Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico)

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Rio Grande Valley
Valle de Río Grande (Spanish)
Rio Grande River Passing Through Bernardo, Conteras, and La Joya, New Mexico (2912609916).jpg
Rio Grande Valley near Socorro, New Mexico
Length230 mi (370 km)N-S
Geology
Type River valley
Age2.06 Ma
Geography
Country United States
State New Mexico
Population centers
Borders onNew Mexico-Texas (3 mi (4.8 km))
Coordinates 33°41′52.41″N106°57′19.78″W / 33.6978917°N 106.9554944°W / 33.6978917; -106.9554944  
River Rio Grande

The Rio Grande Valley is the river valley carved out by the Rio Grande as it flows through the American Southwest and northeastern Mexico, forming a part of the border region. In the US state of New Mexico, the river flows mostly north to south, and forms a valley near Cochiti Pueblo [1] to the state line near El Paso, Texas along the floors of the large sedimentary basins of the Rio Grande Rift, and includes the narrow sections between the basins. It has been historically settled first by the Pueblo peoples, the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally Anglo-Americans. As the largest river in the state, some of its most populous cities are located wholly or partially in the valley, including Albuquerque, New Mexico's largest city.

Contents

The Rio Grande Valley is vital to the state's surface and groundwater municipal water supply, recreation, and agriculture, including irrigated farmland, the Rio Grande Valley AVA, the Mesilla Valley AVA, and the largest acreages of land for growing chile peppers and pecans in the United States, accounting for 77% and 14% of US production, respectively. [2] [3]

Geography

The middle Rio Grande Valley begins at Cochiti Lake where the river exits the Española Basin west of Santa Fe, and forms a shallow valley along the floor of the Santo Domingo Basin, where it hosts mainly Puebloan agriculture. The valley runs through Albuquerque Basin, the location of Albuquerque, New Mexico's largest city, between the aptly named East and West Mesas. It is also the location of Rio Grande Valley State Park. The valley narrows to the south of this basin before entering the Socorro Basin near Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. The valley (and river) trend mostly north–south to -southwest, supporting agriculture in a thin green ribbon across the Chihuahuan Desert. It enters Elephant Butte Reservoir, the largest water body in New Mexico, between Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge and the city of Truth or Consequences. Between Elephant Butte and Caballo Reservoir, the river supports very little agriculture. Ojos (hot springs) are located along the valley floor, and many spas offer natural mineral soaks in T or C. [4] South of Caballo, the valley supports highly fertile lands of the Hatch region where most of the domestically produced chile peppers in the United States are grown. This part of the valley is known as the "Hatch Valley". The valley becomes constrained again before entering the Mesilla Basin where it hosts large tracts of agricultural fields. The river exits the valley south of Las Cruces, the second-largest city in the state, and flows mostly southeast between Texas and Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico.

The first and largest modification structure in the valley is Cochiti Dam at the river's confluence with the Santa Fe River. Other major dams are Elephant Butte Dam and Caballo Dam. Diversion structures are, north to south, Angostura, Isleta, San Acacia, Percha, Leasburg, Mesilla, and American Diversion Dams. Additionally the Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA) operates an adjustable height dam to supply the city with drinking water. [5]

The valley hosts the Pueblo communities of Cochiti, Kewa, San Felipe, Sandia, and Isleta. Other population centers include Albuquerque, Socorro, T or C, Hatch, and Las Cruces.

Geology and hydrology

Map of the Middle Rio Grande Basin showing a section of the Rio Grande Valley (tan) before entering the Socorro Basin to the south Middle Rio Grande Basin.gif
Map of the Middle Rio Grande Basin showing a section of the Rio Grande Valley (tan) before entering the Socorro Basin to the south

The entire Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico follows the Rio Grande Rift, a structural rift caused by the westward extension of the continental basement of the Western United States during the past 35 million years. The rift itself extends from Colorado in the north to Chihuahua in the south, where the river no longer flows. The valley is therefore also a rift valley. [6]

Before the Ancestral Rio Grande was integrated into a single watercourse, the valley was a series of closed bolsons each draining into a central playa. [7] An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern Albuquerque Basin where it deposited the Popotosa Formation. [8] The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the Palomas basin by 4.5 million years, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years. [8]

Ecology

Although the Rio Grande flows primarily through desert and arid lands, the valley floor nearest the river supports a rich bosque habitat, featuring large cottonwood gallery forests. The bosque has been cleared in areas for agricultural fields. The fields themselves provide a habitat for migratory birds.

