Supermarine Scimitar

Last updated • 11 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Scimitar
Scimitars 62.jpg
Scimitars of 736 Naval Air Squadron at Farnborough, 1962
General information
TypeNaval strike fighter
National originUnited Kingdom
Manufacturer Supermarine
StatusRetired
Primary user Royal Navy
Number built76
History
Introduction date1957
First flight19 January 1956
Retired1969

The Supermarine Scimitar is a single-seat naval strike aircraft that was designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Supermarine. Operated exclusively by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, it was the final aircraft to be entirely designed and manufactured by Supermarine. [1]

Contents

The Scimitar was developed out of an earlier effort, internally designated Type 505, an undercarriage-less fighter aircraft intended to be flown from rubber decks. Much of the aircraft's features, including its unorthodox V-tail (or "butterfly tail") and its thin straight wing, were shared with this ancestor; however, the Admiralty reconsidered their requirements and specified a conventional undercarriage be used. Accordingly, Supermarine produced the closely related Type 508, equipped with an enlarged wing and retractable undercarriage. On 31 August 1951, the Type 508 performed its maiden flight, it was closely followed by the redesigned Type 529 and Type 544, the latter serving as a direct prototype for the production model, making its first flight in January 1956.

During 1957, the first production aircraft were delivered, enabling the Scimitar to enter service with the Royal Navy during the following year. The aircraft was operated by the Royal Navy as a low level strike aircraft, which included potentially being armed with nuclear weapons, having been superseded as a fighter even prior to its introduction by other aircraft such as the de Havilland Sea Venom and the de Havilland Sea Vixen. It experienced a relatively high attrition rate due to a spate of accidents. Towards its latter years of operation, the type was frequently used as an aerial refuelling tanker. During 1969, the Scimitar was permanently withdrawn, having been replaced in service by newer and more capable aircraft such as the Blackburn Buccaneer.

Design and development

Background

The Scimitar stemmed from a number of designs produced by Supermarine for a naval jet aircraft. Work on what would eventually lead to the Scimitar officially commenced in 1945 following the release of a requirement for an undercarriage-less fighter aircraft, which was intended to land on flexible "sprung" rubber decks. [1] According to aviation authors C. F. Andrews and E. B. Morgan, it was commonly believed amongst officials that such an arrangement would enable aircraft to be built with a lighter and simpler structure, and thus be capable of achieving greater performance in comparison to their conventional peers, particularly amongst those being operated from aircraft carriers. Specifically, the weight reduction achieved by eliminating the reinforced undercarriage used on naval aircraft would lead to substantially great rates of climb and acceleration. [1] Seeking to keep the airframe compact and fairly lightweight, it was also desirable to adopt the most powerful powerplants available while restricting its diameter and thus its overall size; it was promptly determined that placing a pair of engines in a side-by-side configuration resulted in a relatively flat fuselage cross-section that generated favourable characteristics for undercarriage-less landings. [2]

Supermarine's design to meet this requirement, internally designated Type 505, featured an unusual V-tail (or "butterfly tail") arrangement that kept the tail surfaces away from the jet exhausts. Pitch control was performed via movements of the whole tail, the elevators being capable of working in tandem to provide additional pitch control, while also replacing the rudder of a conventional tail when being worked differentially. Wide-chord ailerons were installed for lateral control while leading and trailing edge flaps were also fitted, including dive flaps to aid in recovery during high speed flight by restoring lift. [3] [4] A cockpit akin to the earlier Supermarine Attacker was positioned within the aircraft's nose, it was pressurised to better facilitate flying at altitude. The powerplant selected was the Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine, a pair of which being installed side by side within the fuselage; it was accessed via removable panels on the upper fuselage. [5] A relatively thin wing could also be adopted, having been freed from the necessity of bearing elements of the undercarriage; while considerations towards a swept wing configuration were made, the option was discounted due to it presenting too many unknown factors at the time. Instead, a straight wing with a constant airfoil section was adopted; its leading edge section was as large as was feasible to minimise premature breakaway of airflow, a phenomenon that could lead to stalls. [5]

Redesign

During 1948, the Admiralty had second thoughts about the undercarriage-less fighter, leading to Supermarine reworking their design by including a nosewheel undercarriage, the resulting redesign being designated the Type 508. [6] This led to the adoption of a retractable nosewheel undercarriage; redesign work was aided by considerations that had already made for the installation of a conventional undercarriage upon the Type 505 during its initial test flights. Furthermore, the viable landing speed was also reduced at this time, necessitating various alterations, such as the wing thickness being increased from seven to nine percent for a higher lift coefficient, while the wing's area was also expanded. [7]

