Siculian

Siculian
Sicel
Region	Sicily
Ethnicity	Sicels
Era	attested late 6th century to 4th century BCE [1] [2]
Language family	Indo-European Italic Siculian
Writing system	Greek alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	scx
Linguist List	scx
Glottolog	sicu1234
Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the Iron Age, before the Roman expansion and conquest of Italy

Siculian (or Sicel) is an extinct Indo-European language spoken in central and eastern Sicily by the Sicels. It is attested in fewer than thirty inscriptions in eastern Sicily from the late 6th century to 4th century BCE, and in around twenty-five glosses from ancient writers. ^[1]

Classification

Ancient sources state that Siculians entered Sicily from the Italian Peninsula either around the 13th century or the middle of the 11th century BCE (or in two waves), driving the prior inhabitants, the Sicanians and Elymians, to the west of the island. ^[3]

Due to its limited attestation, it is difficult to determine much about this language beyond that it was Indo-European. ^[4] The prevalent modern view is that Siculian was an Italic language, although the scarcity of sources and the difficulties in interpreting inscriptions and glosses make it impossible to come to a definitive conclusion. ^[5]

Some inscriptions may reveal Italic elements, such as geped ('had'), which is comparable to the Oscan hipid; dedaxed ('made' ?), perhaps a reduplicated k-extended form of the root *dʰeh1- similar to Volscian fhe:fhaked and Oscan fefacid; and the female name Kup(a)ra, which evokes the Sabellic *kupro- ('good'). ^[4]

If Siculian is indeed classified as Italic, it would diverge from all its relatives in showing voiced reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates in initial position, in contrast to the sound changes f < *dʰ, *bʰ and h- < *gʰ/*g̑ʰ, attested in Latin, Sabellic, and Venetic. ^[4]

Attestations

They used the Greek alphabet, along with a native one based upon Western Greek scripts, probably the Euboic-Chalkidic version. ^[1] According to scholar Markus Hartmann, "of the fewer than thirty inscriptions in total, only six appear to be at least in part intelligible and to be Siculian (i.e., most certainly neither Greek nor belonging to some other Italic or pre-Italic language)." ^[6]

ΝΕΝΔΑΣ Π̣Υ̣[----]Σ ΤΕΒΕΓ ΠΡΑΑΡΕΙ ΕΝ ΒΟ[.]ΡΕΝΑΙ ϜΙΔΕ ΠΑΓΟΣΤΙΚΕ ΑΙΤΕ[--]ΛΥΒΕ
nendas ˌ puṛẹṇọṣ ˌ tebeg ˌ praarei ˌ en ˌ bo?renai ˌ vide ˌ pagostike ˌ aite?ṇ?ụbe.

— Stele from Sciri Sottano (c. 600 BCE) ^{[7] [6]}

tamuraabesakedqoiaves ˌ eurumakes ˌ agepipokedḷutimbe levopomanatesemaidarnakei- buṛeitaṃomịaetiurela

— Amphora from Montagna di Marzo (late 6th–early 5th century BCE) ^[6]

ΙΑΜ ΑΚΑΡΑΜ ΕΠΟΠΑΣ ΚΑΑΓΙΙΕΣ ΓΕΠΕΔ ΤΟΥΤΟ FΕΡΕΓΑΙ ΕΣΗΕΙΚΑΔ[.] ΑΛΑ
iamˌakaramˌe?p??asˌkaag?esˌgẹpẹḍ2te?toˌveregai- es? ˌ eka ˌ doara[ịẹạḍ]

— Block of sandstone from Mendolito (late 6th century BCE) ^{[8] [6]}

nunus ˌ teṇti ˌ mím ˌ arustainam ˌ íemitom ˌ esti ˌ durom ˌ nanepos ˌ durom ˌ íemitom ˌ esti ˌ velíom ˌ ned ˌ emponitantom ˌ eredes ˌ vịino ˌ brtome

— Guttus (or askos) from Centorbi (early 5th century BCE) ^[6]

Some inscriptions, written in Sicilian Doric Greek and displaying lexical items that appear to match Latin, are also suspected to be of Siculian origin, such as lítra (comparable to Latin lībra, 'pound') and kúbiton (paralleling Latin cubitum, 'elbow'). ^[4]

References

1. Hartmann 2017, p. 1854.
2. Siculian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
3. de Simone 1999 , p. 500; de Simone 2006 , p. 690; Hartmann 2017 , p. 1854.
4. Weiss 2022, pp. 115–116.
5. • Palmer 1988, pp. 43–45
   • Agostiniani 1992, p. 538
   • Tribulato 2012, p. 167
   • Hartmann 2017, p. 1854
6. Hartmann 2017, p. 1855.
7. "Inscribed Stele inscribed in the Sikel language". Voci di Pietra. Castello Ursino Civic Museum.
8. Tribulato, Olga; Mignosa, Valetina (2021). "Marking identity through graphemes? A new look at the Sikel arrow-shaped alpha". In Boyes, Philip J.; Steeleand, Philippa M.; Astoreca, Natalia Elvira (eds.). The Social and Cultural Contexts of Historic Writing Practices. Oxford, England: Oxbow Books. p. 324. ISBN   978-1-78925-479-2. JSTOR   j.ctv2npq9fw.21. OCLC   1243743745.

