Terminal Island

Last updated
Terminal Island
Isla Raza de Buena Gente
Rattlesnake Island
Terminal Island Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg
Terminal Island. Former Gerald Desmond Bridge is visible in the right-center background.
Location map Southern Los Angeles.png
Red pog.svg
Terminal Island
Location within Southern Los Angeles
Coordinates: 33°45′25″N118°14′53″W / 33.756963°N 118.248126°W / 33.756963; -118.248126
Country United States
State California
County Los Angeles
Cities Los Angeles (Wilmington) and Long Beach
ZIP Code
90731

Terminal Island, historically known as Isla Raza de Buena Gente, is a largely artificial island located in Los Angeles County, California, between the neighborhoods of Wilmington and San Pedro in the city of Los Angeles, [1] and the city of Long Beach. Terminal Island is roughly split between the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach. Land use on the island is entirely industrial and port-related except for Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island.

Contents

In this night-time aerial photograph of Los Angeles, San Pedro is in the center and right foreground, including part of the brightly lit Terminal Island. The dark peninsula to the left of San Pedro is Palos Verdes. Los Angeles night aerial.jpg
In this night-time aerial photograph of Los Angeles, San Pedro is in the center and right foreground, including part of the brightly lit Terminal Island. The dark peninsula to the left of San Pedro is Palos Verdes.

History

Before World War II

The island was originally called Isla Raza de Buena Gente [2] and later Rattlesnake Island. [3] It was renamed Terminal Island in 1891. [2]

In 1909, the newly reincorporated Southern California Edison Company decided to build a new steam station to provide reserve capacity and emergency power for the entire Edison system and to enable Edison to shut down some of its small, obsolete steam plants. The site chosen for the new plant was on a barren mudflat known as Rattlesnake Island, today's Terminal Island in the San Pedro Bay. Construction of Plant No. 1 began in 1910.

The land area of Terminal Island has been supplemented considerably from its original size. In 1909 the city of Los Angeles annexed the city of Wilmington. During this time the "Father of the Harbor" Phineas Banning, [4] held deed to roughly 18 acres of land on Rattlesnake Island. [5] Phineas Banning was instrumental in bringing innovative changes to San Pedro Bay [6] and made the first steps towards expansion. Once annexed with the city of Los Angeles the expansion was completed. In the late 1920s, Deadman's Island in the main channel of the Port of Los Angeles was dynamited and dredged away, and the resulting rubble was used to add 62 acres (0.097 sq mi) to Terminal Island's southern tip. [7] : 57 

Terminal Island in the background, and Mormon Island in the foreground, sometime before 1942 California - Los Angeles - NARA - 23934491.jpg
Terminal Island in the background, and Mormon Island in the foreground, sometime before 1942

In 1930, the Ford Motor Company built a facility called Long Beach Assembly, having moved earlier operations from Downtown Los Angeles. The factory remained until 1958 when manufacturing operations were moved inland to Pico Rivera.

In 1927, a civilian facility, Allen Field, was established on Terminal Island. The Naval Reserve established a training center at the field and later took complete control, designating the field Naval Air Base San Pedro (also called Reeves Field). [7] : 60  In 1941, the Long Beach Naval Station was located adjacent to the airfield. In 1942, the Naval Reserve Training Facility was transferred, and a year later NAB San Pedro's status was downgraded to a Naval Air Station (NAS Terminal Island). Reeves Field as a Naval Air Station was disestablished in 1947, although the adjacent Long Beach Naval Station continued to use Reeves Field as an auxiliary airfield until the late 1990s. [8] A large industrial facility now covers the site of the former Naval Air Station.

Japanese American fishing community

"Shinto Temple in Japanese Fishing Village Terminal Island" photographed late 1930s by the New Deal Federal Writers' Project Shinto Temple in Japanese Fishing Village Terminal Island published 1941.jpg
"Shinto Temple in Japanese Fishing Village Terminal Island" photographed late 1930s by the New Deal Federal Writers' Project
Street scene on Terminal Island, the day after the Pearl Harbor Attack. The residents were "evacuated" to inland internment camps soon after and the village was demolished. Street scene on Terminal Island (Calif.) on December 8, 1941.jpg
Street scene on Terminal Island, the day after the Pearl Harbor Attack. The residents were "evacuated" to inland internment camps soon after and the village was demolished.