The Type 508 was the first Scimitar ancestor; it shared the broad layout of the unflown Type 505, both possessing a straight-wing paired with a V-tail and twin jet engines. [8] The redesign was done in a manner that, if desired, an undercarriage-less configuration was still viable; furthermore, it was designed in such a manner that it could be readily adapted to Royal Air Force (RAF) requirements as well. The primary structural change between the two designs affected the wing spars, which were redirected underneath the engines to accommodate the undercarriage. [8] During November 1947, Supermarine received an initial order for three Type 508s to fulfil Specification N.9/47. [4]

Into flight

On 31 August 1951, the first Type 508 performed its maiden flight from RAF Boscombe Down; by May 1952, the aircraft had commenced carrier-based trials aboard HMS Eagle. [9] The second aircraft featured significant differences, carrying a cannon armament and was different enough in detail to be renamed the Type 529. It flew for the first time on 29 August 1952. [4] One unusual modification was the larger tailcone, which had been implemented so that a proposed tail-warning radar could be accommodated. [10] The maximum speed of the straight-winged Type 508 and 529 was relatively modest, with the Type 529 reaching 607 mph (977 km/h) and it had already been decided when the Type 508 first flew, to redesign the third prototype with swept wings to improve performance. [11] The resulting Type 525 also featured conventional swept tail surfaces as well as blown flaps to reduce the aircraft's landing speed and first flew on 27 April 1954. [12]

While the aircraft was subsequently lost as a result of a crash, numerous favourable performance improvements had been observed, including a reduction in its stalling speed, a reduced angle of attack, increased stability and control at low speeds, and more stable airflow over the wing's trailing edge. [13] Thus, the basic design was considered to have been sufficiently proved to the extent that officials decided to proceed with an outwardly fairly similar looking aircraft, the Type 544, to fulfil Specification N.113. [14] A total of 100 aircraft were ordered, although the Royal Navy had changed the specification to a low level strike aircraft with nuclear capability, despite having originally been designed as a fighter. [15]

The first of the Type 544s, serving as prototypes for the later production series, flew on 19 January 1956. The aircraft evolved more with the third Type 544, incorporating different aerodynamic changes and a stronger airframe for the new low level role - to quote Flight ; "To permit uninhibited manoeuvring in thick turbulent air at low levels while carrying heavy loads of strike weapons, the structure is extremely sturdy". [14] Various aerodynamic "fixes" were implemented in an effort to counter undesirable pitch-up effects present during high speed flight and at high altitudes; these included flared-out wing tips and wing fences, while the tailplane was also changed from dihedral to anhedral. These combined modifications led to the final Type 544 being considered the "production standard". The first production Scimitar flew on 11 January 1957. [16]

The Scimitar pioneered fuel flow proportioning and integral main-plane tanks, along with "blown" flying surfaces to reduce landing speeds. It also featured the first use of duplicated fully-powered flight controls by a British naval aircraft. [17]

Operational history

An 803 NAS Scimitar from HMS Hermes with US Navy A-4s, F-8s and an F-4 over the Mediterranean Sea US Navy and Royal Navy aircraft refueling c1962.jpeg
An 803 NAS Scimitar from HMS Hermes with US Navy A-4s, F-8s and an F-4 over the Mediterranean Sea

At the point of its introduction, the Scimitar was the largest, heaviest and most powerful aircraft to have entered service with the Fleet Air Arm. [18] In June 1958, operational training on the type commenced with 803 Naval Air Squadron at RNAS Lossiemouth, prior to their embarkment upon the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious during September of that year. Multiple squadrons formed around the Scimitar shortly thereafter, leading to its use upon the carriers HMS Ark Royal, HMS Centaur, HMS Eagle and HMS Victorious as well. [19]

Early on in the Scimitar's flying career, the majority of the Royal Navy's carriers were relatively small while the Scimitar was a comparatively large and powerful aircraft. This combination likely contributed heavily to the frequent landing accidents with the type; perhaps the most high profile of these occurred during the type's introduction. It was a fatal accident, taking the life of Commander John Russell, commanding officer of 803 Naval Air Squadron, the first squadron to operate the Scimitar. [20] Overall the Scimitar suffered from a high loss rate; 39 were lost in a number of accidents, amounting to 51% of the Scimitar's production run. [21]