Chihuahuan Desert terrain on the valley floor south of Las Cruces Mesilla-valley-franklins-nm1.jpg
Chihuahuan Desert terrain on the valley floor south of Las Cruces

History

Prehispanic

The Rio Grande Valley has been inhabited for millennia. The Folsom tradition first reached the Rio Grande Valley between 13,000 and 12,000 years ago near present-day Albuquerque. Following herds of bison across the West Mesa, they would frequent the valley for water, game, and wild plants. Artifacts left behind by the Folsom culture include flakes of stone cherts from the Chuska Mountains, the Zuni Mountains, and the Rio Puerco Escarpment, suggesting they were moving east toward the Rio Grande, collecting high-quality stones along the way, and stopping to camp and kill game upon the mesa, before continuing west and south across the Americas. [9]

The Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the valley year-around starting sometime before 1300 CE, after abandoning their settlements near the Four Corners region, probably due to drought, in the late Pueblo III Period. [10] They established the various pueblos in the valley that are still inhabited today.

The Apache peoples entered the valley sometime between 1200 and 1500 CE; the Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. [11] They were a primarily nomadic culture who would hunt and gather wild plants. They traded with the Pueblos their bison meat, hides, and stone tool materials for Puebloan maize and woven cotton goods. They would also raid Pueblo, and later Spanish, Mexican, and American, settlements. Since the early 21st century, substantial progress has been made in dating and distinguishing their dwellings and other forms of material culture. [12] [13]

Hispanic

In the autumn of 1540, a military expedition of the Viceroyalty of New Spain led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, Governor of Nueva Galicia, reached the Tiwa pueblos in the valley around the future site of the Albuquerque Metro. [14] When they entered the valley to establish irrigated fields, they encountered fields already in place by the Pueblos, complete with diversions and canals "as if built by Spaniards". [15] [16]

El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (English: The Royal Road of Interior Land) was established in 1600 to connect Mexico City with the capital of the kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The road first entered the valley at El Paso del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua). North of Las Cruces, New Mexico, the road left the valley and traversed the Jornada del Muerto Desert. The road then rejoined the valley at Socorro and followed along the floor of the valley to near Kewa Pueblo, where it again left the valley on the final leg to Santa Fe, New Mexico. [17]

La Villa de Alburquerque was founded by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés in 1706. It was built in the style of a typical Spanish villa, with buildings surrounding a central plaza. The area was an important crossing in the valley since ancient times. Here, a good ford of the river lined with the path to an important mountain pass [18]

Post-Hispanic

Between 1591 and 1942, 82 floods with flows greater than 10,000 cubic feet per second of flow were recorded. Flooding resulted from seasonal meltwater from snow in the northern mountains in the spring, and from storm runoff during the New Mexican Monsoon in the summer. [19] The Spanish noted that Pueblos living along the river would often build on raised land or natural highpoints along the valley floor; rarely, they would abandon settlements if the flooding was too frequent or severe in a particular location. An unnamed Spaniard in 1776 wrote of the floods in the Rio Grande Valley:

"This river is in flood from mid-April to the end of June. The force of the freshets depends upon whether the winter snows have been heavy or light, but they never fail, for it always snows more or less. In a very rainy year, the flood sea-son lasts a long time, and the longer it lasts, the greater the damage it does, whether to people or cattle who are drowned, or to farmlands that are swept away, or even to nearby houses that are carried off." [19]

The largest flood occurred in 1828 and exceeded 100,000 cfs. Records indicate that the entire valley was flooded from Albuquerque to El Paso, which caused the river to shift to new channels in several locations. Several settlements in the Albuquerque area were moved due to flooding, such as Alameda and "Upper Bernalillo". Near Albuquerque, the river would alternate during floods between a channel near present-day 2nd and 4th Streets NW east of town, and the present-day channel west of town; this ended when the river was channelized in the city in the 1950s. [19]

