, the Province of Silesia was again divided into the Provinces of Upper and Lower Silesia; German-occupied Katowice was made the capital of Upper Silesia instead of the smaller city of Oppeln (Opole).

The Germans established and operated a network of Polenlager forced labour camps, several subcamps of Auschwitz, and several prisoner-of-war camps, including Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-F, Stalag Luft 7 and Oflag VIII-A, with numerous forced labour subcamps in the province, for Polish, French, Belgian, Dutch, British, Canadian, Australian, American and other Allied POWs. [22]

The German province of Upper Silesia was conquered by the Soviet Red Army from February until the end of March 1945 during World War II's Lower and Upper Silesian Offensives. The post-war Potsdam Agreement granted the entire province's territory to the People's Republic of Poland; the territory is now in the Polish Opole and Silesian Voivodeships. Most Germans remaining in the territory were expelled westward in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The Landsmannschaft Schlesien represents German Silesians from Upper and Lower Silesia. Near and in Opole, a German minority remains.

Upper Silesia was known to be a poor, but heavily industrialised and polluted area. This was one of the Areas that P. G. Wodehouse was sent to after he was captured in the North of France as an Enemy Alien. He was said to have commented on the state of the area "If this is Upper Silesia, one has to wonder what Lower Silesia is like."

Post-war period

During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same territory corresponding to pre-1938 Province of Upper Silesia (which became part of Poland in 1945) was inhabited as of December 1950 by:

1950 population by place of residence back in 1939: [23]
Region (within 1939 borders):NumberPercent
Autochthons (1939 DE/FCD citizens)789,71659.23%
Polish expellees from Kresy (USSR)232,78517.46%
Poles from abroad except the USSR24,7721.86%
Resettlers from the City of Warsaw 11,3330.85%
From Warsaw region (Masovia)7,0190.53%
From Białystok region and Sudovia 2,2290.17%
From pre-war Polish Pomerania 5,4440.41%
Resettlers from Poznań region 8,9360.67%
Katowice region (East Upper Silesia)91,0116.83%
Resettlers from the City of Łódź 1,2500.09%
Resettlers from Łódź region 13,0460.98%
Resettlers from Kielce region 16,7071.25%
Resettlers from Lublin region 7,6000.57%
Resettlers from Kraków region 60,9874.57%
Resettlers from Rzeszów region 23,5771.77%
place of residence in 1939 unknown36,8342.76%
Total pop. in December 19501,333,246100.00%

Before the war, German Upper Silesia was home to a very large ethnically Polish/Silesian minority in Germany, so the flight and expulsion of Germans did not affect the region as much. In 1950, most of the region's population were its autochthons, who had had German citizenship before World War II, and were granted Polish citizenship after 1945. There were also many newcomers, especially from Eastern Poland annexed by the USSR and from pre-war Polish Upper Silesia.

Government regions

(As of 1 January 1945)

Government building in Oppeln (Opole), 1930s Oppeln Regierungsgebaude.jpg
Government building in Oppeln (Opole), 1930s

Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz

Urban districts (Stadtkreise)
  1. City of Beuthen
  2. City of Gleiwitz
  3. City of Hindenburg in Oberschlesien
  4. City of Kattowitz
  5. City of Königshütte
Rural districts (Landkreise)
  1. Landkreis Bendsburg
  2. Landkreis Beuthen-Tarnowitz
  3. Landkreis Bielitz
  4. Landkreis Kattowitz
  5. Landkreis Krenau
  6. Landkreis Ilkenau
  7. Landkreis Pless
  8. Landkreis Rybnik
  9. Landkreis Saybusch
  10. Landkreis Teschen
  11. Landkreis Tost-Gleiwitz

Regierungsbezirk Oppeln

Urban districts (Stadtkreise)
  1. City of Nysa (Neisse)
  2. City of Opole (Oppeln)
  3. City of Racibórz (Ratibor)
Rural districts (Landkreise)
  1. Landkreis Blachstädt
  2. Landkreis Cosel
  3. Landkreis Falkenberg in Oberschleisen
  4. Landkreis Groß Strehlitz
  5. Landkreis Grottkau
  6. Landkreis Guttentag
  7. Landkreis Kreuzburg in Oberschlesien
  8. Landkreis Leobschütz
  9. Landkreis Lublinitz
  10. Landkreis Neisse
  11. Landkreis Neustadt in Oberschlesien
  12. Landkreis Oppeln
  13. Landkreis Ratibor
  14. Landkreis Rosenberg
  15. Landkreis Warthenau

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper Silesia</span> Historical region

Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heavy industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</span> Territories of Poland annexed during WWII