Although the Scimitar could operate as a fighter, the interceptor role was covered by the de Havilland Sea Venom and then the de Havilland Sea Vixen. [22] The Scimitar itself was replaced by the Blackburn Buccaneer. [23] It was kept initially as a tanker to allow the underpowered Buccaneer S.1 to be launched from aircraft carriers with a useful weapons load. To save weight, the Buccaneer would take off with a reduced fuel load then refuel from a Scimitar immediately after. [24] Late in the Scimitar's operational career, 16 examples were flown between 1965 and 1970 by the Fleet Requirements Unit (FRU) based at Bournemouth Airport (Hurn). [25] [26] The FRU was managed by Airwork Services and provided realistic flight operations for land and sea-based naval training units. [27]

Variants

Supermarine 508 research aircraft Supermarine 508 two-view silhouette.png
Supermarine 508 research aircraft

Predecessors

Type 508
Straight-wing research aircraft.
Type 529
Straight-wing research aircraft.
Type 525
Swept-wing research aircraft.

Prototypes

Type 544
Prototype for the Scimitar F.1, 3 built by Vickers-Armstrong Experimental Department at Hursley Park

Production model

Scimitar F.1
Single-seat multi-role fighter aircraft, 76 built by Vickers-Armstrong at South Marston. Original order was for 100 aircraft in 1952 later reduced to 76.

Operators

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom

Accidents

Survivors

XD220 at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in 2009 Supermarine F-1 Scimatar - Flickr - p a h.jpg
XD220 at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in 2009

Specifications

Data fromSupermarine Aircraft since 1914 [45]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermarine Attacker</span> Carrier-based fighter aircraft; first jet fighter in Royal Navy service

The Supermarine Attacker is a British single-seat naval jet fighter designed and produced by aircraft manufacturer Supermarine for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA). It was the first jet fighter to enter operational service with the FAA.

RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS <i>Daedalus</i>) Former Royal Naval Air Station in Hampshire, England

Royal Naval Air Station Lee-on-Solent,, is a former Royal Naval Air Station located near Lee-on-the-Solent in Hampshire, approximately 4 miles (6.44 km) west of Portsmouth, on the coast of the Solent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RAF Kai Tak</span> Former Royal Air Force station in Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong

Royal Air Force Kai Tak or more commonly RAF Kai Tak is a former Royal Air Force station situated in Hong Kong, at Kai Tak Airport, Kowloon. It was established by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1927 and used for seaplanes. The RAF flight operated a few land based aircraft as well as having spare aircraft for naval units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sembawang Air Base</span> Military airbase of the Republic of Singapore Air Force

The Sembawang Air Base is a military airbase of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) located at Sembawang, in the northern part of Singapore. The base motto is Swift and Resolute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermarine Sea Otter</span> British amphibious aircraft

The Supermarine Sea Otter was an amphibious aircraft designed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Supermarine. It was the final biplane flying boat to be designed by the company, and the last biplane to enter service with both the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force (RAF).

HMS Nabthorpe was a Royal Navy, (RN), Mobile Operational Naval Air Base (MONAB) situated at the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) base RAAF Station Schofields located at Schofields, New South Wales during the final year of the Second World War. HMS Nabthorpe was also known as MONAB III and Royal Naval Air Station Schofields.

RNAS Stretton (HMS <i>Blackcap</i>) Former Royal Naval Air Station in Cheshire, England

Royal Naval Air Station Stretton, was an airfield situated in the village of Appleton Thorn, though named for the neighbouring village of Stretton, south of Warrington, in Cheshire, England. Although the main runway remains, the northerly part of the airfield is now HM Prison Thorn Cross, and an industrial estate. In the 1970s, the M56 motorway was built across the former air station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">807 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

807 Naval Air Squadron was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">736 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

736 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN). It was most recently recommissioned at HMS Seahawk, RNAS Culdrose in June 2013 to fly the BAE Systems Hawk, mainly in the maritime aggressor role, following the disbandment of the Fleet Requirements and Aircraft Direction Unit (FRADU) and operated up until March 2022. It initially formed as the School of Air Combat in May 1943 at HMS Heron, RNAS Yeovilton. In September 1943 it moved to HMS Vulture, RNAS St Merryn, where it became the Fighter Combat School and it created an independent 'B' Flight for fighter affiliation work between March and September 1945. 736 Naval Air Squadron moved to HMS Seahawk, RNAS Culdrose in February 1950 as the Naval Air Fighter School in the 52nd Training Air Group, but disbanded in August 1952. Immediately the following day, the squadron reformed at HMS Seahawk, RNAS Culdrose out of 702 Naval Air Squadron as an Advanced Jet Flying School and in November 1953 it moved to HMS Fulmar, RNAS Lossiemouth. 736 Naval Air Squadron disbanded there in March 1965, but what was left became 764 Naval Air Squadron ‘B’ Flight. The squadron reformed the same day at Lossiemouth from 809 Naval Air Squadron as a Jet Strike Training Squadron. 1966. In March 1967, its aircraft were part of the group that bombed and set on fire the supertanker SS Torrey Canyon aground and leaking crude oil on Seven Sisters rocks off Cornwall. The squadron disbanded in February 1972.

