Sphagnum wulfianum

Sphagnum wulfianum
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1); (Europe regional assessment)
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Bryophyta
Class:	Sphagnopsida
Order:	Sphagnales
Family:	Sphagnaceae
Genus:	Sphagnum
Species:	S. wulfianum
Binomial name
	Sphagnum wulfianum; Girg.
Synonyms
	List Sphagnum pycnocladum Ångstr. ; Sphagnum wulfii Lindb. ; Sphagnum wulfianum f. congestum Russow ; Sphagnum wulfianum var. fuscescens Warnst. ; Sphagnum wulfianum f. pumilum(Warnst. ex Zick.) Warnst.; Sphagnum wulfianum f. remotumRussow; Sphagnum wulfianum f. robustumWarnst.; Sphagnum wulfianum var. squarrosulumRussow ex Warnst.; Sphagnum wulfianum var. squarrulosumRussow; Sphagnum wulfianum var. versicolorWarnst.; Sphagnum wulfianum var. virideWarnst.; Sphagnum wulfii var. squarrosulum Braithw. ; Sphagnum wulfianum var. pumilumWarnst. ex Zick.; Sphagnum wulfianum subf. squarrulosum(Russow) Warnst.;

Last updated December 01, 2024

Sphagnum wulfianum, commonly known as Wulf's peatmoss, is a species of moss belonging to the family Sphagnaceae. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring primarily in moist boreal forest environments across Eurasia and North America, with rare occurrences in Arctic tundra regions. The species is morphologically distinctive among peat mosses, characterised by having six to twelve branches per fascicle, a unique feature in the genus. First described in 1860 from Estonia, it typically grows in boggy mineral-rich spruce forests and at the borders of mires, forming small carpets and hummocks. While the species has a large geographic range and stable overall population trends in Europe, it faces regional conservation challenges, particularly at its range edges, where it is considered endangered in several countries due to habitat degradation from peatland drainage, forestry, and agriculture. Genetic studies indicate remarkably low genetic diversity throughout its range, suggesting high rates of gene flow across large distances despite infrequent spore production.

Systematics

Historical taxonomy

Sphagnum wulfianum was first described by Gustav Karl Girgensohn in 1860 from specimens collected near Tartu,^[4] Estonia (then part of Livland in the Russian Empire). Girgensohn discovered the species in 1847 in a swampy forest at Techlefer manor (now Tähtevere) and named it after von Wulf, the manor's owner.^[5]

The lectotype specimen, designated in 2007, was collected by Girgensohn on 21 March 1847, and is housed in the Institute of Agriculture and Environment of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (TAA). This specimen is notable for bearing sporophytes and includes Girgensohn's original notes describing key characteristics of the species, including its distinctive feature of having 8–12 branches per fascicle. Several syntypes and other original specimens collected by Girgensohn are preserved in various herbaria including Helsinki (H), St. Petersburg (LE), and Tartu (TAM).^[5]

A few years after Girgensohn's original German description, Edmund Russow published an additional Latin description in 1865 in response to criticism about lacking histological details in the original description.^[6] The type locality at Techlefer/Tähtevere has since been destroyed due to drainage and urban development, and the species has become extinct at this site. Despite its loss at the type locality, S. wulfianum remains widely but sparsely distributed throughout the boreal zone.^[5]

Classification

Sphagnum wulfianum was historically placed in its own monospecific section Polyclada within the genus Sphagnum . However, molecular phylogenetics studies indicate it belongs within or sister to section Acutifolia.^[7] While earlier studies suggested it might be nested within Acutifolia, more extensive molecular sampling indicates it may be more closely related to section Squarrosa, though its precise phylogenetic position remains ambiguous – it could be sister to Squarrosa, sister to Acutifolia, or sister to both sections combined.^[8]

The species is morphologically unique among Sphagnum species in having six to twelve branches per fascicle (branch cluster), with at least three of these being spreading branches. This distinctive feature led to its original classification in its own section, but molecular evidence indicates this characteristic evolved within one of the major Sphagnum lineages rather than representing an early diverging lineage.^[8]^[7]

