The film was a major commercial and critical success in the United States and worldwide.
Plot
Queen Christina of Sweden (Greta Garbo) is devoted to her country and the welfare of her people. As queen, she favors peace for Sweden and argues convincingly for an end to the Thirty Years' War, saying:
Spoils, glory, flags and trumpets! What is behind these high-sounding words? Death and destruction, triumphals of crippled men, Sweden victorious in a ravaged Europe, an island in a dead sea. I tell you, I want no more of it. I want for my people security and happiness. I want to cultivate the arts of peace, the arts of life. I want peace and peace I will have!
Christina, who first took the throne at age six upon the death of her father in battle, is depicted as being so devoted to both governing well and educating herself that she has spurned any kind of serious romance or marriage, despite pressure from her councilors and court to marry her heroic cousin Karl Gustav (Reginald Owen) and produce an heir. One day, in an effort to escape the restrictions of her royal life, she sneaks out of town and ends up at the same inn as Antonio (John Gilbert), a Spanish envoy on his way to the capital. The two talk and become friends, though Antonio thinks Christina is a man because of the way she is dressed. When the innkeeper, who is also unaware of Christina's identity, asks if she will let Antonio share her bed because there is no room available for him, Christina is unable to come up with a suitable reason to deny the request. In her room, she reveals to Antonio that she is a woman, but not that she is a queen, and they spend the night together. Their tryst is extended by a few days when they become snowbound at the inn.
When the time comes for Christina and Antonio to part, Christina assures Antonio that they will reunite in Stockholm. To his surprise, this occurs when the Spaniard is presented to the Queen, whom he recognizes as his lover. Antonio is initially somewhat hurt and annoyed because he thinks Christina has played a trick on him and compromised his loyalty to the King of Spain, who sent Antonio on this mission to Sweden to present Christina with an offer of marriage on his behalf. She makes it clear that her feelings for Antonio are genuine and that she regularly receives such offers from foreign royalty and has no intention of accepting the King's proposal, and she and Antonio patch things up.
When the scheming Count Magnus (Ian Keith), who had previously had some romantic liaisons with the Queen, rouses the people against the Spaniard, Christina is able to ease tensions for a time, but ultimately, she decides to name Karl Gustav as her successor and, in a move that shocks the entire court, abdicates the throne to be with Antonio. When she gets to the boat that is to take Antonio and her to Spain, she finds him gravely wounded from a sword duel with Magnus, which he lost. Antonio dies in her arms, but Christina resolves to proceed with the voyage. She envisions residing in the home Antonio described to her as sitting on white cliffs overlooking the sea.
The film was released in December 1933. It was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and written by H. M. Harwood and Salka Viertel, with dialogue by S. N. Behrman, based on a story by Viertel and Margaret P. Levino. The leading roles are played by Greta Garbo as Christina and John Gilbert as Don Antonio, an emissary from Spain.
As early as 1928, MGM was examining sources to develop a scenario suitable for studio property Greta Garbo in the role of 17th century Swedish queen, Christina.[4] Mamoulian’s enlistment as director for the film came late in its pre-production development. Though Garbo influenced the choice, Mamoulian’s selection may have had less to do with her and more to do with MGM producer Walter Wanger, formally with New York the Theatre Guild, who had gotten Mamoulian his first job in both New York and Hollywood.[5][6]
As to the supporting cast, British actor Laurence Olivier was to have made his America movie debut as the Spaniard Antonia, but his screen test was unimpressive, and he failed to form a genuine rapport with Garbo. The role went to John Gilbert, who had a long and mutually supportive professional and personal relationship with Garbo.[7][8][9]
Garbo herself insisted on having Gilbert as her co-star.[10]
Critically acclaimed sequences
Two scenes from Queen Christina have been widely and favorably commented upon by both contemporary and subsequent film critics.[11][12][13][14]
The bedroom sequence
“I have been memorizing this room. In the future, in my memory, I shall live a great deal in this room.” —Greta Garbo as Queen Christiana, leaving the suite in which she has discovered true love with Antonio (John Gilbert).[15]
After her brief but personally transformative sexual encounter with the Spanish ambassador Antonio Pimentel de Prado (John Gilbert), Queen Christina lingers in the room in which they have had intercourse, committing the room’s interior to memory as though its components “had shared some secret with her.”[15][16][17]
Director Rouben Mamoulian described the sequence as “a sonnet”, informing Garbo before shooting “this has to be sheer poetry and feeling. The moment must be like a dance. Treat it as you would do it to music.”[18][19][20][21]
Final scene on the bow of the ship
“It is surely no accident that in the film’s two most celebrated sequences—perhaps two of the most fondly remembered scenes in her entire career —Garbo appears entirely alone.” —Film historian Tom Milne in Rouben Mamoulian (1969).[11]
As Queen Christina prepares to sail to Spain as the betrothed to the King of Spain, she stands, like a living Figure-head as she faces her future and fate.[22]
The scene is notable as a characterization establishing Greta Garbo’s mystique as a screen star and as a cultural icon.[23][24][25] Director Mamoulian recalled his exchange with Garbo on preparing the shot:
