Quercus shumardii

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Shumard oak
EncinoRojo.jpg
Fall color of a planted tree in Sombrerete, Zacatecas, Mexico
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus
Section: Quercus sect. Lobatae
Species:
Q. shumardii
Binomial name
Quercus shumardii
Quercus shumardii range map 1.png
Generalized natural range
Synonyms [2]
  • Quercus schneckiiBritton

Quercus shumardii, the Shumard oak, spotted oak, Schneck oak, Shumard red oak, or swamp red oak, is one of the largest of the oak species in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is closely related to Quercus buckleyi (Texas red oak), Quercus texana (Nuttall's red oak), and Quercus gravesii (Chisos red oak).

Contents

Description

Leaves in summer Shumard oak leaves.JPG
Leaves in summer
Shumard oak at Miami University, where Shumard studied. Shumard Oak at Miami U IMG 1797.png
Shumard oak at Miami University, where Shumard studied.

The species was identified in an 1860 publication by Samuel Botsford Buckley, the assistant geologist of Texas, and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin Shumard, who studied at Miami University and later served as the State Geologist of Texas. [3] [4] [5]

Mature Shumard oaks typically reach heights of 25 to 35 metres (82 to 115 feet), trunk diameter is typically 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 inches), and crown width typically reaches 12 to 18 m (39 to 59 ft) in width. Typical size varies according to region, with larger specimens occurring in the southern portions of its native range in the United States. Record Shumard oaks have been measured at up to 60 m (200 ft) tall, with crowns up to 27.5 m (90 ft) in width.[ citation needed ] Young specimens generally exhibit conic or ovate crowns, with the upper crown filling in as the tree reaches maturity. Trunks are relatively straight and vertical. Trunks may have deeply fluted buttresses near the ground. Shumard oak is typically found in lowland areas and is able to survive where the soils experience flooding for six weeks of the year. [6]

The young bark of the Shumard oak is light gray, very smooth, and very reflective. Shumard oak bark darkens and develops ridges and furrows as it ages. Occasionally, white splotches are seen on the bark. [6]

Shumard oak twigs terminate in a cluster of buds. The buds are lighter in color than the olive-green twigs. The young twig is highly reflective. [6]

The leaves are arranged alternately and are broadly obovate with 5–9 lobes, each of which is terminated by bristle-tipped teeth. The leaves mature to between 10 and 21 cm (4 and 8 in) in length. The surfaces are glabrous, except for the tufted vein axils. They are dark green on the top, while their bottoms are a slightly lighter shade of green. The leaves turn brown to red in the fall and sometimes have hues of yellow mixed in. Fall colors are relatively late; specimens in central Texas may be at their most red in early December, while Florida specimens may not color substantially until February. [6]

Maturing acorn Quercus shumardii.jpg
Maturing acorn

Shumard oaks bear relatively large acorns, which typically reach up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter. Acorns take between 1.5 and 3 years to fully mature and may go unnoticed during their early stages of development. [6]

Distribution and habitat

Shumard oak is native to the Atlantic coastal plain primarily from North Carolina to northern Florida and west to central Texas; it is also found north in the Mississippi River Valley to central Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana, western and southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is found locally north to southern Michigan, southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, western New York, and the extreme south of Ontario, Canada. [7] [8]

It is tolerant of wide ranges of pH levels in soil. It is drought-resistant, and prefers partial to full sunlight. Shumard oaks begin to bear seeds at a minimum of 25 years of age, and the optimum age for seed development is 50. They are known to have reached at least 480 years of age. The roots are intolerant to disturbance. [6]

Ecology

The acorns of the Shumard oak provide food for various songbirds, game birds such as wild turkey and quail, waterfowl, white-tailed deer, feral hogs, and various rodents such as squirrels. The leaves and twigs can also provide browse for white-tailed deer. [6]

Oak wilt can attack all red oaks, including the Shumard oak. Other diseases that attack Shumard oaks are various fungi that can grow on the leaves, powdery mildew, canker diseases, and shoestring root. [6] [ failed verification ]

Uses

Shumard oak is valued for commercial use and as a shade tree. With the Shumard Oak's ability to tolerate and thrive in a wide range of soil types, it is cultivated at least as far north as Ottawa, Ontario and southern Quebec, and as far south as Lake Worth Beach, Florida. [9]

Shumard oak lumber is grouped with other red oak lumber for use in flooring, furniture, interior trim, decorative molding, paneling, and cabinetry. According to one guide, the lumber of Shumard oak is considered "mechanically superior" to that of other red oaks. [6]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Quercus bicolor</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus virginiana</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus frainetto</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus falcata</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus pubescens</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus pubescens, commonly known as the downy oak, pubescent oak or Italian oak, is a species of white oak native to southern Europe and southwest Asia. It is found from northern Spain (Pyrenees) and France in the West to Turkey and the Caucasus in the East.

<i>Quercus gambelii</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus gambelii, with the common name Gambel oak, is a deciduous small tree or large shrub that is widespread in the foothills and lower mountains of western North America. It is also regionally called scrub oak, oak brush, and white oak.

<i>Quercus coccinea</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus lobata</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus lyrata</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus nigra</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus nigra, the water oak, is an oak in the red oak group, native to the eastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from New Jersey to Texas, and inland as far as Oklahoma, Kentucky, and southern Missouri. It occurs in lowlands and up to 450 meters in elevation.

<i>Quercus buckleyi</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus pagoda</i> Species of oak tree

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<i>Quercus havardii</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus havardii is a deciduous, low-growing, thicket-forming shrub that occupies some two million to three million hectares in the southern Great Plains of North America. Clones may reach hundreds to thousands of years old, although aboveground stems typically live only 11 to 15 years. Shinnery oak stems are usually 1 to 2 metres tall and codominate the plant community with mid- and tall-grasses, which are usually taller than the oaks.

<i>Quercus sinuata <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> breviloba</i> Variety of a species of oak tree

Quercus sinuatavar. breviloba, commonly called Bigelow oak or Bigelow's oak, is a variety of Quercus sinuata, a species of oak tree that grows in parts of the southern United States and northeastern Mexico. Common names for this taxon are shallow-lobed oak, white shin oak, scaly-bark oak, limestone Durand oak, and shortlobe oak. The less specific common name bastard oak may refer to either of the two varieties of Quercus sinuata, var. sinuata and var. breviloba. Other common names include scrub oak or shin oak, but these names may refer to a number of other low growing, clump forming oak species, subspecies or varieties. For clear differentiation in common reference, American Forests uses Durand Oak to mean Quercus sinuata var. sinuata and Bigelow oak to mean Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, a shrubby variety of Quercus sinuata distinguished in part by its habit of forming clonal colonies in parts of its range.

<i>Quercus arizonica</i> Species of oak tree

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References

  1. Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus shumardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T194232A111279985. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194232A111279985.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. "Quercus shumardii Buckley". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. "Quercus shumardii Buckley | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  4. Texas State Historical Association. "Shumard, Benjamin Franklin". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  5. Buckley, Samuel Botsford (1861) [1860]. "Description of Several New Species of Plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 12: 443–445.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus shumardii". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. NRCS. "Quercus shumardii". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  8. "Quercus shumardii". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  9. "Quercus shumardii – Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-10-09.