Description

Sphagnum wulfianum is a medium-sized moss species with several distinctive morphological features. The species is characterised by having six to twelve branches per fascicle (branch cluster), with at least three of these being spreading branches – a unique feature among Sphagnum species.^[9] The plant is typically green in colour, rarely becoming light brown even when growing in full sunlight. It has a very rigid, dark stem and a dense capitulum (the cluster of branches at the stem apex) that varies from slightly convex to hemispherical. The stem leaves are oblong-triangular in shape and measure 0.75–1.0 mm in length.^[9]

The species is distinctive and easily recognised in the field by its characteristic features, particularly the high number of branches per fascicle, large erect dense moss cap, and distinctive brown stem. Under microscopic examination, it has unique diagnostic features in its branch and stem leaves, particularly the pattern of pores on water-bearing cells in branch leaves. These pores have distinctive rings around them that occur almost along the entire length of the leaf, a feature that distinguishes it from similar species like S. warnstorfii , which only has such rings in the top part of the branch leaf.^[10] Its appearance is distinctly different from other Sphagnum species, making it relatively straightforward to identify once familiar with its characteristics.^[9]

Distribution

Sphagnum wulfianum has a circumboreal distribution. In Europe, it is primarily found in Fennoscandia, where it has its main European population centre, and Russia, including Asian Russia, with additional scattered populations in the Baltic states, eastern Poland, and Romania, where it is considered one of the rarest Sphagnum species.^[10] The species reaches its westernmost European limit at the Atlantic coast of Norway in the Åfjord Municipality of Central Norway.^[11] The species occurs from sea level up to 1,100 metres in elevation.^[1]

In North America, S. wulfianum is found throughout the continent,^[11] and populations have also been recorded in West Greenland^[12] and northeast China.^[13] The presence of this species in regions at the edge of its range may represent relatively recent colonisation rather than relict populations from glacial periods, as suggested by studies in northeastern Poland showing a lack of fossil remains in peat deposits.^[10] While S. wulfianum is primarily a boreal forest species, it has also been documented in the Arctic tundra zone, though such occurrences are rare. Systematic analysis of herbarium specimens and distribution records indicates that tundra habitats represent less than 0.5% of the species' documented locations. These tundra occurrences are geographically limited to specific regions: the Yamal Peninsula, Taz Peninsula, Taymyr Peninsula, and the portion of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra adjacent to the Polar Urals. In contrast, the species is absent from the tundras of Yakutia, Chukotka, and the mountainous tundras of Scandinavia.^[14]

The species' restricted tundra distribution pattern appears to be linked to historical vegetation changes. Paleoecological evidence suggests that S. wulfianum in these southern tundra regions may be a relict from the Holocene climatic optimum, when these areas were covered by forest vegetation. The current tundra populations persist in areas that were formerly forested during warmer periods, while the species is absent from regions that lacked forest cover during the Holocene.^[14] It is fairly common in Finland and eastern middle Sweden, but becomes increasingly rare towards its western and southern range limits in Europe. In the Baltic states, it is relatively common in Estonia and Latvia but rare in Lithuania.^[1]

Habitat and ecology

The species typically grows in moist boreal forest environments, particularly in boggy mineral-rich spruce forests at the borders of mires, and rarely in open habitats.^[15] It may also occur in moist birch and pine forests, and in Greenland, it has been found growing in treeless, arctic vegetation, demonstrating its ability to survive in arctic environments.^[11] Within these forest environments, S. wulfianum grows directly on the ground or over fallen tree trunks, typically forming small isolated cushions. When rarely found in open peatlands, it prefers drier microhabitats such as stumps.^[9]

Though it has a wide distribution area, it consistently occurs in small and distantly scattered populations.^[15] In Estonia, where the species was first described, it has been found at about 20 localities, with populations typically consisting of only a few patches approximately 1–2 metres in diameter.^[15]

Sphagnum wulfianum commonly grows alongside other Sphagnum species, including S. centrale , S. girgensohnii , S. russowii , and S. squarrosum .^[15] Research has shown that its growth can be affected by neighbouring species, with reduced height growth but increased weight gain when growing in mixed species communities compared to monocultures.^[15] The species appears to be a relatively weak competitor compared to other Sphagnum species growing in the same habitat. It typically forms small carpets and hummocks in conifer swamp habitats, especially in moist spruce forests, where it grows on damp mineral soil, peat, and peat hummocks near tree bases. Less commonly, it can be found in more open conditions in dwarf shrub communities of the sub-arctic zone or in overgrown felling areas.^[1]