Garbo: “What do I play in this scene?” Mamoulian: “Have you heard of tabula rasa? I want your face to be a blank piece of paper. I want the writing to be done by every member of the audience. I would like it if you could avoid even blinking your eyes, so that you’re nothing but a beautiful mask.”[26][15][27]
Film historian Tom Milne remarked that “inevitably, Queen Christina has come to be remembered as a two-sequence film”, in what is otherwise an overall competently executed picture.[28][29][30]
Critical reception and box office
The film premiered in New York City on December 26, 1933, and opened in the rest of the world throughout 1934.[31] It was nominated for the Mussolini Cup award at the Venice Film Festival in 1934, but lost to Man of Aran.[32]
Queen Christina turned out to be a success with the critics, gathering many positive reviews. Critic Mordaunt Hall, writing for The New York Times, gave the film a positive review and liked the screenplay, calling the dialogue "a bright and smooth piece of writing" and referred to Mamoulian's direction as "entrancing".[33] Positive opinions came also from Modern Screen's Walter Ramsey, who proclaimed it a "triumph for Garbo", and a reviewer for Photoplay, who acclaimed Garbo's "glorious reappearance".[34]
Motion Picture Daily called the film "creaky in spots", but reported that Garbo "does beautifully" and that the film was "well above the average in content and value."[35] The New York Daily News wrote: "The picture moves a little slowly, but with grace, from one lovely setting to another. It is a picture that must not be missed, because Garbo is at her best in some of its scenes."[36]
Some reviews were mixed. "Garbo overwhelms the picture", wrote John Mosher in The New Yorker. "The story, the setting, her support cannot live up to her."[37]Variety found the film "slow and ofttimes stilted", though it wrote that Garbo's "regal impression is convincing, which counts for plenty."[38]The Sun of New York wrote that "Garbo seems to be suffering from an acute case of glamour. And that is probably not her fault. Gilbert tried very hard, but his performance is a little stilted. Queen Christina misses fire, somehow, and that is disappointing."[36]
According to the AFI Catalog, despite the critical acclaim, the film did not do well at the American box office.[39] TCM's Frank Miller stated: "It would be years before foreign revenues and reissues brought the film into the profit column."[40] In 1994, Barry Paris wrote that final tally was: "Cost: $1,144,000. Earnings: domestic $767,000; foreign $1,843,000; total $2,610,000. Profit: $632,000".[41]
As of June 2020, Queen Christina had a 90% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews.[42] Leonard Maltin gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, calling it "Probably Garbo's best film, with a haunting performance by the radiant star as 17th-century Swedish queen who relinquishes her throne for her lover, Gilbert. Garbo and Gilbert's love scenes together are truly memorable, as is the famous final shot...”[43]
The part of Queen Christina is regarded as one of the better in Garbo's filmography,[44] and the film is especially notable for resoundingly disproving rumors that John Gilbert's lack of success in the sound era was due to his having an unsuitable voice.[45]
Historical accuracy
The film is a historical costume drama based loosely on the life of 17th-century Queen Christina of Sweden, and still more loosely on August Strindberg's history play Kristina. A number of historical characters appear in the film (such as Axel Oxenstierna, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, and Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie), and some historical events are depicted (such as the Thirty Years' War and Christina's abdication), but Queen Christina is not a film that adheres closely to the facts.[46][47][48] In this highly fictionalized account, it is falling in love that brings Christina into conflict with the political realities of her society, whereas, in real life, Christina's main reasons for abdication were her determination not to marry, to live as she pleased, and to openly convert to Catholicism.[49]
The romance with Antonio is fiction and can be seen as a typical "Hollywood" distortion of history—unless it is understood as an allegory, with her love for Don Antonio representing her love of the intellectual life and her embrace of the Catholic faith.[50] In reality, Christina was devoted to her maid of honor, friend, and "bedfellow" Ebba Sparre. In the film, Christina kisses Ebba twice, but the kisses are quite chaste, and any suggestion of a romantic relationship between the two women is firmly blocked by a scene in which Christina comes upon Ebba and Count Jakob meeting on a staircase and immediately leaves for what will be her encounter with Antonio. When Christina returns, she apologizes to Ebba and promises she may marry her beloved Count. The real Ebba did marry Count Jakob, but the marriage was an unhappy one.[51][40][52]
The film is correct in stating that Christina's father had her raised as if she were a boy, with the education and responsibilities expected of a male heir, and in depicting her habit of dressing as a man, which continued throughout her life.[53] The historical Christina was, also, indeed adamant about making peace, and was a patron of science, art, and culture, dreaming of making Stockholm the "Athens of the North".[54]
Greta Garbo was troubled by the films’ historical inaccuracies and absurdities: “Just imagine Christina abdicating for the sake of a little Spaniard” she wrote a friend. She dreaded reaction to the picture from fellow Swedes.[55]
Notes
1 2 Matthew Bernstein, Walter Wagner: Hollywood Independent, Minnesota Press, 2000 p435
↑ Milne, 1969 p. 72: Mamoulian “was signed by MGM - at Garbo’s request - to direct Queen Christina.”