Starting in 1906, a thriving Japanese American fishing community became established on Terminal Island in an area known as East San Pedro or Fish Island. [9] Because of the island's relative geographical isolation, its inhabitants developed their own culture and even their own dialect. The dialect, known as "kii-shu ben” (or "Terminal Island lingo"), was a mix of English and the dialect of Kii Province, where many residents hailed from. [10] Prior to World War II, the island was home to about 3,500 first- and second-generation Japanese Americans. [11] On February 9, 1942, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI incarcerated all of the adult Issei males on Terminal Island. On February 19, 1942, immediately after the signing of Executive Order 9066, Terminal Island's remaining inhabitants were given 48 hours to evacuate their homes. They were subsequently sent to internment camps, and the entire neighborhood was razed. The Japanese community on Terminal Island was the first to be evacuated and interned en masse. [12]

Bronze statues of Japanese fishermen, within the Terminal Island Memorial Monument Terminal Island Memorial Statue.png
Bronze statues of Japanese fishermen, within the Terminal Island Memorial Monument

After World War II, the Terminal Islanders settled elsewhere. In 1971, they formed the Terminal Islanders Club, which has organized various events for its members. In 2002, the surviving second-generation citizens set up a memorial on Terminal Island to honor their parents.

World War II and beyond

During World War II, Terminal Island was an important center for defense industries, especially shipbuilding; the first California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard was established there in 1941. [14] It was also, therefore, one of the first places where African Americans tried to effect their integration into defense-related work on the West Coast. [15]

The San Pedro yard of Bethlehem Steel was also located on the Island. 26 destroyers were built there following the mobilization of the warship industry by the Two-Ocean Navy Act of July 1940. The yard was the third largest of the kind on the West Coast, behind the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation (Todd Pacific) in Puget Sound and Bethlehem's own San Francisco yards (Union Iron Works).

In 1943, Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company became Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division.

Also in the Port of Los Angeles (but not on the Island) was the Wilmington yard of Consolidated Steel.

In 1946, Howard Hughes moved his monstrous Spruce Goose airplane from his plant in Culver City to Terminal Island in preparation for its test flight. In its first and only flight, it took off from the island on November 2, 1947. [16]

USS Bryce Canyon (AD-36) with destroyers at Terminal Island, the latter undergoing Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization, circa 1962 USS Bryce Canyon (AD-36) with destroyers at Terminal Island c1962.jpg
USS Bryce Canyon (AD-36) with destroyers at Terminal Island, the latter undergoing Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization, circa 1962

Brotherhood Raceway Park, a 1⁄4 mile drag racing strip, opened in 1974 on former US Navy land. It operated, with many interruptions, until finally closing in 1995 to be replaced by a coal-handling facility. [17]

Preservation of vacant buildings earned the island a spot on the top 11 sites on the National Trust for Historic Preservation's 2012 Most Endangered Historic Places List. [18] In mid-2013, the Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners approved a preservation plan. [19] The trust cited the site as one of ten historic sites saved in 2013. [19]

Current use

Imported Datsuns on Terminal Island, 1972 DATSUNS ON TERMINAL ISLAND. (FROM THE DOCUMERICA-1 EXHIBITION. FOR OTHER IMAGES IN THIS ASSIGNMENT, SEE FICHE NUMBERS... - NARA - 553022.jpg
Imported Datsuns on Terminal Island, 1972

The west half of the island is part of the San Pedro area of the city of Los Angeles, while the rest is part of the city of Long Beach. The island has a land area of 11.56 km2 (4.46 sq mi), or 2,854 acres (11.55 km2), and had a population of 1,467 at the 2000 census. [ citation needed ]

The Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach are the major landowners on the island, who in turn lease much of their land for container terminals and bulk terminals. The island also hosts canneries, shipyards, and United States Coast Guard facilities.

The Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island, which began operating in 1938, hosts more than 900 low security federal prisoners.

The Long Beach Naval Shipyard, decommissioned in 1997, occupied roughly half of the island. Sea Launch maintains docking facilities on the mole that was part of the naval station.