The construction of Elephant Butte Dam and Cochiti Dam in the 20th century virtually ended the era of unpredictable and destructive flooding in the middle Rio Grande Valley. This has led to issues in the valley such as falling water tables, decreased fertility due to reduction in silt deposition, decrease in cottonwood saplings due to competitive vegetation surviving flood season, and endangerment of certain aquatic species due to decreased intensity of spring flood pulses, which typically cues spawning in such species. [20]

Santa Fe rail station in Las Cruces Las Cruces NM train station.jpg
Santa Fe rail station in Las Cruces

When the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad arrived in Albuquerque 1880, it bypassed the Plaza, locating the passenger depot and railyards about 2 miles (3 km) east in what quickly became known as "New Albuquerque" or "New Town". [21] A new line, the El Paso Subdivision, was built from New Albuquerque, 230 miles (370 km) south to El Paso, Texas. The northern and southern sections of the route traverses the Rio Grande Valley, while the central section bypasses the valley and crosses the Jornada del Muerto Desert, very roughly parallel to the Camino Real. The line is still active as of 2021, but is only moderately used. The entire line from Belen to El Paso is unsignalized dark territory. [22]

In the 1926, U.S. 66 was constructed through the New Mexico. The highway entered the valley at Kewa Pueblo. It then continued south through the valley through the Albuquerque area to Los Lunas, where the highway left the valley to continue west to California. U.S. 66 was rerouted on a more east–west path to cross the valley at Albuquerque in 1937. [23] U.S. Route 85, part of the Pan-American Highway, was constructed along the length of the valley from El Paso, Texas to then-US 66 (now NM 6) in Los Lunas. It was shown as "U.S. Route 466" in an early 1925 plan for the United States Numbered Highway System. [24] The number "466" was later used along another routing.

Agriculture

Repeated floods in the middle Rio Grande Valley have created some of the most fertile agricultural lands in the Southwest. The Puebloans were the first to grow crops in the valley, growing maize, squash, and beans. The Spanish later expanded irrigation to almost every arable acre of floodland along the Rio Grande. [15]

The valley is famous for growing chile peppers; the village of Hatch bills itself as "The Chile Capital of the World". [25] The mix of desert minerals with clays and other alluvium carried south by the floods have created a unique terroir, [26] resulting in peppers with unique flavors and uniform heat levels. It includes acreage for New Mexico's state vegetable, the New Mexico chile.

Other important crops include pecans, frijoles (pinto beans), peanuts, onions, and cotton. It is the location of Stahmann Farms, which operates the world's largest pecan orchard near Las Cruces. Livestock includes cattle, dairy, sheep, angora goats, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and honey bees. [27] [3]

Fields in the Rio Grande Valley. The city of Las Cruces is on the right, and the Franklin Mountains of Texas are in the background. Rio Grande, Las Cruces, New Mexico.jpg
Fields in the Rio Grande Valley. The city of Las Cruces is on the right, and the Franklin Mountains of Texas are in the background.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puebloans</span> Native Americans in the Southwestern United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico</span> Census-designated place in New Mexico, United States

Kewa Pueblo is a federally-recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people in northern New Mexico, in Sandoval County southwest of Santa Fe. The pueblo is recorded as the Santo Domingo Pueblo census-designated place by the U.S. Census Bureau, with a population of 2,456 at the 2010 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwestern United States</span> Geographical region of the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pueblo</span> Native tribes of Southwestern United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elephant Butte Dam</span> Dam on the Rio Grande in New Mexico, United States

Elephant Butte Dam or Elephant Butte Dike, originally Engle Dam, is a concrete gravity dam on the Rio Grande near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. The dam impounds Elephant Butte Reservoir, which is used mainly for agriculture but also provides for recreation, hydroelectricity, and flood and sediment control. The construction of the dam has reduced the flow of the Rio Grande to a small stream for most of the year, with water being released only during the summer irrigation season or during times of exceptionally heavy snow melt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesilla Valley</span>