↑ Spergel, 1993 p. 145: “Legend has it” that Garbo personally requested Mamoulian to direct her in the feature after seeing The Song of Songs (1933). And: see here of Wanger’s good-will towards Mamoulian and his artistry.
↑ Spergel, 1993 p. 146: Olivier later admitted that his screen test was restrained and stiff.
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 102-103: On Mamoulian’s sympathy for Gilbert and shooting delays due to his drinking bouts.
↑ Danks, 2007: “Its most remarkable moment features Garbo wandering nostalgically around the room, memorializing it for some future moment of recollection. This almost wordless pantomime underlines many of the key qualities of Mamoulian’s cinema.”
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 103: Garbo “memorizes” the bedroom.
↑ Callahan, 2007: “Surely the famous scene where Greta Garbo memorizes her room in Queen Christina (1933) is very much a dance…”
↑ Milne, 1969 p. 74: See text on page + footnote for Mamoulian quote.
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 203: On Mamoulian’s sonnet association with the scene.
↑ Kobal, John (1979). "Garbo". The Movie. Orbis Publishing. p.28.
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 5: “...the lingering close-up that famously ends Queen Christina…”
↑ Danks, 2007: “Thus it doesn’t take too much of a leap to read Garbo’s Queen Christina as a treatise on the attractions and hardships of modern celebrity, as well as more specifically about the star herself. Such a reading is supported by the initial publicity for the film, which actively sought to blur this distinction between character and actor, to link the royalty of the past with the celebrity of the present.
↑ Milne, 1969 p. 74, p. 80: On fate and “acceptance of inevitability.”
↑ Callahan, 2007: “We should be grateful, though, for Mamoulian’s handling of Garbo in Queen Christina, especially for her epoch-defining last close-up, where he told her to make her face “a blank sheet of paper.”
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 104-5: Mamoulian quoted here on final scene, Garbo here quoted as: “What do I act?” And p. 309: Garbo’s “haunting gaze…only she knew what she was really thinking” during the take.
↑ Danks, 2007: “This film is often singled out for its languid bedroom scene between Greta Garbo and John Gilbert.”
↑ Callahan, 2007: “The scenes in between her set pieces, however, are either perfunctory or worse. Too often, Mamoulian presented us with a pretty, blank piece of paper, but when this paper is Greta Garbo, it’s hard to complain too strenuously.”
↑ Leonard Maltin, commentary. Dawn of Sound: How Movies Learned to Talk (documentary). Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2007. DVD.
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 100: “...a veneer of historical drama about seventeenth-century Sweden and the Thirty Years’ War…Forget about accuracy.”
↑ Spergel, 1993 p. 146: Film historian Marc Spergel reports that though “authenticity in details of dress and decor” of the 17th century Swedish court were adhered to, “the film has little to do with an accurate historical accounting of the life of Queen Christina of Sweden.”
↑ Spergel, 1993 p. 148: “The film hints at homoerotic feelings between Queen Christina and her lady-in-waiting, Ebba. This is something that earlier script treatments dealt with more openly, but in the final script was dropped.”
↑ Jensen, 2024 p. 105-106: Letter written January, 1934, just after the US release in December 1933. See here for concern re: reaction to historical inaccuracies by Swedes.
Related Research Articles
Greta Garbo was a Swedish-American actress and a premier star during Hollywood's silent and early golden eras. Regarded as one of the greatest screen actresses of all time, she was known for her melancholic and somber screen persona, her film portrayals of tragic characters, and her subtle and understated performances. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on its list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.
Love Me Tonight is a 1932 American pre-Code musical comedy film produced and directed by Rouben Mamoulian, with music by Rodgers and Hart. It stars Maurice Chevalier as a tailor who poses as a nobleman and Jeanette MacDonald as a princess with whom he falls in love. It also stars Charles Ruggles as a penniless nobleman, along with Charles Butterworth and Myrna Loy as members of his family.