Aerospace company SpaceX is initially leasing 12.4 acres (5.0 ha) from the Port of Los Angeles on the island at Berth 240. They will refurbish five buildings and raise a tent-like structure for research, design, and manufacturing. SpaceX has been building and testing its planned Starship crewed space transportation system intended for suborbital, orbital and interplanetary flight in Texas. The new SpaceX rocket, too large to be transported for long distances overland, will be shipped to the company's launch area in Florida or Texas by sea, via the Panama Canal. The 19 acres (7.7 ha) site was used for shipbuilding from 1918, and was formerly operated by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and then the Southwest Marine Shipyard. The location has been disused since 2005. [20] [21] [22]

Bridges

Vincent Thomas Bridge Vincent Thomas Bridge.jpg
Vincent Thomas Bridge

Terminal Island is connected to the mainland via four bridges. [23] To the west, the distinctive green Vincent Thomas Bridge, the fourth-longest suspension bridge in California, connects it with the Los Angeles neighborhood of San Pedro. The Long Beach International Gateway, the longest cable-stayed bridge in California, connects the island with downtown Long Beach to the east. The Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge joins Terminal Island with the Los Angeles neighborhood of Wilmington to the north. Adjacent to the Heim Bridge is a rail bridge called the Henry Ford Bridge, or the Badger Avenue Bridge. [23]

Terminal Island is the setting at the start of The Terror: Infamy , season 2 of the AMC series The Terror , before the Japanese American residents are relocated to internment camps following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, [24] [25] and at the end.

Terminal Island is also the setting of the first truck heist scene in the film The Fast and the Furious .

The Tri-Union Cannery on Terminal Island was featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 422. [26]

A scene in American writer Neal Stephenson's science fiction novel Snow Crash (1992) takes place on Terminal Island.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Bay (Los Angeles County)</span> Region in California, United States

The South Bay is a region of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, located in the southwest corner of Los Angeles County. The name stems from its geographic location stretching along the southern shore of Santa Monica Bay. The South Bay contains sixteen cities plus portions of the City of Los Angeles and unincorporated portions of the county. The area is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the south and west and generally by the City of Los Angeles on the north and east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Pedro, Los Angeles</span> Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United States

San Pedro is a neighborhood located within the South Bay and Harbor region of the City of Los Angeles, California, United States. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909. The Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry, to a working-class community within the city of Los Angeles, to an increasingly dense community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilmington, Los Angeles</span> Neighborhood of Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California

Wilmington is a neighborhood in the South Bay and Harbor region of Los Angeles, California, covering 9.14 square miles (23.7 km2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Los Angeles</span> Harbor in Los Angeles, California

The Port of Los Angeles is a seaport managed by the Los Angeles Harbor Department, a unit of the City of Los Angeles. It occupies 7,500 acres (3,000 ha) of land and water with 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront and adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach. Promoted as "America's Port", the port is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro and Wilmington neighborhoods of Los Angeles, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long Beach Naval Shipyard</span>

The Long Beach Naval Shipyard, which closed in 1997, was located on Terminal Island between the city of Long Beach and the San Pedro district of Los Angeles, approximately 23 miles south of the Los Angeles International Airport. The primary role of NSY Long Beach at the time of its closure was overhaul and maintenance of conventionally-powered US Navy surface ships, but it also had served as the homeport for several auxiliary ships during its operating history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Diego Bay</span> Natural harbor and deepwater port in San Diego County, California, United States

San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port located in San Diego County, California near the U.S.–Mexico border. The bay, which is 12 miles (19 km) long and 1 to 3 miles wide, is the third largest of the three large, protected natural bays on California's 840 miles (1,350 km) of coastline, after San Francisco Bay and Humboldt Bay. The highly urbanized land adjacent to the bay includes the city of San Diego and four other cities: National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach and Coronado.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation</span> 1905–1997 shipbuilding company in the United States

Bethlehem Steel Corporation Shipbuilding Division was created in 1905 when the Bethlehem Steel Corporation of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, acquired the San Francisco-based shipyard Union Iron Works. In 1917 it was incorporated as Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Limited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vincent Thomas Bridge</span> Suspension bridge in Los Angeles, California, United States

