Pyricularia

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Pyricularia
Pyricularia oryzae 263656072.jpg
Pyricularia oryzae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Pyriculariaceae
Genus: Pyricularia
Sacc. 1880
Species

See text.

Pyricularia is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880. [1]

Contents

The polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia has been resolved and species of Pyricularia s. str. were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including Pyricularia grisea isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. [2]

Etymology

The genus Pyricularia is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. [3] [4]

Pathogenicity

The genus Pyricularia includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, Pyricularia oryzae (sexual morph Magnaporthe oryzae), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. [5] Pyricularia oryzae isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and Lolium ). [6] [7] [8] [9] Pyricularia oryzae isolates from other host plants such as Eleusine , Setaria and Triticum are also host-specific, and unable to infect rice. [7] [8] [4] [9] The closely related species P. oryzae and Pyricularia grisea are indistinguishable in morphology of conidium, perithecium and ascopore. Pyricularia grisea isolates from Digitaria were shown to form a distinct clade by phylogenetic analysis [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] and infect crabgrass (Digitaria), but not other hosts. [7] [14] [15] [16] However, some P. oryzae isolates from rice and other grasses and some P. grisea isolates from crabgrass were described to show cross-infectivity on crabgrass and rice, respectively. [13]

Sexual morphs

Sexual morphs were reported for P. grisea and P. oryzae. The genus Pyricularia comprises several other species for which the sexual morph has not yet been discovered.

Species

Taxonomy

Conidia are solitary, pyriform to obclavate, narrowed toward tip, rounded at the base, 2-septate, hyaline to pale brown, with a distinct basal hilum, sometimes with marginal frill. [1]

Type species:Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.

Family

Species of Pyricularia s. str. belong to a monophyletic clade that includes P. oryzae/P. grisea isolates, and was defined as Pyriculariaceae. [2] Pyriculariaceae is sister to the Ophioceraceae, representing two novel families. [2] These clades are clearly distinct from species belonging to the Gaeumannomyces pro parte/Magnaporthiopsis/Nakataea generic complex that are monophyletic and define the family Magnaporthaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880
  2. 1 2 3 Klaubauf, S.; Tharreau, D.; Fournier, E.; Groenewald, J. Z.; Crous, P. W.; de Vries, R. P.; Lebrun, M.-H. (2014-09-01). "Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae)". Studies in Mycology. 79: 85–120. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.004. ISSN   0166-0616. PMC   4255532 . PMID   25492987.
  3. ↑ Bussaban, B.; Lumyong, S.; Lumyong, P.; Seelanan, T.; Park, D. C.; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Hyde, K. D. (2005-09-01). "Molecular and morphological characterization of Pyricularia and allied genera" (PDF). Mycologia. 97 (5): 1002–1011. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1002. hdl: 10722/53368 . ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   16596952.
  4. 1 2 Murata, Nobuaki; Aoki, Takayuki; Kusaba, Motoaki; Tosa, Yukio; Chuma, Izumi (2013-09-04). "Various species of Pyricularia constitute a robust clade distinct from Magnaporthesalvinii and its relatives in Magnaporthaceae". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 80 (1): 66–72. doi: 10.1007/s10327-013-0477-z . ISSN   1345-2630.
  5. ↑ Skamnioti, Pari; Gurr, Sarah J. (2009-03-01). "Against the grain: safeguarding rice from rice blast disease". Trends in Biotechnology. 27 (3): 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.12.002. ISSN   0167-7799. PMID   19187990.
  6. ↑ Ou S.H. CAB International; Wallingford, UK: 1985. Rice diseases.
  7. 1 2 3 4 KATO, Hajime; YAMAMOTO, Masaaki; YAMAGUCHI-OZAKI, Tomona; KADOUCHI, Hiroyuki; IWAMOTO, Yutaka; NAKAYASHIKI, Hitoshi; TOSA, Yukio; MAYAMA, Shigeyuki; MORI, Naoki (2000-02-01). "Pathogenicity, Mating Ability and DNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of Pyricularia Populations Isolated from Gramineae, Bambusideae and Zingiberaceae Plants" . Journal of General Plant Pathology. 66 (1): 30–47. doi:10.1007/pl00012919. ISSN   1345-2630. S2CID   6313236.
  8. 1 2 Couch, Brett C.; Fudal, Isabelle; Lebrun, Marc-Henri; Tharreau, Didier; Valent, Barbara; van Kim, Pham; Nottéghem, Jean-Loup; Kohn, Linda M. (2005-06-01). "Origins of host-specific populations of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in crop domestication with subsequent expansion of pandemic clones on rice and weeds of rice". Genetics. 170 (2): 613–630. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.041780. ISSN   0016-6731. PMC   1450392 . PMID   15802503.
  9. 1 2 Tosa, Yukio; Chuma, Izumi (2014-03-12). "Classification and parasitic specialization of blast fungi". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 80 (3): 202–209. doi:10.1007/s10327-014-0513-7. ISSN   1345-2630. S2CID   17976694.
  10. ↑ Couch, Brett C.; Kohn, Linda M. (2002-07-01). "A multilocus gene genealogy concordant with host preference indicates segregation of a new species, Magnaporthe oryzae, from M. grisea". Mycologia. 94 (4): 683–693. doi:10.2307/3761719. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3761719. PMID   21156541.
  11. ↑ Hirata, Kenji; Kusaba, Motoaki; Chuma, Izumi; Osue, Jun; Nakayashiki, Hitoshi; Mayama, Shigeyuki; Tosa, Yukio (2007-07-01). "Speciation in Pyricularia inferred from multilocus phylogenetic analysis" (PDF). Mycological Research. 111 (Pt 7): 799–808. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.014. ISSN   0953-7562. PMID   17656080.
  12. ↑ Faivre-Rampant, Odile; Thomas, Justine; Allègre, Mathilde; Morel, Jean-Benoit; Tharreau, Didier; Nottéghem, Jean-Loup; Lebrun, Marc-Henri; Schaffrath, Ulrich; Piffanelli, Pietro (2008-01-01). "Characterization of the model system rice--Magnaporthe for the study of nonhost resistance in cereals" (PDF). The New Phytologist. 180 (4): 899–910. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02621.x . ISSN   1469-8137. PMID   19138233.
  13. 1 2 Choi, Jaehyuk; Park, Sook-Young; Kim, Byung-Ryun; Roh, Jae-Hwan; Oh, In-Seok; Han, Seong-Sook; Lee, Yong-Hwan (2013-01-01). "Comparative analysis of pathogenicity and phylogenetic relationship in Magnaporthe grisea species complex". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e57196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057196 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3582606 . PMID   23468934.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  14. ↑ Chen, Q. H.; Wang, Y. C.; Zheng, X. B. (2006-08-01). "Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of the avirulence gene PRE1, a gene for host-species specificity in the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea". Genome. 49 (8): 873–881. doi:10.1139/g06-043. ISSN   0831-2796. PMID   17036061.
  15. ↑ Tsurushima, Tetsu; Don, L. Dinh; Kawashima, Kenji; Murakami, Jiro; Nakayashiki, Hitoshi; Tosa, Yukio; Mayama, Shigeyuki (2005-11-01). "Pyrichalasin H production and pathogenicity of Digitaria-specific isolates of Pyricularia grisea". Molecular Plant Pathology. 6 (6): 605–613. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00309.x . ISSN   1364-3703. PMID   20565683.
  16. ↑ Mackill, A.O.; Bonham, J.M. (1986). "New hosts of Pyricularia oryzae". Plant Disease. 70 (2): 125–128. doi:10.1094/pd-70-125.
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