Following the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic was annexed by Nazi Germany and placed directly under the German civil administration. The rest of Nazi-occupied Poland was renamed as the General Government district. The annexation was part of the "fourth partition of Poland" by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, outlined months before the invasion, in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</span> Voting regarding the German–Polish border

The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with both Germans and Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. Under the previous rule by the German Empire, Poles claimed they had faced discrimination, making them effectively second class citizens. The period of the plebiscite campaign and inter-Allied occupation was marked by violence. There were three Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breslau (region)</span> Regierungsbezirk of Silesia

Regierungsbezirk Breslau, known colloquially as Middle Silesia was a Regierungsbezirk, or government region, in the Prussian Province of Silesia and later Lower Silesia from 1813 to 1945. It comprised the eastern parts of the historic Lower Silesia region and the former County of Kladsko, both of which were conquered by Prussia in the First Silesian War in 1742.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silesians</span> Inhabitants of the Silesia region

Silesians is both an ethnic as well as a geographical term for the inhabitants of Silesia, a historical region in Central Europe divided by the current national boundaries of Poland, Germany, and Czechia. Historically, the region of Silesia has been inhabited by Polish, Czechs, and by Germans. Therefore, the term Silesian can refer to anyone of these ethnic groups. However, in 1945, great demographic changes occurred in the region as a result of the Potsdam Agreement leaving most of the region ethnically Polish and/or Slavic Upper Silesian. The Silesian language is one of the regional languages used in Poland alongside Polish as well as Kashubian and is structured with in a SVO format, however the grammar is quite often different to that of the other Lechitic languages. The names of Silesia in different languages most likely share their etymology—Polish: ; German: Schlesienpronounced[ˈʃleːzi̯ən] ; Czech: Slezsko ; Lower Silesian: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślōnsk ; Lower Sorbian: Šlazyńska ; Upper Sorbian: Šleska ; Latin, Spanish and English: Silesia; French: Silésie; Dutch: Silezië; Italian: Slesia; Slovak: Sliezsko; Kashubian: Sląsk. The names all relate to the name of a river and mountain in mid-southern Silesia, which served as a place of cult for pagans before Christianization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolf Bertram</span> German Roman Catholic cardinal (1859–1945)

Adolf Bertram was archbishop of Breslau and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expulsion of Poles by Germany</span>

The expulsion of Poles by Germany was a prolonged anti-Polish campaign of ethnic cleansing by violent and terror-inspiring means lasting nearly half a century. It began with the concept of Pan-Germanism developed in the early 19th century and culminated in the racial policy of Nazi Germany that asserted the superiority of the Aryan race. The removal of Poles by Germany stemmed from historic ideas of expansionist nationalism. It was implemented at different levels and different stages by successive German governments. It ended with the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Koppe</span> German Nazi, SS and police leader, SS-Obergruppenführer

Karl Heinrich Wilhelm Koppe was a German Nazi commander. He was responsible for numerous atrocities against Poles and Jews in Reichsgau Wartheland and the General Government during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ochota massacre</span> 1944 Nazi massacre in Warsaw, Poland

The Ochota massacre was a wave of German-orchestrated mass murder, looting, arson, torture and rape, which swept through the Warsaw district of Ochota from 4–25 August 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising. The principal perpetrators of these war crimes were the Nazi collaborationist S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A., the so-called "Russian National Liberation Army", commanded by Bronislav Kaminski.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czesław Madajczyk</span> Polish historian (1921–2008)

Czesław Madajczyk was a Polish historian. His studies on the German occupation of Europe after 1938, and in particular on the occupation of Poland and on World War II Polish culture, are considered particularly important by the European scholarly community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Annaberg</span> 1921 battle of the Third Silesian Uprising

The Battle of (the) Annaberg was the biggest battle of the Silesian Uprisings. The battle, which took place between May 21–26, 1921, was fought at the Annaberg, a strategic hill near the village of Annaberg O.S., located southeast of Oppeln (Opole) in Upper Silesia, Weimar Germany. After the hill had been captured by irregular Polish-Silesian units in the Third Silesian Uprising, German Freikorps pushed the Polish forces back. The final border was determined by political and diplomatic efforts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomasz Szarota</span> Polish historian and publicist

Tomasz Marceli Szarota is a Polish historian and publicist. As a historian, his areas of expertise relate to history of World War II, and everyday life in occupied Poland, in particular, in occupied Warsaw and other occupied major European cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Łąka Prudnicka</span> Village in Opole Voivodeship, Poland

Łąka Prudnicka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prudnik, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Prudnik and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole. Historically located in Upper Silesia, in the Prudnik Land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moszczanka, Opole Voivodeship</span> Village in Opole Voivodeship, Poland

Moszczanka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prudnik, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. Historically located in Upper Silesia, in the Prudnik Land.