Bibliography

• Agostiniani, Luciano (1992). "Les parlers indigènes de la Sicile prégrecque". Lalies. 11: 125–157. ISSN   0750-9170.
• de Simone, Carlo (1999). "L'epigrafia sicana e sicula". Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa: 499–507. ISSN   0392-095X.
• de Simone, Carlo (2006). "Ancora su Siculo e Sicano". In Michelini, Chiara (ed.). Guerra e pace in Sicilia e nel Mediterraneo antico (VIII−III sec. a.C.). Vol. 2. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore. pp. 689–692. ISBN   978-8876422102.
• Hartmann, Markus (2017). "Siculian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1854–1857. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-026. ISBN   978-3-11-054243-1. S2CID   242076323.
• Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988). The Latin Language. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-2136-9.
• Tribulato, Olga (2012). Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-85193-0.
• Weiss, Michael (2022). "Italic". In Olander, Thomas (ed.). The Indo-European Language Family. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-108-49979-8.

Further reading

• Agostiniani, Luciano (2012). "Alfabetizzazione della Sicilia pregreca". Aristonothos. Rivista di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico (4): 139–164. doi:10.6092/2037-4488/1940. ISSN   2385-2895.
• Agostiniani, Luciano; Cordano, Federica (2002). "L'ambiente siculo" [The Sicilian Environment]. In Cordano, Federica; Di Salvatore, Massimo (eds.). Il Guerriero di Castiglione di Ragusa: Greci e Siculi nella Sicilia Sud-orientale: atti del Seminario, Milano, 15 maggio 2000[The Warrior of Castiglione di Ragusa: Greeks and Sicilians in south-eastern Sicily: proceedings of the Seminary, Milan, 15 May 2000]. Hesperìa (in Italian). Vol. 16. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 77–89. ISBN   88-8265-163-0.
• Ambrosini, Riccardo. 1984. Lingue nelle Sicilia pregreca. In Adriana Quattordio Moreschini (ed.), Tre millenni di storia linguistica della Sicilia, 13–36. Pisa: Giardini.
• Campanile, Enrico. 1969. Note sulle glosse sicule e sui rapporti linguistici fra siculo e latino. In Studia Classica et Orientalia Antonino Pagliaro oblata. Vol. 1, 293–322. Rome: Herder
• Dell'Oro, Francesca (2017). "Une Nouvelle Attestation du Substrat « sicule » en Sicile ?: Quelques Réflexions à Propos de la Légende Méconnue d'une Monnaie d'Himère" [A New Attestation of the 'Siculian' Substrate in Sicily?: Some Thoughts on the Unrecognized Legend of a Himeran Coin]. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 130: 5–16. doi:10.13109/hisp.2017.130.1.5. JSTOR   26532658.
• Martzloff, Vincent (2011). "Variation linguistique et exégèse paléo-italique. L'idiome sicule de Montagna di Marzo" [Linguistic variation and Paleo-Italic exegesis. The Sicilian idiom of Montagna di Marzo]. In van Heems, Gilles (ed.). La variation linguistique dans les langues de l'Italie préromaine: Actes du IVe Séminaire sur les langues de l'Italie préromaine organisé à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2 et la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 12 mars 2009[Linguistic variation in the languages of pre-Roman Italy: Proceedings of the 4th Seminar on the languages of pre-Roman Italy organized at the Université Lumière-Lyon 2 and the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, March 12, 2009]. Série philologique. Vol. 45. Lyon, France: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée. pp. 93–130. ISBN   978-2-35668-021-1.
• Martzloff, Vincent (2017). "Retour sur l'inscription sicule de Montagna di Marzo" [Return to the Sicilian inscription of Montagna di Marzo]. In Ancillotti, Augusto; Calderini, Alberto; Massarelli, Riccardo (eds.). Forme e strutture della religione nell'Italia mediana antica: III Convegno Internazionale dell'Istituto di Ricerche e Documentazione sugli antichi umbri 21–25 settembre 2011 [Forms and Structures of Religion in Ancient Central Italy: 3rd International Conference of the Institute of Research and Documentation on Ancient Umbrians 21–25 September 2011]. Studia Archaeologica. Vol. 215. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 491–516. ISBN   978-88-913-0488-9.
• Poccetti, Paolo. 2012. Language relations in Sicily. In Olga Tribulato (ed.), Language and linguistic contact in ancient Sicily, 49–94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Prag, Jonathan (2020). "The Indigenous Languages of Sicily". Palaeohispanica (20): 531–551. doi: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.376 . ISSN   1578-5386. S2CID   230709663.
• Willi, Andreas. 2008. Sikelismos. Sprache, Literatur und Gesellschaft im griechischen Sizilien (8.–5. Jh. v. Chr.). Basel: Schwabe.