RNAS Burscough (HMS <i>Ringtail</i>) WW2 naval airfield near Burscough, West Lancashire, UK.

Royal Naval Air Station Burscough, was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air station which was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of Burscough, Lancashire. The Admiralty acquired 650 acres (2.6 km2) of land in December 1942 and the airfield was built with four narrow runways and several hangars, being commissioned on 1 September 1943.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermarine Type 525</span> 1950s British prototype fighter aircraft

The Supermarine Type 525 was a British prototype naval jet fighter aircraft of the 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">886 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

886 Naval Air Squadron was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It was formed at HMS Merlin, RNAS Donibristle, as a Fleet Fighter squadron during March 1942. The squadron was loaned to RAF Fighter Command during the summer of 1942, returning the Fleet Air Arm later on in the year. 1943 saw it participate in Operation Avalanche, part of the Allied invasion of Italy. The following year it was involved with operations over Normandy, spotting for the allied invasion of France from 6 to the end of June 1944, disbanding the following month.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">708 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

708 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN) which disbanded during February 1946. It formed during October 1944 at HMS Daedalus, RNAS Lee-on-Solent, as the Firebrand Tactical Trials Unit, before moving to nearby RAF Gosport the following January. Tasked with looking into issues distinct to the Blackburn Firebrand the unit also performed deck landing training and torpedo exercises with the aircraft. The squadron moved to RNAS Ford where a number of personnel including the CO provided the core for the formation of 813 Naval Air Squadron, the Fleet Air Arm’s initial operational Blackburn Firebrand unit. The squadron relocated to RNAS Fearn at the beginning of December and then in January 1946 it moved to RNAS Rattray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">709 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

709 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN) which last disbanded during January 1946. It formed in September 1944 within the School of Naval Air Warfare as the Ground Attack School using both the British Supermarine Seafire and the American Grumman Hellcat fighter aircraft for training. The squadron spent its whole sixteen month existence based at HMS Vulture, Royal Naval Air Station St. Merryn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">715 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

715 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN) created in July 1936 to serve as a catapult flight of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Air Force. It was elevated to squadron status at the end of 1937, before being disbanded in January 1940. It was re-formed in August 1944 to operate as the Fighter Wing of the School of Air Combat, before being disbanded in March 1946, and absorbed into 736 Naval Air Squadron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">728B Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

728B Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN) which disbanded in December 1961. It first formed as a Fleet Requirements Unit at HMS Goldfinch, RNAS Takali in January 1945, with Miles Martinet and Supermarine Seafire aircraft, but disbanded in July. It reformed in the United Kingdom in January 1958 at HMS Blackcap, RNAS Stretton, as a Pilotless Drone Target Unit and moved to Malta towards the end of February 1958, becoming operational at HMS Falcon, RNAS Hal Far in March 1958. It flew various fixed wing target drones in particular to support the Seaslug surface-to-air missile development program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">730 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

730 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN). It was active between 1944 and 1945 as a Communications Squadron. The squadron was formed and operated out of RNAS Abbotsinch from April to November 1944, by that point in time it operated four types of aircraft. It moved to RNAS Ayr and while there gained two more aircraft types. For the first three months of 1945 a detachment operated out of RNAS Machrihanish, however, the squadron remained at RNAS Ayr until disbanding in August 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">761 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

761 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN). It was formed at HMS Heron, RNAS Yeovilton, as the Advanced Training Squadron of the Fleet Fighter School, in 1941. The squadron moved to HMS Dipper, RNAS Henstridge, in 1943, as part of the No. 2 Naval Air Fighter School. It remained at HMS Dipper and in this role, until January 1946, when the squadron disbanded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">764 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

