Retama

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Retama
Retama raetam (Puntagorda) 02.jpg
White flowers of Retama rhodorhizoides
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Clade: Core Genistoids
Tribe: Genisteae
Genus: Retama
Raf.
Species

4–14; see text.

Synonyms [1]
  • BoeliaWebb (1853)
  • LygosAdans. (1763), nom. rej.

Retama (also known as rotem, Hebrew : רותם) is a genus of flowering bushes in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the broom tribe, Genisteae. [2] Retama broom bushes are found natively in North Africa, the Levant and some parts of southern Europe. Retama raetam and Retama monosperma have white flowers, while Retama sphaerocarpa has yellow flowers. It remains an open question in taxonomy whether the members of the genus Retama should be incorporated into the genus Genista (see Genisteae).

Contents

The species contain cytisine, a toxic alkaloid.

In the Spanish language the name retama is commonly used for broom bushes in general, including the genus Retama.

Taxonomy

The genus Retama was erected in 1838 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the genus name being derived from the Arabic name. Rafinesque noted that the genus had been included in other genera, including Spartium , Cytisus and Genista , but he regarded it as distinct. [3]

The name Lygos was once used for Retama; [4] [5] [6] it is now a rejected name (nomen rejiciendum) in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. [7] Michel Adanson described and classified the genus referencing to the Greek plant "lygos" and to Pedanius Dioscorides. [8] In the ancient Greek language, lygos (λύγος) was the name of the plant Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) [9] or willow or other plants with pliant twigs. [10] The same word (in some cases Latinized as Lygus) was used in botany and zoology for various taxonomic groups as a component of names, e.g. Lygodysodea, Lygisyum, Lygistum, Lygodesmia etc. [11] [12]

Retama is traditionally placed in the tribe Genisteae, and in the subfamily Papilionoideae in the 2017 classification of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).

Species

The number of species in the genus and their circumscription varies. As of September 2023, Plants of the World Online, based on the African Plant Database, accepted the following species: [1]

R. rhodorhizoides is included in R. monosperma by some sources, [13] and has been identified as R. raetam by others. [14] When recognized as a separate species, it is restricted to the Canary Islands. [15]

Cultural significance

Retama may be mentioned in the Bible, in I Kings 19:4, Psalms 120:4, and Job 30:4, under the name rotem (Heb. רוֹתֶם/רֹתֶם). According to multiple Jewish biblical commentators, Retama is used in the Bible as a symbol of slander, as, when burnt, its embers will remain hot long after they turn black. [16] [17] However, this translation is contested, with other commentators translating the word as "juniper". [18] [16] [19]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Cytisus</i> Genus of legumes

Cytisus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to open sites in Europe, western Asia and North Africa. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and is one of several genera in the tribe Genisteae which are commonly called brooms. They are shrubs producing masses of brightly coloured, pea-like flowers, often highly fragrant. Members of the segregate genera Calicotome, Chamaecytisus, and Lembotropis are sometimes included in Cytisus.

<i>Genista</i> Genus of flowering plants in the pea and bean family Fabaceae

Genista is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae, native to open habitats such as moorland and pasture in Europe and western Asia. They include species commonly called broom, though the term may also refer to other genera, including Cytisus and Chamaecytisus. Brooms in other genera are sometimes considered synonymous with Genista: Echinospartum, Retama, Spartium, Stauracanthus, and Ulex.

<i>Clintonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Lotus</i> (genus) Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae

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<i>Spartium</i> Species of broom native to the Mediterranean

Spartium junceum, known as Spanish broom, rush broom, or weaver's broom, it is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and the sole species in the genus Spartium. It is closely related to the other brooms.

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<i>Baptisia</i> Genus of legumes

Baptisia is a genus in the legume family, Fabaceae. They are flowering herbaceous perennial plants with pea-like flowers, followed by pods, which are sometimes inflated. They are native to woodland and grassland in eastern and southern North America. The species most commonly found in cultivation is B. australis.

<i>Micromeria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Micromeria is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, with a center of diversity in the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands. It is sometimes placed within the genus Satureja. The name is derived from the Greek words μῑκρος (mīkros), meaning "small," and μερίς (meris), meaning "portion," referring to the leaves and flowers. Common names include savory and whitweed.

<i>Adenocarpus</i> Genus of legumes

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<i>Retama monosperma</i> Species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae

Retama monosperma, the bridal broom or bridal veil broom, is a flowering bush species in the genus Retama, native to the western Mediterranean Basin.

<i>Retama rhodorhizoides</i> Species of legume

Retama rhodorhizoides is a species or subspecies of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, endemic to the Canary Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genisteae</span> Tribe of legumes

Genisteae is a tribe of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae. It includes a number of well-known plants including broom, lupine (lupin), gorse and laburnum.

<i>Rivasgodaya</i> Genus of legumes

Rivasgodaya is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the legume family, Fabaceae. It just contains one species, Rivasgodaya nervosa.

<i>Retama raetam</i> Species of plant

Retama raetam is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to northern Africa from the Western Sahara to Sudan, Sicily, Israel, Sinai Peninsula, the Palestine region and Saudi Arabia, and widely naturalized elsewhere.

<i>Genista lydia</i> Species of plant in the genus Genista

Genista lydia, Lydian broom, dwarf broom, or common woadwaxen, is a species in the genus Genista, native to the Balkans, Turkey and Syria. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Genista sagittalis</i> Species of plant in the genus Genista

Genista sagittalis, called the arrow-jointed broom and winged broom, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Genista, native to central and southern Europe, Ukraine, and Anatolia. Its subspecies Genista sagittalis subsp. delphinensis, called rock broom, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Cytisus oromediterraneus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cytisus oromediterraneus, the Pyrenean broom, is a shrub species that belongs to the family Fabaceae.

<i>Genista florida</i> Species of flowering plant

Genista florida is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Fabaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 "Retama Raf.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 17 September 2023
  2. Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot . 89: 58–75. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 .
  3. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1838), "82. Retama", Sylva Telluriana, Philadelphia, p. 22, retrieved 2018-02-15
  4. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-Of-Doors and Under Glass, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 410.
  5. European Environment Agency, Thermo-mediterranean (Lygos raetam) brush
  6. Hanelt P. & Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (eds.), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Springer Verlag, Germany, 2001, p. 924
  7. "Lygos Adans.", Germplasm Resources Information Network , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , retrieved 2018-02-13
  8. Adanson M. (1763) Familles des Plantes, Paris, vol. 2, pp. 321, 573. Note: In p. 573 the name is printed as “Lugos”.
  9. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon
  10. Composition of scientific words: a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics, Brown, Roland Wilbur, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979 p. 856.
  11. George Don, A general history of the Dichlamydeous plants, London, 1834, vol. 3, p. 483, 560.
  12. Brown, p. 485: Lygus oblineatus (bug).
  13. "Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss.", The Plant List, retrieved 2018-02-15
  14. "Retama raetam auct". African Plant Database. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  15. "Retama rhodorhizoides Webb & Berthel.", Plants of the World Online , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2018-02-15
  16. 1 2 Redak. pp. I Kings 19:4 "Under one rotem".
  17. Metzudat David. pp. Psalms 120:4 "With hot coals of rotem".
  18. Rashi. pp. I Kings 19:4 "Rotem".
  19. Ralbag. pp. I Kings 19:4 "And he sat under one rotem".