The Vincent Thomas Bridge is a 1,500-foot-long (460 m) suspension bridge, crossing Los Angeles Harbor in Los Angeles, California, linking San Pedro with Terminal Island. It is the only suspension bridge in the Greater Los Angeles area. The bridge is part of State Route 47, which is also known as the Seaside Freeway. The bridge opened in 1963 and is named for California Assemblyman Vincent Thomas of San Pedro, who championed its construction. Its chief engineer was William (Jim) Jurkovich who was instrumental in bringing pre-stress concrete bridge design to California. It was the first welded suspension bridge in the United States and is now the fourth-longest suspension bridge in California and the 76th-longest span in the world. The clear height of the navigation channel is approximately 185 feet (56 m); it is the only suspension bridge in the world supported entirely on piles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Long Beach</span> Container port near Los Angeles, California

The Port of Long Beach, administered as the Harbor Department of the City of Long Beach, is a container port in the United States, which adjoins Port of Los Angeles. Acting as a major gateway for US–Asian trade, the port occupies 3,200 acres (13 km2) of land with 25 miles (40 km) of waterfront in the city of Long Beach, California. The Port of Long Beach is located less than two miles (3 km) southwest of Downtown Long Beach and approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Downtown Los Angeles. The seaport generates approximately US$100 billion per year in trade and employs more than 316,000 people in Southern California. In 2022, the port, together with the adjoining Port of Los Angeles, were considered amongst the world's least efficient ports by the World Bank and IHS Markit citing union protectionism and a lack of automation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Pedro Bay (California)</span> Bay near Los Angeles in California, United States

San Pedro Bay is an inlet on the Pacific Ocean coast of southern California, United States. It is the site of the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach, which together form the fifth-busiest port facility in the world and the busiest in the Americas. The Los Angeles community of San Pedro borders a small portion of the western side of the bay, and shares the name. The city of Long Beach borders the port on the eastern side of the bay. The northern part of the bay, which is the largest part of the port, is bordered by the Los Angeles neighborhood of Wilmington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California State Route 47</span> Highway in California

State Route 47 is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, connecting Terminal Island to the mainland in the Los Angeles area. From its south end at I-110 in San Pedro, it heads east across the Vincent Thomas Bridge to the island and the end of state maintenance. The state highway begins again at the junction with I-710 on Terminal Island, crossing the Schuyler Heim Bridge north to the mainland and the second terminus, where SR 103 begins. Signage continues along a locally maintained route, mainly Alameda Street, to the Gardena Freeway in Compton, and an unconstructed alignment follows the same corridor to the Santa Monica Freeway (I-10) near downtown Los Angeles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge</span> Bridge in Wilmington, California

The Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge was a vertical-lift bridge in the Port of Los Angeles. Dedicated on January 10, 1948, the bridge allowed State Route 47 to cross over the Cerritos Channel. Named after Schuyler F. Heim, who was in command of the Naval Air Station on Terminal Island in 1942, the bridge was one of the largest vertical-lift bridges on the West Coast. At the time of its opening, it was the highest in the country with the deck weighing about 820 short tons. Its towers are 186 feet (57 m) tall above the roadway deck and about 236 feet (72 m) tall when measured from the water level at high water. The bridge was decommissioned on October 12, 2015 and replaced by a new, six-lane fixed-span bridge in order to meet current safety and earthquake standards. A replacement bridge, tentatively titled State Route 47 Schuyler Heim Bridge Replacement, was completed in September 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Shipbuilding Corporation</span>

California Shipbuilding Corporation built 467 Liberty and Victory ships during World War II, including Haskell-class attack transports. California Shipbuilding Corporation was often referred to as Calship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Angeles Harbor Region</span> Region of Los Angeles County, California, United States

The Los Angeles Harbor Region is in Los Angeles County, California. The area is impacted by the harbor complex consisting of the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California during World War II</span> Overview of the role of the U.S. state of California during World War II