The Mesilla Valley is a geographic feature of Southern New Mexico and far West Texas. It was formed by repeated heavy spring floods of the Rio Grande.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochiti Dam</span> Dam in New Mexico, US

The Cochiti Dam is an earthen fill dam located on the Rio Grande in Sandoval County, New Mexico, approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States. By volume of material, it is the 23rd largest dam in the world at 62,849,000 yd3 of material, one of the ten largest such dams in the United States, and the eleventh largest such dam in the world. Cochiti Dam is one of the four United States Army Corps of Engineers projects for flood and sediment control on the Rio Grande system, operating in conjunction with Abiquiu Dam, Galisteo Dam and Jemez Canyon Dam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Mexico wine</span>

New Mexico has a long history of wine production, within American wine, especially along the Rio Grande, from its capital Santa Fe, the city of Albuquerque with its surrounding metropolitan area, and in valleys like the Mesilla and the Mimbres River valleys. In 1629, Franciscan friar García de Zúñiga and a Capuchín friar named Antonio de Arteaga planted the first wine grapes in Santa Fe de Nuevo México, in what would become the modern Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA. Today, wineries exist in the aforementioned Middle Rio Grande Valley, as well as the Mesilla Valley AVA and the Mimbres Valley AVA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Index of New Mexico–related articles</span>

The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of New Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rio Grande Trail</span> Proposed trail in New Mexico, United States

The Rio Grande Trail is a proposed long distance trail along the Rio Grande in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The river extends over 1,800 total miles, some 700 miles (1,100 km) of which pass through the heart of New Mexico. It is the state's primary drainage feature and most valuable natural and cultural resource. The river and its bosque provide a wide variety of recreation, including hunting and fishing, birdwatching, river rafting, hiking, biking, and horseback riding. The river also flows through or beside numerous spectacular and geologically interesting landforms, the result of extensive volcanism and erosion of the valley within the Rio Grande Rift. Although some trail advocates would like to see the trail extended the full distance through New Mexico, from the Colorado border to the United States–Mexico border, the portion proposed for initial development extends 300 miles (480 km), from Bernalillo south to Las Cruces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rio Grande Project</span>

The Rio Grande Project is a United States Bureau of Reclamation irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, and interbasin water transfer project serving the upper Rio Grande basin in the southwestern United States. The project irrigates 193,000 acres (780 km2) along the river in the states of New Mexico and Texas. Approximately 60 percent of this land is in New Mexico. Some water is also allotted to Mexico to irrigate some 25,000 acres (100 km2) on the south side of the river. The project was authorized in 1905, but its final features were not implemented until the early 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Las Conchas Fire</span> Wildfire in New Mexico, United States

The Las Conchas Fire was a large wildfire in the state of New Mexico, in the United States, in 2011. The fire started in Santa Fe National Forest and burned more than 150,000 acres, threatening Los Alamos National Laboratory and the town of Los Alamos. After five days of burning, it became the largest wildfire in New Mexico state history at the time. It was surpassed in 2012 by the much larger Whitewater-Baldy Complex Fire and in 2022 by the Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire and the Black Fire making the Las Conchas Fire the fourth-largest fire in New Mexico's recorded history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albuquerque Basin</span> Basin and ecoregion within the Rio Grande rift in central New Mexico

The Albuquerque Basin is a structural basin and ecoregion within the Rio Grande rift in central New Mexico. It contains the city of Albuquerque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District</span>

The Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD) was formed in 1925 to manage the irrigation systems and control floods in the Albuquerque Basin. It is responsible for the stretch of river from the Cochiti Dam in Sandoval County in the north, through Bernalillo County, Valencia County and Socorro County to the Elephant Butte Reservoir in the south. It manages the Angostura, Isleta and San Acacia diversion dams, which feed an extensive network of irrigation canals and ditches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle Rio Grande Project</span>

