Sticta

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Sticta
Sticta carolinensis - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Sticta carolinensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Peltigeraceae
Genus: Sticta
(Schreb.) Ach. (1803)
Type species
Sticta sylvatica
(Huds.) Ach. (1803)
Synonyms [1]
  • Diclasmia Trevis. (1869)
  • Dysticta Clem. (1909)
  • DystictinaClem. (1909)
  • Lichen sect. StictaSchreb. (1791)

Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species. [2] These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens. [3]

Contents

Description

The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of 2 to 5 centimetres (0.8 to 2.0 in) in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to 10 centimetres (4 in) have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a tomentum ), with a few craters, called cyphellae . Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped spore-bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock. [4]

Photobiont partners of Sticta species include members of the green algae genera Chloroidium , Coccomyxa , Elliptochloris , Heveochlorella , and Symbiochloris . [5]

Distribution and habitat

Sticta species are primarily tropical in distribution, but some species have been reported from as north as Norway, [6] and as far south as the southern tip of South America. [7]

Most species of Sticta grow on bark, wood, or mossy rock, usually in humid areas. [4]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic analysis of small and large ribosomal RNA subunits has confirmed that the genus Sticta is monophyletic. [8] [9]

Indicators of ecological continuity

Some epiphytic lichen species may be used as "ancient woodland indicators"; they can used to quantitatively assess the degree to which a forest has had a long history of canopy continuity. [10] The presence of these species is a reliable indicator that the forest has existed back to early medieval times, without being clear-cut and regrown. Two Sticta species, namely, S. dufournii or the blue-green algal morphotype S. canariensis, are among several species of lichens that may be used to calculate the New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC), considered the most sensitive and accurate determination of forest continuity. [11]

Bioactive compounds

A comprehensive comparative study on the antioxidant activity of lichens from Hawaii and Iceland revealed the Hawaiian lichen S. weigelii to be a potent producer of antioxidative compounds. [12]

Species

Sticta caperata Sticta caperata (48720485562).jpg
Sticta caperata
Sticta fragilinata in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina Sticta fragilinata (4752114181).jpg
Sticta fragilinata in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina
Sticta limbata Sticta limbata 705296.jpg
Sticta limbata

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltigeraceae</span> Family of lichenized fungi in the order Peltigerales

The Peltigeraceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. The Peltigeraceae, which contains 15 genera and about 600 species, has recently (2018) been emended to include the families Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae. Many Peltigeraceae species have large and conspicuous, leathery thalli. They largely occur in cool-temperate to tropical montane climates. Tripartite thalli involving fungus, green algae and cyanobacteria are common in this family.

Helge Thorsten Lumbsch is a German-born lichenologist living in the United States. His research interests include the phylogeny, taxonomy, and phylogeography of lichen-forming fungi; lichen diversity; lichen chemistry and chemotaxonomy. He is the Associate Curator and Head of Cryptogams and Chair of the Department of Botany at the Field Museum of Natural History.

<i>Lobariella</i> Genus of lichens

Lobariella is a genus of lichens belonging to the family Peltigeraceae.

Sticta borinquensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author on the El Toro Trail leading to Pico El Toro. Its centre of distribution is the high-elevation forests in the eastern part of the island, particularly in El Yunque National Forest, where it grows as an epiphyte in shaded and humid habitats. The specific epithet refers to "Borinquen", which means "Puerto Rico" in the Taíno language.

Sticta corymbosa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author in the El Yunque National Forest at the summit of Pico El Toro at an altitude of 1,048 m (3,438 ft). It is only known to occur at the type locality, where it grows as an epiphyte in humid and open to partially shaded habitats. The specific epithet refers to the corymbose (clustered) isidia found along the margins of the lobes.

Sticta densiphyllidiata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the authors along a trail in El Yunque National Forest, at an altitude of 909 m (2,982 ft).The lichen is common in the rainforests on the eastern part of the island, where it thrives in humid and shaded habitats. It grows on rocks but the authors note that it could also grow as an epiphyte. The specific epithet densiphyllidiata refers to the dense distribution of branched phyllidia that occur along the margins of the lobes.