Becky Sharp is a 1935 American Technicolor historical drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Miriam Hopkins who plays the eponymous protagonist. She was nominated for the Best Actress Oscar. Other supporting cast were William Faversham, Frances Dee, Cedric Hardwicke, Billie Burke, Alison Skipworth, Nigel Bruce, and Alan Mowbray.
John Gilbert was an American actor, screenwriter and director. He rose to fame during the silent era and became a popular leading man known as "The Great Lover". His breakthrough came in 1925 with his starring roles in The Merry Widow and The Big Parade. At the height of his career, Gilbert rivaled Rudolph Valentino as a box office draw.
The Mark of Zorro is a 1940 American black-and-white swashbuckling film released by 20th Century-Fox, directed by Rouben Mamoulian, produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, and starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, and Basil Rathbone.
Rouben Zachary Mamoulian was an American film and theater director.
William H. Daniels ASC was a film cinematographer who was best-known as actress Greta Garbo's personal lensman. Daniels served as the cinematographer on all but three of Garbo's films during her tenure at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, including Torrent (1926), The Mysterious Lady (1928), The Kiss (1929), Anna Christie (1930), Grand Hotel (1932), Queen Christina (1933), Anna Karenina (1935), Camille (1936) and Ninotchka (1939). Early in his career, Daniels worked regularly with director Erich von Stroheim, providing cinematography for such films as The Devil's Pass Key (1920) and Greed (1924). Daniels went on to win an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on The Naked City (1948).
High, Wide and Handsome is a 1937 American musical western film starring Irene Dunne, Randolph Scott, Alan Hale Sr., Charles Bickford and Dorothy Lamour. The film was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and written by Oscar Hammerstein II and George O'Neil, with lyrics by Hammerstein and music by Jerome Kern. It was released by Paramount Pictures.
Blood and Sand is a 1941 American Technicolor film drama starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Rita Hayworth and Nazimova. Directed by Rouben Mamoulian, it was produced by 20th Century Fox and was based on the 1908 Spanish novel Blood and Sand by Vicente Blasco Ibanez. The supporting cast features Anthony Quinn, Lynn Bari, Laird Cregar, J. Carrol Naish, John Carradine and George Reeves. Rita Hayworth's singing voice was dubbed by Gracilla Pirraga.
Applause is a 1929 American backstage musical "talkie" directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Helen Morgan, Jack Cameron, and Joan Peers. It was shot at Paramount's Astoria Studios in Astoria, New York during the early years of sound films.
City Streets is a 1931 American Pre-Code romantic melodrama directed by Rouben Mamoulian from a story by Dashiell Hammett and stars Gary Cooper, Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas.
Golden Boy is a 1939 American drama romance sports film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Adolphe Menjou and William Holden. It is based on the 1937 play of the same title by Clifford Odets.
Silk Stockings is a 1957 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. It is based on the 1955 stage musical of the same name, which had been adapted from the film Ninotchka (1939). The film was choreographed by Eugene Loring and Hermes Pan.
Summer Holiday is a 1948 American musical-comedy film, directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Mickey Rooney and Gloria DeHaven. The picture is based on the play Ah, Wilderness! (1933) by Eugene O'Neill, which had been filmed under that name by MGM in 1935 with Rooney in a much smaller role, as the younger brother. Although completed in October 1946, the film sat on the shelf until 1948.
Rings on Her Fingers is a 1942 American comedy film directed by Rouben Mamoulian for 20th Century Studios and starring Henry Fonda and Gene Tierney.
We Live Again is a 1934 American film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Anna Sten and Fredric March. The film is an adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's 1899 novel Resurrection (Voskraeseniye). The screenplay was written by Maxwell Anderson with contributions from a number of writers, including Preston Sturges and Thornton Wilder.
The Song of Songs is a 1933 American pre-Code romantic drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Marlene Dietrich. This Paramount picture is based on the Hermann Sudermann novel Das Hohe Lied (1908) and the play The Song of Songs (1914) by Edward Sheldon.
The Gay Desperado is a 1936 American musical-comedy film starring Ida Lupino, Leo Carrillo, and Nino Martini and directed by Rouben Mamoulian, produced by Mary Pickford and Jesse Lasky and originally released by United Artists. The film is a spoof of the Hollywood gangster genre.
Marlene Dietrich was a German and American actress and singer.
Antonio Pimentel de Prado y lo Bianco (Palermo, 1604 - Antwerp was a Spanish officer, a governor of Nieuwpoort, ambassador in Stockholm, Knight of the Order of Santiago, representative in Paris, governor of Cadiz, and at the end of his life counsel and chief of the army in Antwerp.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
