| Pyricularia | |
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| Pyricularia oryzae | |
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| Genus: | Pyricularia Sacc. 1880 |
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Pyricularia is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880. [1]
The polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia has been resolved and species of Pyricularia s. str. were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including Pyricularia grisea isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. [2]
The genus Pyricularia is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. [3] [4]
The genus Pyricularia includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, Pyricularia oryzae (sexual morph Magnaporthe oryzae), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. [5] Pyricularia oryzae isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and Lolium ). [6] [7] [8] [9] Pyricularia oryzae isolates from other host plants such as Eleusine , Setaria and Triticum are also host-specific, and unable to infect rice. [7] [8] [4] [9] The closely related species P. oryzae and Pyricularia grisea are indistinguishable in morphology of conidium, perithecium and ascopore. Pyricularia grisea isolates from Digitaria were shown to form a distinct clade by phylogenetic analysis [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] and infect crabgrass (Digitaria), but not other hosts. [7] [14] [15] [16] However, some P. oryzae isolates from rice and other grasses and some P. grisea isolates from crabgrass were described to show cross-infectivity on crabgrass and rice, respectively. [13]
Sexual morphs were reported for P. grisea and P. oryzae. The genus Pyricularia comprises several other species for which the sexual morph has not yet been discovered.
Conidia are solitary, pyriform to obclavate, narrowed toward tip, rounded at the base, 2-septate, hyaline to pale brown, with a distinct basal hilum, sometimes with marginal frill. [1]
Type species:Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.
Species of Pyricularia s. str. belong to a monophyletic clade that includes P. oryzae/P. grisea isolates, and was defined as Pyriculariaceae. [2] Pyriculariaceae is sister to the Ophioceraceae, representing two novel families. [2] These clades are clearly distinct from species belonging to the Gaeumannomyces pro parte/Magnaporthiopsis/Nakataea generic complex that are monophyletic and define the family Magnaporthaceae.
Oryza sativa, also known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. It is the type of farmed rice whose cultivars are most common globally, and was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.
Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast and Imochi (稲熱), is a plant-pathogenic fungus and model organism that causes a serious disease affecting rice. It is now known that M. grisea consists of a cryptic species complex containing at least two biological species that have clear genetic differences and do not interbreed. Complex members isolated from Digitaria have been more narrowly defined as M. grisea. The remaining members of the complex isolated from rice and a variety of other hosts have been renamed Magnaporthe oryzae, within the same M. grisea complex. Confusion on which of these two names to use for the rice blast pathogen remains, as both are now used by different authors.
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The Magnaporthaceae are a family of fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was circumscribed by Paul F. Cannon in 1994 for a group of grass-associated fungi centered on Magnaporthe (Nakataea). Magnaporthaceae have a harpophora-like asexual morphology and are often associated with roots of grasses or cereals.
Md. Tofazzal Islam is a biotechnologist, ecological chemist, educator, and author from Bangladesh. He is now a professor and founder Director of Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE) of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur. He joined Bangladesh Open University (BOU) as a lecturer in 1994 and became an assistant, associate and full professor in 1997, 2004 and 2010, respectively. He joined BSMRAU on July 1, 2010, as a professor and head of the Department of Biotechnology. He is a founding Director (2019-2021) of Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE) of BSMRAU, Bangladesh.
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The Pyriculariaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was introduced by S. Klaubauf, M.H. Lebrun & P.W. Crous in 2014.
Chaetomium elatum is a very common and widely distributed saprotrophic fungus of the Chaetomiaceae family of molds which has been found to grow on many different substances all over the world. It was first established by Gustav Kunze after he observed it growing on dead leaves. Its defining features that distinguish it from other Chaetomium species are its extremely coarse terminal hairs and the lemon-shaped morphology of its ascospores. It produces many metabolites with potential biotechnology uses including one with promise against the rice blast disease fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. It shows very little pathogenic ability causing confirmed disease in only a few plant species.
Aspergillus giganteus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus that grows as a mold. It was first described in 1901 by Wehmer, and is one of six Aspergillus species from the Clavati section of the subgenus Fumigati. Its closest taxonomic relatives are Aspergillus rhizopodus and Aspergillus longivescia.
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Samuel S. Gnanamanickam is an Indian plant pathologist. He is known for his research on diversity of rice pathogens, molecular breeding of indica rices for disease resistance and for developing superior strains of beneficial strains of rhizosphere bacteria for biological control of rice diseases. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences and National Academy of Biological Sciences of India and was Chair of the biological control committee at the American Phytopathological Society.
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Diane G. O. Saunders is a British biologist and group leader at the John Innes Centre and an Honorary Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia. Her research investigates plant pathogens that pose a threat to agriculture. She was awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award by the Royal Society in 2022.
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