Population genetics

Sphagnum wulfianum shows remarkably low genetic diversity throughout its range compared to other Sphagnum species, with only four polymorphic loci out of 18 studied. The species has two main genetic groups that are relatively evenly distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, though only one genetic group is found in the Pacific Northwest of North America. This genetic uniformity suggests high rates of gene flow across large distances, despite the species' infrequent spore production.^[16]

Genetic studies have shown that European populations of S. wulfianum likely colonised northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum, rather than surviving in glacial refugia. The species shows relatively low genetic variation within populations but high differentiation between populations. Despite its infrequent spore production, the species appears capable of long-distance dispersal, as evidenced by the widespread distribution of shared genetic types from Norway to Russia.^[11]

Conservation

Sphagnum wulfianum is listed as Least Concern (LC) across Europe and the European Union due to its large geographic range and stable overall population trends. However, the species faces regional conservation challenges, particularly at the edges of its range. It is classified as Endangered (EN) in Norway, Romania, and Ukraine, Vulnerable (VU) in Poland and Lithuania, and Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia. The primary threats to the species include habitat degradation from peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater levels, peatland fires, and peat harvesting. Some populations are protected within nature reserves, and in Estonia, the species receives legal protection due to habitat degradation concerns.^[1]

Related Research Articles

Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. Sphagnum moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most common components in peat, although many other plants can contribute. The biological features of sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation, a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation'. Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols. Peat forms in wetland conditions, where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere, slowing the rate of decomposition. Peat properties such as organic matter content and saturated hydraulic conductivity can exhibit high spatial heterogeneity.

A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials – often mosses, typically sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, mosses, quagmire, and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens. A bayhead is another type of bog found in the forest of the Gulf Coast states in the United States. They are often covered in heath or heather shrubs rooted in the sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink.

<i>Sphagnum</i> Genus of mosses, peat moss

Sphagnum is a genus of approximately 380 accepted species of mosses, commonly known as sphagnum moss, also bog moss and quacker moss. Accumulations of Sphagnum can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold 16 to 26 times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species. The empty cells help retain water in drier conditions.

Aulacomnium palustre, the bog groove-moss or ribbed bog moss, is a moss that is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution. It occurs in North America, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Eurasia, and New Zealand. In North America, it occurs across southern arctic, subboreal, and boreal regions from Alaska and British Columbia to Greenland and Quebec. Documentation of ribbed bog moss's distribution in the contiguous United States is probably incomplete. It is reported sporadically south to Washington, Wyoming, Georgia, and Virginia.

Sphagnum angustifolium, the fine bogmoss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic distribution. A member of the S. recurvum species complex within Sphagnum section Cuspidata, it is a relatively small, green to yellowish moss that grows in wet, moderately nutrient-rich mires, typically forming carpets or growing intermixed with other peat moss species. The species can be distinguished from its close relatives by having no more than four branches per fascicle and distinctive large pores on its hanging branch leaves, though identification becomes more challenging in southern populations where morphological characteristics are less distinct.

Sphagnum girgensohnii, commonly known as Girgensohn's bogmoss, Girgensohn's sphagnum or common green peat moss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic and Indo-Malesian distribution. First described by Edmund Russow in 1865, it is a relatively robust moss species characterised by its green to straw-coloured appearance and distinctive branching pattern. The species typically grows in shaded, damp woodlands and on the edges of mires, forming loose mats particularly under birch and willow trees, and can be found from sea level to elevations of 2,200 metres. While it shows a mainly northern distribution pattern and is especially abundant in subarctic regions, it occurs throughout Europe from Portugal to Russia, being more common in upland areas. Despite facing threats from habitat degradation and land-use changes, S. girgensohnii is assessed by the IUCN as Least Concern due to its extensive range and stable populations, though it receives legal protection under various national and international frameworks, including the EU Habitats Directive.

Lycopodiella inundata is a species of club moss known by the common names inundated club moss, marsh clubmoss and northern bog club moss. It has a circumpolar and circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the northern Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic to montane temperate regions in Eurasia and North America. It grows in wet habitat, such as bogs, ponds, moist spots on the tundra, and long-standing borrow pits.