The Middle Rio Grande Project manages water in the Albuquerque Basin of New Mexico, United States. It includes major upgrades and extensions to the irrigation facilities built by the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District and modifications to the channel of the Rio Grande to control sedimentation and flooding. The bulk of the work was done by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s, but construction continued into the 1970s and maintenance is ongoing. The project is complementary to the San Juan–Chama Project, which transfers water from the San Juan River in the Colorado River Basin to the Rio Grande. Although distribution of water from the two projects is handled through separate allotments and contracts, there is some sharing of facilities including the river itself. The ecological impact on the river and the riparian zone was the subject of extended litigation after a group of environmentalists filed Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Fe Group (geology)</span> Group of geologic formations filling the Rio Grande rift

The Santa Fe Group is a group of geologic formations in New Mexico and Colorado. It contains fossils characteristic of the Oligocene through Pleistocene epochs. The group consists of basin-filling sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Rio Grande rift, and contains important regional aquifers.

Rio Grande Valley may refer to:

References

  1. ↑ "Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico". e-Hillerman. University of New Mexico. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  2. ↑ "2019 New Mexico Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Agriculture; USDA. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  3. 1 2 "The New Mexico Pecan Industry Today". NMSU College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES). New Mexico State University. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  4. ↑ Burch, David (2003). "Hay-Yo-Kay Hot Springs and Spa in Truth or Consequences". SouthernNewMexico.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30.
  5. ↑ "The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority". Abcwua.org. December 7, 2008. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  6. ↑ Russell, L.; Snelson, S. (1994). "Structure and tectonics of the Albuquerque basin segment of the Rio Grande Rift: Insights from reflection seismic data.". Geological Society of America Special Paper 291. pp. 83–112. ISBN   0-8137-2291-8.
  7. ↑ Repasch, Marisa; Karlstrom, Karl; Heizler, Matt; Pecha, Mark (May 2017). "Birth and evolution of the Rio Grande fluvial system in the past 8 Ma: Progressive downward integration and the influence of tectonics, volcanism, and climate". Earth-Science Reviews. 168: 113–164. Bibcode:2017ESRv..168..113R. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.003 .
  8. 1 2 Koning, Daniel J.; Jochems, Andy P.; Heizler, Matthew T. (2018). "Early Pliocene paleovalley incision during early Rio Grande evolution in southern New Mesico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 69: 93–108. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  9. ↑ "Anthropology Students Excavate Folsom Site". University of New Mexico. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  10. ↑ Droughts and Migrations. Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
  11. ↑ Cordell, p. 148
  12. ↑ Seymour 2004, 2009 a, 2009 b, 2010
  13. ↑ Roberts, Susan A.; Roberts, Calvin A. (1998). A History of New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN   0-8263-1792-8.
  14. ↑ Brand, Donald Dilworth; Schmidt, Robert H. "Rio Grande". Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  15. 1 2 Hammond, George P.; Rey, Agapito (1966). "The Rediscovery of New Mexico". University of New Mexico Press. III (Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications 1540-1940): 182.||url-status = live
  16. ↑ "History". Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District. Retrieved May 3, 2021.||url-status = live
  17. ↑ "History & Culture: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro". National Park Service. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  18. ↑ "About – Albuquerque Historical Society". Albuquerque Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 Scurlock, Dan (May 1998). From the Rio to the Sierra: An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. p. 32.
  20. ↑ Arnold, Craig Anthony (2005-03-01). Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use. Environmental Law Institute. ISBN   978-1-58576-089-3 . Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  21. ↑ Galloway, Lindsey. "A hospital turned hotel in New Mexico". BBC Travel. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  22. ↑ "The Birth of The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, by Joseph W. Snell and Don W. Wilson, Summer 1968". Kancoll.org. 1968-01-17. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
  23. ↑ Antonson, Rick (2012). Route 66 Still Kicks: Driving America's Main Street. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 195. ISBN   9781459704374 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ "U.S. 666: "Beast of a Highway"?". Federal Highway Administration. June 18, 2003. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  25. ↑ Steep, Abe. "The Chile Capital of the World". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  26. ↑ Herrera, Tilde (22 August 2010). "New Mexico green chiles headed to Bay Area". San Francisco Chronicle.
  27. ↑ "2019 New Mexico Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Agriculture; USDA. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
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