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Punnagavarali, a raga in Carnatic Music, is a derived scale from Hanumatodi, which is the 8th melakarta Raga in the 72 melakarta system. [1]
Punnagavarali raga is associated with karuna rasa and snakes (naga means snake). Snake charmers play this scale. In wedding ceremonies, a piece called the Odam usually played at the muhurtam, is often in Punnagavarali. This is an ancient raga and traditional Tamil pieces such as Nondichindu are also set in this. [2] [3] [4] [5]
Punnagavarali is a nishadantya raga (starts and ends in a single octave, nishada to nishada) and is hence usually presented in the madhyama sruti. In the ascent the chatusruti rishabha also occurs, sometimes. The raga's regal presence is best felt in slow phrases.
The notes include kaisiki nishada, sadja, suddha rishabha, sadharana gandhara, suddha madhyama, pancama and suddha dhaivata. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
Some of the popular compositions are listed below.
Punnagavarali has some resemblance to Nadanamakriya.
Song | Movie | Year | Composer | Singer |
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En Appanallavaa | Nandanar | 1942 | M. D. Parthasarathy & S. Rajeswara Rao | M. M. Dandapani Desikar |
Naadhar Mudi Melirukkum | Thiruvarutchelvar | 1967 | K. V. Mahadevan | T. M. Soundararajan |
Yelantha Pazham | Panama Pasama | 1968 | L. R. Eswari | |
Anbe Sivam Endru (Ragamalika: Shivaranjani, Punnagavarali) | Karaikkal Ammaiyar | 1973 | Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan | S. Varalakshmi |
Aadidu Peyygaley | Aduthathu Albert | 1985 | Ilayaraja | Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki |
Madrasai Suthi (Ragamalika:Mohanam,Punnagavarali) (Manorama singing portion only) | May Maadham | 1994 | A. R. Rahman | Shahul Hameed, Swarnalatha, G. V. Prakash & Manorama |
Maari Karumaari | Pokkiri Thambi | 1992 | Deva | Malaysia Vasudevan,K. S. Chithra |
Em Manasiley | Seerivarum Kaalai | 2001 | Sirpy | Mano, Sujatha |
Naa Romba Busy | Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga | 2015 | D. Imman | Neeti Mohan, Santhosh Hariharan, Sharanya Gopinath |
Oo Solriya Oo Oo Solriya | Pushpa: The Rise | 2021 | Devi Sri Prasad | Andrea Jeremiah |
•Thekkumkooradiyaathi (Ashwamedham 1967) •Enthucheyyendu (Thuruppugulaan 1972) •Aadiyushassil (Manushyan 1979)
•Manikkuyile (Vaalkkannaadi 2002) •Paalkkadalil pallikollum (Goureeshankaram 2003) •Sundarana (D) (Kanaka Simhaasanam 2006) •Dukhathinundoru (Naadabrahmam 2011) [6]
"Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava" from the film Pushpa: The Rise is also based on this raga
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music. Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas from which other ragas may be generated. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter term is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta.
Hanumatodi, more popularly known as Todi, is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 8th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system. This is sung very often in concerts. It is a difficult rāgam to perform in owing to its complexity in prayoga. It is called Janatodi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. Its Western equivalent is the Phrygian mode. Todi in Carnatic music is different from Todi (thaat) of Hindustani music. The equivalent of the Hindustani raga Todi in Carnatic music is Shubhapantuvarali. The equivalent of Carnatic Todi in Hindustani is Bhairavi thaat in terms of notes, but the two sound very different due to differing uses of gamakas.
Ragavardhini has two separate meanings in Indian classical music:
Atana or AThana is a raga in Carnatic music. It is a Janya raga, whose Melakarta raga is Sankarabharanam, 29th raga, commonly known as Shankarabharanam in the Melakarta system. Sometimes pronounced aDaaNaa (अडाणा). There is a Hindusthani raaga named अडाणा, which is totally different.
Vanaspati is a ragam in Carnatic music. It is the 4th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgams of Carnatic music, following the Katapayadi sankhya system. In the Muthuswami Dikshitar school of music, this raga is called Bhānumati.
Abheri is a raga in Carnatic music. It is a Janya raga, whose Melakarta raga is Kharaharapriya, 22nd in the 72 Melakarta raga system.
Chakravakam or Chakravaham is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 16th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system. According to the Muthuswami Dikshitar school, this rāgam is called Tōyavēgavāhini. Chakravakam is similar to Raga Ahir bhairav in Hindustani music.
Kanakangi is a ragam in Carnatic music. It is the 1st Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Kanakāmbari in the Muthuswami Dikshitar school.
Bhairavi is a janya rāgam in Carnatic music. Though it is a sampoorna rāgam, it has two different dhaivathams in its scale making it a Bhashanga Ragam, and hence is not classified as a melakarta rāgam.
Keeravani is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 21st Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. The 21st melakarta rāgam as per Muthuswami Dikshitar school of music is Kiraṇāval̥i.
Dhenuka is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 9th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.
Ganamurti is a ragam in Carnatic music. It is the 3rd Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.
Manavati is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 5th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. In Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music, the 5th melakarta is Manōranjani.
Rupavati is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 12th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is one of the few rāgams given the same name by the Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.
Vakulabharanam is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 14th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Dhātivasantabhairavi or Vātivasantabhairavi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. Hindustani equivalent of this ragam is raga basant mukhari
Suryakantam or Sooryakantam is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is the 17th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Chāyāvati in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.
Tilang is a raga in Indian classical music, that belongs to the Khamaj Thaat.
Carnatic raga refers to ragas used in Carnatic music. It has several components - primordial sound (nāda), tonal system (swara), pitch (śruti), scale, ornaments (gamaka) and important tones.
Malahari is a Carnatic raga. This raaga is a janya of the 15th Melakarta raga Mayamalavagowla. This raga is known to be a morning raga which brings out a sense of calmness. It is associated with the rainy season.
Mukhari is a rāga in Carnatic music. It is a janya rāga of Kharaharapriya. An emotional raga, it can sound very sorrowful and introspective. And of course, devotional as well. To me, it sounds best in a very slow speed, with each note and gamaka enunciated clearly. However, there are some crisper renditions of this raga which are also enjoyable. Some well known and often heard compositions are Sivakama Sundari by Papanasam Sivan, Sangeeta Shastra and Entani Ne by Tyagaraja, Emani Ne by Subbaraya Shastri, Arivar Yaar by Arunachala Kavi and Endraikku Shiva Krupai by Neelakanta Sivan.