California during World War II was a major contributor to the World War II effort. California's long Pacific Ocean coastline provided the support needed for the Pacific War. California also supported the war in Europe. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, most of California's manufacturing was shifted to the war effort. California became a major ship builder and aircraft manufacturer. Existing military installations were enlarged and many new ones were built. California trained many of the troops before their oversea deployment. Over 800,000 Californians served in the United States Armed Forces. California agriculture, ranches and farms were used to feed the troops around the world. California's long coastline also put the state in fear, as an attack on California seemed likely. California was used for the temporary and permanent internment camps for Japanese Americans. The population grew significantly, largely due to servicemen who were stationed at the new military bases/training facilities and the mass influx of workers from around the U.S. in the growing defense industries. With all the new economy activity, California was lifted out of the Great Depression. Over 500,000 people moved to California from other states to work in the growing economy. California expanded its oil and mineral production to keep up with the war demand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Air Base San Pedro</span> World War II airfield in Los Angeles

Naval Air Base San Pedro, NAS Terminal Island was a US Navy World War II 410-acre airfield on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California part of the City of Los Angeles. Before the Navy took control of the airfield, the airstrip was the civilian Allen Field. Allen Field was built in 1927 by filling with sand the Port of Los Angeles and enlarging Terminal Island. Terminal Island is located between San Pedro Harbor and Long Beach Harbor. Allen Field was serviced by the Pacific Electric and pedestrian ferries. The air terminal has three runways in a triangle shape, two short runways and one 4,200 foot runway. A large seaplane ramp was also built at the terminal. A Naval Air Reserve Training Facility was built next to Allen Field in 1927 and used the runway - ramp. Civilian use ended in 1935 and the site began an air base, later renamed Reeves Field San Pedro, after Rear Admiral Joseph M. Reeves. On on 25 September 1941 Naval Air Base San Pedro became part of Naval Operating Base Terminal Island. In 1942 many Reserve troops were trained at the Naval Air Base. In 1943 the Navy took over operations and the Reserve was moved to Naval Air Base Los Alamitos. The base was renamed Naval Air Station Terminal Island and continued as a training base until the end of the war in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bethlehem Shipbuilding San Pedro</span> Shipyard in San Pedro, California, United States

Bethlehem Shipbuilding San Pedro was a major shipbuilding company on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California owned by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation. To support the World War 2 demand for ships Bethlehem Shipbuilding San Pedro built: US Navy Destroyers and after the war tugboats. The yard became involved in World War II production in the early shipbuilding expansions initiated by the Two-Ocean Navy Act of July 1940. At its peak during the war about 6,000 worked at the yard, Bethlehem Shipbuilding San Pedro shipyard was opened in 1918 as Southwestern Shipbuilding by Western Pipe & Steel. Western Pipe & Steel sold the shipyard to Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation in 1925. Shipbuilding ended after World War 2 in 1946. In 1983 the shipyard was sold to Southwest Marine. In 1997 Southwest Marine operated four shipyards, which they sold to The Carlyle Group. Carlyle Group renamed the shipyard US Marine Repair. In 2002 US Marine Repair sold all six of its yards to United Defense Industries. In 2005 it was sold to BAE Systems but the yard was not used and the yard is now part of the Port of Los Angeles. The shipyard was located at 1047 South Seaside Ave, San Pedro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craig Shipbuilding Company</span> Shipyard in Long Beach, California, United States

Craig Shipbuilding was a shipbuilding company in Long Beach, California. To support the World War I demand for ships Craig Shipbuilding shipyard switched over to military construction and built: US Navy Submarines and Cargo Ships. Craig Shipbuilding was started in 1906 by John F. Craig. John F. Craig had worked in Toledo, Ohio with his father, John Craig (1838-1934), and Blythe Craig, both shipbuilders, their first ship was built in 1864 at Craig Shipbuilding Toledo. John F. Craig opened his shipbuilding company in Port of Long Beach on the south side of Channel 3, the current location of Pier 41 in the inner harbor, becoming the port's first shipyard. In 1908 Craig Shipbuilding was given the contract to finishing dredging of the Port of Long Beach inner harbor and to dredge the channel connecting it to the Pacific ocean. In 1917 Craig sold the shipyard to the short-lived California Shipbuilding Company. but then opened a new shipyard next to the one he just sold and called it the Long Beach Shipbuilding Company. The Long Beach Shipbuilding Company built cargo ships in 1918, 1919, and 1920 for the United States Shipping Board.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Operating Base Terminal Island</span> World War II Naval Base in Los Angeles