Sticta guilartensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author on the trail to Monte Guilarte at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,600 ft). It is only known to occur at this single locality, where it grows on rocks and on roots and trunks of trees, often with bryophytes, in shaded and humid habitats. The specific epithet refers to the name of the forest at the type locality, Bosque Estatal de Guilarte.

Sticta harrisii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz, Bibiana Moncada, and Robert Lücking The type specimen was collected by the first author in El Yunque National Forest. The lichen is only known to occur in high-elevation forests at this location and also in Carite State Forest, where it typically grows as an epiphyte on Heterotrichum cymosum, Cecropia schreberian, vines, ferns, and occasionally on rocks. The specific epithet harrisii honours lichenologist Richard C. Harris, "who prepared the first formal taxonomic treatment of lichens for the island and the first key to species of Sticta in Puerto Rico".

Sticta parvilobata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected along a trail to Monte Guilarte in the Guilarte State Forest, at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,600 ft). The lichen is only known to occur in high-elevation forests at this location as well as the Toro Negro State Forest. The specific epithet parvilobata refers to the usually smaller lobes in mature specimens of this species, compared to its close relative Sticta ciliata.

Sticta riparia is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author in San Cristóbal Canyon at an altitude of 465 m (1,526 ft); here it was found growing on the vertical surface of a rock by the river. Although most commonly encountered along riverbanks along the Cordillera Central, it has also been found in secondary forests. The specific epithet alludes to its riparian habitat.

Sticta tainorum is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Joel Mercado‐Díaz and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author in Toro Negro State Forest at an elevation of 1,036 m (3,399 ft). It is only known to occur on a few trees in high-elevation forests on the eastern part of the island, near Pico Doña Juana. The specific epithet refers to the indigenous Taíno people.

<i>Crocodia</i> Genus of fungi

Crocodia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has eight species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species occur in temperate and tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The main characteristics of the genus that separate it from its parent genus, Pseudocyphellaria, include a yellow medulla and yellow pseudocyphellae on the lower thallus surface.

<i>Dendriscosticta</i> Genus of lichens

Dendriscosticta is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by lichenologists Bibiana Moncada and Robert Lücking with Dendriscosticta wrightii assigned as the type species. The genus, a segregate of Sticta, was created to contain species in the Sticta wrightii clade. Dendriscosticta has a sister taxon relationship with the genera Yoshimuriella and Lobariella. Dendriscosticta is distinguished from Sticta by the presence of algae in the excipulum.

Sticta atroandensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta brevior is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta lumbschiana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta macrocyphellata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta parahumboldtii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta pseudohumboldtii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in the Colombian Andes.