<i>Sphagnum palustre</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum palustre, the prairie sphagnum or blunt-leaved bogmoss, is a species of peat moss from the genus Sphagnum, in the family Sphagnaceae. Like other mosses of this type it can soak up water up to the 30-fold amount of its own dry weight thanks to its elastic spiral fibers. S. palustre is rather frequent and is spread almost all over the world. It mainly grows in wet forests and—compared to other specimens of this genus—rarely grows in moors.

Sphagnum squarrosum, commonly known as the spiky bog-moss or spreading-leaved bog moss, is a peat moss species found in nutrient-rich, damp soils and wetlands across the Northern Hemisphere, with isolated populations in South America. Its spiky appearance, resulting from strongly spreading branch leaves, distinguishes it from other peat moss species. Playing an important role in wetland succession, the species is one of the first Sphagnum mosses to colonise developing wetlands. It shows considerable tolerance to mineral-rich conditions and actively modifies its habitat through cation exchange processes.

Sphagnum fuscum, the rusty bogmoss or rusty peat moss, is a peat moss found commonly in Norway and Sweden, and can be found scattered across North America, the United Kingdom, and in southern to eastern Europe.

Sphagnum fimbriatum, the fringed bogmoss, is a peat moss found in temperate regions worldwide, from the Arctic to New Zealand and along the Andes. William Wilson formally described the species in 1846. Plants measure up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, varying from slender to moderately robust forms. It forms loose carpets or soft mounds in wetlands and is identified by its stem leaves with fringed upper margins. The stem leaves distinguish it from other Sphagnum species, including its close relative S. girgensohnii which has rectangular stem leaves fringed only at the tip.

Polytrichum strictum, commonly known as bog haircap moss or strict haircap, is an evergreen and perennial species of moss native to Sphagnum bogs and other moist habitats in temperate climates. It has a circumboreal distribution, and is also found in South America and Antarctica.

<i>Sphagnum papillosum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum papillosum, the papillose peatmoss, is a species of peat moss distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Although sometimes confused with Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum palustre, it is distinguished by its yellow-green to brown short, blunt branches and papillose chlorophyllose cells.

Sphagnum platyphyllum, the flat-leaved bogmoss, is a species of moss in the family Sphagnaceae. It is a circumpolar peat moss found in arctic and subarctic regions of Europe and Asia, with populations also occurring in North America. The species typically grows in loose mats in wet, moderately nutrient-rich environments, particularly in areas dominated by sedges and locations that experience seasonal flooding. First described as a variety in 1875 and elevated to species status in 1884, it belongs to the subgenus Subsecunda within the "Pacific Rim clade". While most populations are haploid, the species shows evidence of a complex evolutionary history, including rare allodiploid populations. Although widely distributed and classified as a least-concern species globally, it faces varying levels of conservation concern across its range, being critically endangered in several European countries due to habitat degradation, peat extraction, and climate change. The species is distinctive among peat mosses for its poorly developed capitula with protruding stem buds, and its dioecious reproduction, with male plants and spore-producing structures being rare in many regions.

Sphagnum quinquefarium, the five-ranked bog-moss, is a species of peat moss belonging to the family Sphagnaceae. It is characterised by its distinctive five-ranked leaf arrangement and three spreading branches per fascicle. It typically grows in loose, upright formations in damp, shaded woodlands rather than in peatlands, preferring areas with high atmospheric humidity. The medium-sized moss has a pale green to yellowish-green colouring, often marked with pink or red patches, and can be distinguished from similar species by its prismatic branch appearance and parallel-sided stem leaves. Found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, it is most abundant in oceanic and sub-oceanic regions, particularly in northwestern Europe and the Carpathian Mountains, with populations also occurring in eastern Asia and coastal North America. While commonly hybridising with S. capillifolium in areas where their ranges overlap, the species maintains its distinctness through different habitat preferences. Conservation status varies significantly across its range, from being common in some regions to vulnerable and legally protected in others, such as Hungary.

Sphagnum rubellum, commonly known as the red peat moss, is a species of peat moss in the family Sphagnaceae. It forms low, reddish cushions in wet areas like bogs and poor fens across North America and Eurasia, particularly in regions with oceanic climates. The species can vary in colour from green to pink or deep crimson, and grows up to 10 centimetres tall. Like other peat mosses, it plays an important role in forming and maintaining peatlands.