East Upper Silesia is the easternmost extremity of Silesia, the eastern part of the Upper Silesian region around the city of Katowice. The term is used primarily to denote those areas that became part of the Second Polish Republic on 20 June 1922, as a consequence of the post-World War I Treaty of Versailles. Prior to World War II, the Second Polish Republic administered the area as Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. East Upper Silesia was also known as Polish (Upper) Silesia, and the German (Upper) Silesia was known as West Upper Silesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ewald Latacz</span>

Ewald Latacz was a Silesian politician. He practiced as a lawyer in Racibórz since 1913, and as a civil law notary since 1919. He also co-founded the Union of Upper Silesians, a movement dedicated to independence of Upper Silesia, in 1918.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany</span> World War II expulsions

The Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany during World War II was a massive operation consisting of the forced resettlement of over 1.7 million Poles from the territories of German-occupied Poland, with the aim of their Germanization between 1939 and 1944.

University of the Western Lands was an underground Polish university in occupied Poland during World War II. The faculty was composed mostly of the professors of Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań who had been expelled by the Nazis, and included 17 different units, among them the faculty of medicine and surgery. It operated primarily in Warsaw from 1940 to 1944 and had branches in Kielce, Jędrzejów, Częstochowa and Milanówek.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish War Reparations Bureau</span>

Biuro Odszkodowań Wojennych BOW - institution established in 1945 by the Presidium of the Council of Ministers in Warsaw to assess the war losses suffered by Poland during the Second World War in 1939-1945. The office dealt with determining and estimating the war losses suffered by the Polish state, as well as private individuals in the field of material and cultural goods, coordinating work related to the compensation and recovery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S.</span> Former administrative division

Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S. was a Prussian district in Silesia, from 1742 to 1945, with its capital at Kreuzburg O.S. (Kluczbork). Today, the region is part of the Polish Opole Voivodeship.

References

  1. ↑ Dwork, Debórah; van Pelt, Robert Jan (2002). Auschwitz. New York: Norton. ISBN   0-393-32291-2.
  2. 1 2 Georg Hassel (1823). Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt (in German). Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 34. Nationalverschiedenheit 1819: Polen - 377,100; Deutsche - 162,600; Mährer - 12,000; Juden - 8,000; Tschechen - 1,600; Gesamtbevölkerung: 561,203
  3. 1 2 3 Paul Weber (1913). Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung (in German). Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer.
  4. ↑ Böckh, Richard (1869). Der Deutschen Volkszahl und Sprachgebiet in den europäiches Staaten; Table: Die deutsche und polnische Bevölkerung Oberschlesiens (1828-1867).
  5. ↑ Joseph Partsch (1896). "Die Sprachgrenze 1790 und 1890". Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 1., Das ganze Land (in German). Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. pp. 364–367.
  6. 1 2 Kozicki, Stanislas (1918). The Poles under Prussian rule. Toronto: London, Polish Press Bur. pp.  2-3.
  7. ↑ Kalisch, Johannes; Bochinski, Hans (1958). "Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882" (PDF). Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka. 13. Leipzig. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-01.
  8. ↑ Volksabstimmungen in Oberschlesien 1920-1922 (gonschior.de)
  9. ↑ Die Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien 1921 (home.arcor.de) Archived 2016-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Cf. Deutsch-polnisches Abkommen über Ostschlesien (Genfer Abkommen)
  11. ↑ Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWNPaństwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe=Warszawa 2004 pages 117-118 volume 8
  12. ↑ Cf. Bernheim-Petition
  13. ↑
    • Cf. Philipp Graf, Die Bernheim-Petition 1933: Jüdische Politik in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, (= Schriften des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts; vol. 10), 342 pp., ISBN   978-3-525-36988-3.
  14. ↑ Rosenbaum, Sebastian; Węcki, Mirosław (2010). Nadzorować, interweniować, karać. Nazistowski obóz władzy wobec Kościoła katolickiego w Zabrzu (1934–1944). Wybór dokumentów (in Polish). Katowice: IPN. p. 49. ISBN   978-83-8098-299-4.
  15. ↑ Rosenbaum; Węcki, p. 60
  16. ↑ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 24.
  17. ↑ Cygański, p. 25
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Czesław Madajczyk "Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce" Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa 1970 volume 1, page 384
  19. ↑ Czesław Madajczyk "Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce" Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, volume 1 pages 424-426
  20. ↑ Czesław Madajczyk "Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce" Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, volume 1 page 352
  21. ↑ Czesław Madajczyk "Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce" Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, volume 1 page 249
  22. ↑ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 254, 446. ISBN   978-0-253-06089-1.
  23. ↑ Kosiński, Leszek (1960). "Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r. [Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950]" (PDF). Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). 2. Warsaw: PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences), Institute of Geography: Tabela 1 (data by county) – via Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.