Sticta viviana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in Colombia, where it grows on the branches and twigs of shrubs and treelets in high-elevation páramo habitat.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Sticta (Schreb.) Ach., Methodus, Sectio post. (Stockholmiæ): 275 (1803)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  2. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p.  666. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  3. ↑ Plant Profile for Sticta (spotted felt lichen), USDA
  4. 1 2 Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 277. ISBN   0-87071-394-9.
  5. ↑ Sanders, William B.; Masumoto, Hiroshi (2021). "Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses". The Lichenologist. 53 (5): 347–393. doi: 10.1017/S0024282921000335 .
  6. ↑ Jørgensen PR. "Sticta dufourii Del. and its parasymbiont Arthonia abelonae P.M. Jørg. n. sp. in Norway". Nova Hedwigia. 18: 331–40.
  7. ↑ Galloway DJ (1994). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: I. Southern South American species". The Lichenologist. 26 (3): 223–82. doi:10.1006/lich.1994.1019.
  8. ↑ Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2003). "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 449–64. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID   21653401.
  9. ↑ Stenroos SE, Stocker-Wörgötter I, Yoshimura L, Myllis A, Hyvönen TJ (2003). "Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobariaphotomorphs". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81 (3): 232–47. doi:10.1139/b03-027.
  10. ↑ Gilbert, pp. 70–71.
  11. ↑ Gilbert, pp. 257–59.
  12. ↑ Hagiwara K, Wright PR, et al. (March 2015). "Comparative analysis of the antioxidant properties of Icelandic and Hawaiian lichens". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (8): 2319–2325. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12850. PMID   25808912.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Moncada, Bibiana; Luecking, Robert Karl; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Rewriting the evolutionary history of the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae subfam. Lobarioideae) in the Hawaiian islands". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 95–119. doi: 10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0005 .
  14. ↑ Aptroot, André (2008). "Sticta alpinotropica, a new saxicolous lichen species from the alpine zone of Mt Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea". The Lichenologist. 40 (5): 419–422. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007834.
  15. ↑ Moncada, Bibiana; Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Smith, Clifford W.; Bungartz, Frank; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Lücking, Robert (2021). "Two new common, previously unrecognized species in the Sticta weigelii morphodeme (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae)". Willdenowia. 51 (1): 35–45. doi:10.3372/wi.51.51103.
  16. ↑ Dal Forno, Manuela; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert (2018). "Sticta aongstroemii, a newly recognized species in the S. damicornis morphodeme (Lobariaceae) potentially endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Brazil". The Lichenologist. 50 (6): 691–696. doi:10.1017/s0024282918000403.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert (2012). "Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus". Phytotaxa. 74 (1): 1–29. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.74.1.1.
  18. 1 2 3 Di Meglio, Joseph R.; Goward, Trevor (2023). "Resolving the Sticta fuliginosa morphodeme (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in northwestern North America". The Bryologist. 126 (1): 90–110. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-126.1.090.
  19. 1 2 Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2015). "Dismantling the treasured flagship lichen Sticta fuliginosa (Peltigerales) into four species in Western Europe". Mycological Progress. 14 (10). doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1109-0. hdl: 2268/186416 .
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Coca, Luis Fernando (2013). "Six new apotheciate species of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) from the Colombian Andes". The Lichenologist. 45 (5): 635–656. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000376.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Galloway, D. J. (1998). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: V*. Australian species". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 15 (1): 117–160. doi:10.11646/bde.15.1.12.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mercado‐Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Widhelm, Todd J.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Elucidating species richness in lichen fungi: The genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in Puerto Rico". Taxon. 69 (5): 851–891. doi:10.1002/tax.12320.
  23. 1 2 McDonald, T.; Miadlikowska, J.; Lutzoni, F. (2003). "The lichen genus Sticta in the Great Smoky Mountains: A phylogenetic study of morphological, chemical, and molecular data". The Bryologist. 106 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0061:TLGSIT]2.0.CO;2.
  24. ↑ Lendemer, James C.; Goffinet, Bernard (2016). "Sticta deyana: A new endemic photomorphic lichen from the imperiled mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America". Systematic Botany. 40 (4): 933–941. doi:10.1600/036364415x689979.
  25. ↑ Nylander, W. (1861). "Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in Latin). 15: 37–54.
  26. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Divakar, P.K. (2010). "A new species in the lichen genus Sticta (Schreb.) Ach. (Lobariaceae) from the Indian subcontinent". Nova Hedwigia. 90 (1–2): 251–255. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0090-0251.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Moncada, Bibiana; Coca, Luis Fernando; Lücking, Robert (2013). "Neotropical members of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) forming photosymbiodemes, with the description of seven new species". The Bryologist. 116 (2): 169–200. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.2.169.
  28. ↑ Galloway, D.J. (1983). "New taxa in the New Zealand lichen flora". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428544.
  29. ↑ Müller, J. (1888). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVII". Flora (Regensburg). 71 (2): 17–25.
  30. ↑ Øvstedal, D.O.; Gremmen, N.J.M. (2010). "New lichen species from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 47: 43–49.
  31. ↑ Simon, A.; Goward, T.; Di Meglio, J.; Dillman, K.; Spribille, T.; Goffinet, B. (2018). "Sticta torii sp. nov., a remarkable lichen of high conservation priority from northwestern North America". Graphis Scripta. 30 (6): 105–114.
  32. ↑ Suárez, Alejandra; Lücking, Robert (2013). "Sticta viviana (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales: Lobariaceae), a new species from Colombian paramos". The Lichenologist. 45 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000680.

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