Sphagnum subsecundum, the slender cow-horn bog-moss, is a species of moss in the family Sphagnaceae. It is the namesake of a species complex. The complex has a nearly worldwide distribution in wetlands, with the species proper found in Europe, eastern North America and North Africa.

The Mouds Bog Special Area of Conservation or SAC is a Natura 2000 site based close to the Hill of Allen and to Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland. The qualifying interests by which it is protected as an SAC are the presence of three habitat types: the presence of active raised bogs, the presence of degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration, and the presence of depressions on peat substrates of Rhynchosporion vegetation.

Sphagnum teres, or rigid bogmoss, is a species of moss from the Sphagnaceae family. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it grows in mountainous areas in the southern part of its range. It thrives in fertile, minerotrophic peatlands. It is characterized by a clearly visible terminal bud in the middle part of the head and usually a dark brown stem.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Baisheva, E.; Ignatov, M. (2019). "Sphagnum wulfianum (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T87569717A87761047. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
↑ NatureServe. "Sphagnum wulfianum". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
↑ "Sphagnum wulfianum Girg". WFO Plant List. World Flora Online . Retrieved 8 November 2024.
↑ Girgensohn, G.K. (1860). "Naturgeschichte der Laub- und Lebermoose Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands" [Natural History of the Mosses and Liverworts of Livland, Estonia and Courland]. Archiv für Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands (in German). 2 (2): 1–488.
1 2 3 Ingerpuu, Nele; Vellak, Kai (2007). "Collections of G. C. Girgensohn (1786–1872): lectotypes and rare species". Journal of Bryology. 29 (4): 235–240. Bibcode:2007JBryo..29..235I. doi:10.1179/174328207X229788.
↑ Russow, E. (1865). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Torfmoose" [Contributions to the Knowledge of Peat Mosses]. Archiv für Naturkunde Liv -, Ehst- und Kurlands (in German). 2 (7): 83–160.
1 2 Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J.; Boles, Sandra B. (2005). "Phylogeny, species delimitation, and recombination in Sphagnum section Acutifolia". Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1600/0363644053661823.
1 2 Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J.; Boles, Sandra B. (2003). "Polarity of peatmoss (Sphagnum) evolution: who says bryophytes have no roots?". American Journal of Botany. 90 (12): 1777–1787. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1777. PMID 21653354.
1 2 3 4 Bastien, Denis-F.; Garneau, Michelle (1997). Macroscopic Identification Key of 36 Sphagnum Species in Eastern Canada (Report). Miscellaneous Report. Vol. 61. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. p. 24. ISBN 0-660-16988-6.
1 2 3 Gałka, Mariusz (2010). "Sphagnum wulfianum Girgens in the Suwałki Landscape Park (NE Poland)". Studia Limnologica et Telmatologica. 4 (2): 51–56.
1 2 3 4 Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen; Hassel, Kristian; Flatberg, Kjell I.; Stenøien, Hans K. (2012). "The rare peat moss Sphagnum wulfianum (Sphagnaceae) did not survive the last glacial period in northern European refugia". American Journal of Botany. 99 (4): 677–689. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100410 . PMID 22473975.
↑ Holmen, K. (1964). "Additions to the Sphagnum flora of Greenland". The Bryologist. 67 (4): 458–460. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(1964)67[458:ATTSFO]2.0.CO;2.
↑ Vitt, D.H.; Cao, T. (1989). "Mosses new to China from Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie. 10: 283–287.
1 2 Popov, S. Yu. (2021). "Northern distribution limits of Sphagnum wulfianum (Sphagnaceae, Bryophyta) in the Northern Palearctic – records from tundra: coincidence or rule?" (PDF). Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii (in Russian). 55 (2): 475–486. doi:10.31111/nsnr/2021.55.2.475.
1 2 3 4 5 Ingerpuu, N.; Vellak, K. (2013). "Growth depends on neighbours: experiments with three Sphagnum L. species". Journal of Bryology. 35 (1): 27–32. Bibcode:2013JBryo..35...27I. doi:10.1179/1743282012Y.0000000034.
↑ Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen; Hassel, Kristian; Flatberg, Kjell Ivar; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Brochmann, Christian; Stenøien, Hans K. (2016). "Long-distance dispersal and barriers shape genetic structure of peatmosses (Sphagnum) across the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (6): 1215–1226. Bibcode:2016JBiog..43.1215K. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12716 . hdl: 11250/2466703 .