Naval Operating Base Terminal Island, was United States Navy base founded on 25 September 1941 to support the World War II efforts in the Pacific War. Naval Operating Base Terminal Island was founded by combining Naval Facilities in cities of San Pedro, Long Beach and Wilmington, California under one command. Much of the base was on the man-made Terminal Island, and harbor in San Pedro Bay. The harbor was made through the construction of a large breakwater system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Base San Pedro</span> World War II Naval Base in Los Angeles

Naval Base San Pedro and San Pedro Submarine Base were United States Navy bases at the Port of San Pedro, California officially founded in 1919. While commissioned in 1919, the Navy started operating out of the port in 1910, by renting dock space at the City of San Pedro's Dock No. 1 in 1914. The Navy had vessels stationed at the port starting in 1913. The San Pedro Submarine Base closed in 1923, with the end of World War I. Naval Base San Pedro became part of Naval Operating Base Terminal Island on 25 September 1941, which closed in 1947.

References

  1. ↑ "Map | Wilmington Neighborhood Council" . Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  2. 1 2 Laura Pulido; Laura Barraclough; Wendy Cheng (24 March 2012). A People's Guide to Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 250. ISBN   978-0-520-95334-5 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  3. ↑ Gerrie Schipske (31 October 2011). Early Long Beach. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-7385-7577-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  4. ↑ "Los Angeles Harbor Communities | History | Port of Los Angeles". www.portoflosangeles.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  5. ↑ "Water and Power Associates". waterandpower.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  6. ↑ "Port of Los Angeles Virtual History Tour | Port History". www.laporthistory.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  7. 1 2 White, Michael D. (13 February 2008). The Port of Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 57–60. ISBN   978-0-7385-5609-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Denger, Mark. "Historic California Posts: Naval Air Station, Terminal Island" . Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  9. ↑ Morrison, Patt (December 7, 2021), "Before Pearl Harbor, L.A. was home to thriving Japanese communities. Here's what they were like", The Los Angeles Times
  10. ↑ "Preserving California's Japantowns - Terminal Island". www.californiajapantowns.org. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  11. ↑ Kashima, Tetsuden (1997). Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. University of Washington Press. p. 108. ISBN   978-0-295-97558-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  12. ↑ Niiya, Brian; Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.) (1993). Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present. VNR AG. p. 327. ISBN   978-0-8160-2680-7 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  13. ↑ "Terminal Island Memorial Monument | Japanese-City.com". www.japanese-city.com.
  14. ↑ "California Shipbuilding Corporation (CalShip) Collection". oac.cdlib.org.
  15. ↑ Sides, Josh (12 June 2006). L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. University of California Press. p. 64. ISBN   978-0-520-24830-4 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  16. ↑ Porter, Darwin (30 March 2005). Howard Hughes: Hell's Angel . Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. pp.  710–11. ISBN   978-0-9748118-1-9 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  17. ↑ McLellan, Dennis (25 May 2012). "'Big Willie' Robinson dies at 69; L.A. drag race organizer". Los Angeles Times .
  18. ↑ "LA Port Plan Makes Terminal Island Preservation a Key Goal". National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved January 19, 2014.
  19. 1 2 staff (January 5, 2014). "A look at 10 historic sites save, 10 lost in 2013". Associated Press as reported by the Post Crescent . p. F3.
  20. ↑ Samantha Masunaga (19 April 2018). "SpaceX gets approval to develop its BFR rocket and spaceship at Port of Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times .
  21. ↑ Berger, Eric (2018-03-19). "SpaceX indicates it will manufacture the BFR rocket in Los Angeles". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  22. ↑ Masunaga, Samantha (2020-02-20). "SpaceX wants to build its Mars Starship at Port of L.A. — again". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  23. 1 2 Daniel Z. Sui (19 June 2008). Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security: Research Frontiers and Future Challenges. Springer. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-4020-8339-6 . Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  24. ↑ Debnath, Neela (2019-08-12). "The Terror Infamy location: Where is it filmed? Where's it set?". Daily Express. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  25. ↑ "New season of 'The Terror' brings horror of Japanese American internment to life". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  26. ↑ "Cannery – Visiting (422) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University". 7 December 2016.

33°45′25″N118°14′53″W / 33.756963°N 118.248126°W / 33.756963; -118.248126

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.