764 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN). It initially formed in April 1940, at HMS Daedalus, RNAS Lee-on-Solent, as an Advance Seaplane Training Squadron. The Squadron moved to RAF Pembroke Dock in July 1940, and later to HMS Daedalus II, RNAS Lawrenny Ferry in October 1941 and remaining there until the Squadron disbanded in November 1943. It reformed at HMS Siskin, RNAS Gosport, in February 1944, as the User Trials Unit, however, the squadron was decommissioned for the second time in September 1945. 764 Naval Air Squadron reformed again, at HMS Fulmar, RNAS Lossiemouth, in May 1953, where it became an Advanced Training Unit. It moved to HMS Heron, RNAS Yeovilton, in September 1953, where it received its first jet aircraft. In November 1954 the Squadron disbanded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">772 Naval Air Squadron</span> Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm

772 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN) which last disbanded during September 1995. 772 Naval Air Squadron formed as a Fleet Requirements Unit out of 'Y' Flight from 771 Naval Air Squadron at RNAS Lee-on-Solent in September 1939. While the headquarters remained there, floatplanes were operated out of RNAS Portland, however, mid 1940 saw the whole squadron move north to RNAS Campbeltown and roughly twelve months afterwards the short distance to RNAS Machrihanish. The unit moved to RNAS Ayr in July 1944 and became the Fleet Requirements Unit School. In January 1946 the squadron moved to RNAS Burscough in Lancashire, before moving to RNAS Anthorn in Cumberland, in May. It became the Northern Fleet Requirements Unit upon moving to RNAS Arbroath, in June 1947, but disbanded into 771 Naval Air Squadron in October. 772 Naval Air Squadron reformed as a Helicopter Support Squadron at RNAS Portland in September 1974. In September 1977 the squadron took over responsibility for a number of Ships' Flights of Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships. The squadron was used to reform 848 Naval Air Squadron for the Falklands Task Force in 1982, with the Ships' Flights absorbed into 847 Naval Air Squadron. In August 1982 it took on the Anti-Submarine Warfare Flight from 737 Naval Air Squadron and between 1983 - 1985 a Search and Rescue Flight operated out of RNAS Lee-on-Solent.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 297.
  2. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, pp. 297–298.
  3. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 298.
  4. 1 2 3 Buttler 2001, pp. 158–159.
  5. 1 2 Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 298.
  6. ↑ Mason 1992, p. 375.
  7. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 298-299.
  8. 1 2 Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 299.
  9. ↑ Mason 1992, p. 376.
  10. ↑ Buttler 2008, p. 56.
  11. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 299-300.
  12. ↑ Buttler 2001, pp. 159–160.
  13. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 300.
  14. 1 2 "Supermarine Scimitar." Flight, 1957. Retrieved: 5 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 300, 303.
  16. ↑ Buttler 2008, pp. 62–63.
  17. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 303.
  18. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 304.
  19. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 304-305.
  20. 1 2 "Flight & Aircraft Engineer." Flight International, 2593, October 1958.
  21. ↑ Stoddart 2022, p. 79.
  22. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 305-306.
  23. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 306.
  24. ↑ Buttler 2001, p. 167
  25. ↑ Buttler 2001, p. 168
  26. ↑ Birtles 1992, p. 96
  27. ↑ "Sea Hawk Swansong". navalairhistory.com. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  28. 1 2 Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 16.
  29. ↑ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 58.
  30. 1 2 Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 81.
  31. 1 2 Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 125.
  32. ↑ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 138.
  33. ↑ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 141.
  34. ↑ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 152.
  35. ↑ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 448.
  36. ↑ "Inquiry into Jet Crash". The Times . No. 54267. 27 September 1958. p. 10.
  37. ↑ "Trapped Pilot Drowns in Sinking Plane (1958)". British Pathé. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2018– via YouTube.
  38. ↑ "Open valve caused wire to break". Navy News . December 1958. p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  39. ↑ "Forgotten Jets (& Props) - A Warbirds Resource Group Site". www.forgottenjets.warbirdsresourcegroup.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  40. ↑ "Pilot Hurt in Ross-Shire Crash". The Glasgow Herald. 20 November 1958. p. 9. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  41. ↑ "Pilot of Crashed Jet Dies". The Glasgow Herald. 21 November 1958. p. 8. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  42. ↑ McGeehan, Patrick. "Anticipating Space Shuttle’s Arrival, Old Warplanes Ship Out." The New York Times, 18 April 2012.
  43. ↑ "Vickers Supermarine Scimitar F.1". Fleet Air Arm Museum . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  44. ↑ "Vickers Supermarine Type 525 & 544 Scimitar". BAE Systems . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  45. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 306.
  46. ↑ Thetford 1978, p. 339.
  47. 1 2 Buttler 2001, p. 164.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.