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[IUCN-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Baisheva, E.; Ignatov, M. (2019). "Sphagnum wulfianum (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T87569717A87761047. Retrieved 30 November 2024.

[NS-2] NatureServe. "Sphagnum wulfianum". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 30 November 2024.

[WFO-3] "Sphagnum wulfianum Girg". WFO Plant List. World Flora Online . Retrieved 8 November 2024.

[Girgensohn_1860-4] Girgensohn, G.K. (1860). "Naturgeschichte der Laub- und Lebermoose Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands" [Natural History of the Mosses and Liverworts of Livland, Estonia and Courland]. Archiv für Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands (in German). 2 (2): 1–488.

[Ingerpuu_&_Vellak_2007-5] 1 2 3 Ingerpuu, Nele; Vellak, Kai (2007). "Collections of G. C. Girgensohn (1786–1872): lectotypes and rare species". Journal of Bryology. 29 (4): 235–240. Bibcode:2007JBryo..29..235I. doi:10.1179/174328207X229788.

[Russow_1865-6] Russow, E. (1865). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Torfmoose" [Contributions to the Knowledge of Peat Mosses]. Archiv für Naturkunde Liv -, Ehst- und Kurlands (in German). 2 (7): 83–160.

[Shaw_et_al._2005-7] 1 2 Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J.; Boles, Sandra B. (2005). "Phylogeny, species delimitation, and recombination in Sphagnum section Acutifolia". Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1600/0363644053661823.

[Shaw_et_al._2003-8] 1 2 Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J.; Boles, Sandra B. (2003). "Polarity of peatmoss (Sphagnum) evolution: who says bryophytes have no roots?". American Journal of Botany. 90 (12): 1777–1787. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1777. PMID 21653354.

[Bastien_&_Garneau_1997-9] 1 2 3 4 Bastien, Denis-F.; Garneau, Michelle (1997). Macroscopic Identification Key of 36 Sphagnum Species in Eastern Canada (Report). Miscellaneous Report. Vol. 61. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. p. 24. ISBN 0-660-16988-6.

[Galka_2010-10] 1 2 3 Gałka, Mariusz (2010). "Sphagnum wulfianum Girgens in the Suwałki Landscape Park (NE Poland)". Studia Limnologica et Telmatologica. 4 (2): 51–56.

[Kyrkjeeide_et_al._2012-11] 1 2 3 4 Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen; Hassel, Kristian; Flatberg, Kjell I.; Stenøien, Hans K. (2012). "The rare peat moss Sphagnum wulfianum (Sphagnaceae) did not survive the last glacial period in northern European refugia". American Journal of Botany. 99 (4): 677–689. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100410 . PMID 22473975.

[Holmen_1964-12] Holmen, K. (1964). "Additions to the Sphagnum flora of Greenland". The Bryologist. 67 (4): 458–460. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(1964)67[458:ATTSFO]2.0.CO;2.

[Vitt_&_Cao_1989-13] Vitt, D.H.; Cao, T. (1989). "Mosses new to China from Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie. 10: 283–287.

[Popov_2021-14] 1 2 Popov, S. Yu. (2021). "Northern distribution limits of Sphagnum wulfianum (Sphagnaceae, Bryophyta) in the Northern Palearctic – records from tundra: coincidence or rule?" (PDF). Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii (in Russian). 55 (2): 475–486. doi:10.31111/nsnr/2021.55.2.475.

[Ingerpuu_&_Vellak_2013-15] 1 2 3 4 5 Ingerpuu, N.; Vellak, K. (2013). "Growth depends on neighbours: experiments with three Sphagnum L. species". Journal of Bryology. 35 (1): 27–32. Bibcode:2013JBryo..35...27I. doi:10.1179/1743282012Y.0000000034.

[Kyrkjeeide_et_al._2016-16] Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen; Hassel, Kristian; Flatberg, Kjell Ivar; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Brochmann, Christian; Stenøien, Hans K. (2016). "Long-distance dispersal and barriers shape genetic structure of peatmosses (Sphagnum) across the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (6): 1215–1226. Bibcode:2016JBiog..43.1215K. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12716 . hdl: 11250/2466703 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]