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Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion [1] [2] | |
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Overview | |
Original title | 動員戡亂時期臨時條款 |
Jurisdiction | China
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Ratified | 18 April 1948 |
Date effective | 10 May 1948 |
System | Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic (de jure) Unitary Tridemist one-party presidential constitutional republic under a military dictatorship (de facto) |
Government structure | |
Branches | Five (Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Examination, Control) |
Head of state | President |
Chambers | Tricameral (National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, Control Yuan) [3] |
Executive | Premier led Executive Yuan |
Judiciary | Judicial Yuan |
Federalism | Unitary |
Electoral college | Yes (National Assembly) |
History | |
First legislature | 1 May 1950 (LY) |
First executive | 1 March 1950 (President) |
Repealed | 1 May 1991 |
Amendments | 4 |
Last amended | 1972 |
Supersedes | Suspension of the Constitution of the Republic of China |
Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion | |||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 動員 戡亂 時期 臨時 條款 | ||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 动员 戡乱 时期 临时 条款 | ||||||||||
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The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion [4] provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of China were effective from 1948 to 1991 and amended four times by the Central Government of China. They effectively nullified the constitution and established martial law in Taiwan,where civil and political freedoms were curtailed. The official rationale for the provisions was the ongoing Chinese Civil War. However,with the demise of the Kuomintang single-party system,the provisions were repealed.
The current Constitution of the Republic of China was adopted by the National Assembly in 1947,when the Nationalist Government was based in Nanjing. Since 1945,China has been engulfed in a civil war that pitted the Nationalist Government against the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In March 1948,the first National Assembly met in Nanjing,and after some deliberation,decided to invoke Article 174 of the Constitution to amend the Constitution". [5] On 10 May 1948,the Assembly adopted the first set of Temporary Provisions that were set to expire after three years. In 1949,the Communists expelled the Nationalist Government from mainland China,and proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China while Chiang's government retreated to Taipei,Taiwan,an island formerly a Japanese colony that was placed under ROC control after the surrender of Japan in 1945. In 1954,the National Assembly indefinitely renewed the Temporary Provisions in view of the Kuomintang's plans to recapture the mainland. The Temporary Provisions from then on were amended in accordance with the needs of the President of the Republic of China,Chiang Kai-shek,or his son Chiang Ching Kuo. In 1966,the Temporary Provisions were revised to allow for supplementary elections to the National Assembly from the Taiwan Area. In 1971,the ROC was expelled from the United Nations and replaced with representatives from the People's Republic of China;the Temporary Provisions were amended again in 1972. However,in 1979,the United States severed diplomatic relations with the ROC and recognized the PRC.
It became clear that retaking the mainland was not a real possibility. On 22 April 1991,the National Assembly resolved to abolish the Temporary Provisions,and later on 30 April,President Lee Teng-hui declared the end of the Mobilization for Suppression of Communist Rebellion as of the following day. [6] The repeal of the provisions caused some ambiguity in cross-strait relations and the political status of Taiwan,raising questions such as whether the "Communist rebellion" has "succeeded" and so the PRC government is recognized as legitimate by the ROC,or whether it would be legal now for the CCP to operate in Taiwan. [5]
The Temporary Provisions allowed for the creation of the Taiwan Garrison Command and the National Security Council,both for the purpose of enforcing martial law. [5] The provisions also allowed the President and Vice President of the Republic of China to be exempted from the two-term office limit. [6] Extensive powers given to the president by the Temporary Provisions turned the ROC into a de facto presidential system,where the President also held the post of chairman of the Kuomintang,although the Constitution originally laid out a parliamentary system. [5] Specifically,the provision relating to the president said: [5]
In this Period of Communist Rebellion,for the sake of avoiding the emergent political crisis,and addressing the mammoth economic change,the president is empowered to adopt emergency measures through a resolution of a cabinet meeting of the Executive Yuan. The president's power will not be limited by the regular procedures of Articles 39 and 43 of the constitution.
The Kuomintang (KMT),also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD),the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP),is a major political party in the Republic of China,initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949. The KMT is a centre-right to right-wing party and the largest in the Pan-Blue Coalition. Its primary rival is the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition. As of 2024,the KMT is the largest single party in the Legislative Yuan. The current chairman is Eric Chu.
The Constitution of the Republic of China,also known as the Constitution of Taiwan,is the current constitution of Taiwan and the fifth constitution of the Republic of China (ROC),ratified by the Kuomintang during the Constituent National Assembly session on 25 December 1946,in Nanjing,and adopted on 25 December 1947. The constitution,along with its Additional Articles,remains effective in ROC-controlled territories.
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The Kuomintang (KMT) is a Chinese political party that ruled mainland China from 1927 to 1949 prior to its relocation to Taiwan as a result of the Chinese Civil War. The name of the party translates as "China's National People's Party" and was historically referred to as the Chinese Nationalists. The party was initially founded on 23 August 1912,by Sun Yat-sen but dissolved in November 1913. It reformed on October 10,1919,again led by Sun Yat-sen,and became the ruling party in China. After Sun's death,the party was dominated from 1927 to 1975 by Chiang Kai-shek. After the KMT lost the civil war with the Chinese Communist Party in 1949,the party retreated to Taiwan and remains a major political party of the Republic of China based in Taiwan.
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