Long Beach Naval Shipyard

Last updated

Long Beach Naval Shipyard
Long Beach Naval Shipyard.jpg
Long Beach Naval Shipyard in 1993; USS Ranger can be seen in Dry Dock no. 1.
Coordinates 33°45′26″N118°13′52″W / 33.75722°N 118.23111°W / 33.75722; -118.23111
CodeLBNSY
Site history
BuiltFebruary 1943
In useuntil 30 September 1997 (1997-09-30)

The Long Beach Naval Shipyard (Long Beach NSY or LBNSY), which closed in 1997, was located on Terminal Island between the city of Long Beach and the San Pedro district of Los Angeles, approximately 23 miles south of the Los Angeles International Airport. [1] The primary role of NSY Long Beach at the time of its closure was overhaul and maintenance of conventionally-powered US Navy surface ships, but it also had served as the homeport for several auxiliary ships during its operating history. [2]

Contents

LBNSY description

Undated aerial photo of the shipyard with downtown Long Beach in the background U.S. Naval Air Station, Los Alamitos, no date, no number. AERIAL OF ROOSEVELT BASE - Roosevelt Base, Bounded by Ocean Boulevard, Pennsylvania Avenue, Richardson Avenue, and HABS CAL,19-LONGB,3-12.tif
Undated aerial photo of the shipyard with downtown Long Beach in the background

The Long Beach NSY industrial area encompassed 119 acres (48 ha) of the total 214 acres (87 ha) owned. [1] [2] There were 120 permanent, 39 semi-permanent, and 6 temporary buildings, for a total of 165 buildings. [2] There were 17 different shop work areas and 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2) of covered building space. [2] The shipyard had three graving docks, and five industrial piers. [2] There were 12,307 feet (3.751 km) (measured linearly) of ship berthing space. [2] Crane capacity ranged from 25 short tons (23 t) to 67 short tons (61 t) (portal) and from 25 short tons (23 t) to 112 short tons (102 t) (floating). [2]

"Herman the German" (YD-171) at Long Beach NSY in 1957. Herman the German crane at Long Beach Navy Yard in 1957.jpg
"Herman the German" (YD-171) at Long Beach NSY in 1957.

One of the large cranes at Long Beach NSY, YD-171, was nicknamed "Herman the German" based on its origin as a floating crane for the Kriegsmarine (one of four ships in the class). It is a large self-propelled crane standing 374 feet (114 m) tall with a lifting capacity of 385 short tons (349 t), and was claimed to be the largest floating crane in operation as of 1957. [3] "Herman the German" was seized as a war prize following the end of World War II. "Herman" was dismantled and transported across the Atlantic through the Panama Canal to Long Beach, where it was reassembled and subsequently served at the Long Beach NSY from 1946 to 1996. While serving at Long Beach, it participated in the refurbishment of the battleships USS Missouri and New Jersey in the 1980s and lifted the Hughes H-4 ("Spruce Goose") from its original hangar in Long Beach when it was relocated to its geodesic dome from 1980 to 1982 for tourist display by the Wrather Corporation. [4] Following the closure of the shipyard, the crane was sold to the Panama Canal Commission and was transported on the semi-submersible ship "Sea Swan" (IMO 8001000) to the Panama Canal Zone, where it currently serves as the floating crane "Titan". [5]

Dry Dock 1 had plan dimensions of 143 by 1,092 feet (44 by 333 m), and Dry Docks 2 and 3 had plan dimensions of 92 by 693 feet (28 by 211 m). [6]

The total naval presence on Terminal Island included two installations (Long Beach Naval Shipyard, 563 acres (228 ha) and Long Beach Naval Station, 928 acres (376 ha)), for a total of 1,095 acres (443 ha) on Terminal Island and 319 acres (129 ha) of off-base housing. [7] Half to two-thirds of the area of the finished NSY was built on new fill, so structures were supported on piles. [6]

Dry Docks

Dock No.Material of which dock is constructedLengthWidthDepthDate CompletedSource
1Concrete1,093 feet 6 inches (333.30 m)155 feet (47 m)44 feet 3 inches (13.49 m)1942 [8]
2Concrete687 feet 6 inches (209.55 m)104 feet (32 m)37 feet (11 m)1943
3Concrete687 feet 6 inches (209.55 m)104 feet (32 m)36 feet (11 m)1943

History

Roosevelt Base, Administration and Brig Building VIEW OF BUILDING 1. SOUTH WING, FACING NORTHWEST - Roosevelt Base, Administration and Brig Building, Bounded by Nevada and Colorado Streets, Reeves and Richardson Avenues, Long HABS CAL,19-LONGB,3A-3.tif
Roosevelt Base, Administration and Brig Building
Roosevelt Base VIEW OF ROOSEVELT BASE TAKEN FROM TOP OF TOWER, BUILDING 1, FACING NORTHEAST WITH NORTH WING OF BUILDING 1 IN FOREGROUND - Roosevelt Base, Bounded by Ocean Boulevard, HABS CAL,19-LONGB,3-6.tif
Roosevelt Base

Navy presence on Terminal Island started in 1938. The Terminal Island Naval Dry Docks were authorized in June 1940, and construction began in August 1940 on one large drydock and two smaller docks. Recreation facilities, personnel and shop buildings were ordered in February 1942, and work began on Drydocks 2 and 3 and several piers in April 1942. [6] On 9 February 1943, the Secretary of the Navy established the facilities as the US Naval Dry Docks, Roosevelt Base, California. [2] Also in 1943, a barrack for Marines was built, work began on another approach pier, a 50 short tons (45 t) drydock crane was erected, and several shop buildings were started. In 1944, work started on the pontoons destined to be used in a "temporary" bridge to Terminal Island. The pontoon bridge would not be removed until the opening of the Gerald Desmond Bridge in 1968. [6] The name of this facility was changed to Terminal Island Naval Shipyard on 30 November 1945. [2] On 15 November 1946, the adjoining Naval Station Long Beach was established. [7] The shipyard was renamed Long Beach Naval Shipyard (NSY) in March 1948. [2]

During World War II, the naval dry docks provided routine and battle damage repairs to a parade of tankers, cargo ships, troop transports, destroyers, and cruisers. Peak employment of 16,091 civilian employees was reached in August 1945. [2]

Long Beach NSY was equipped with facilities and skills to perform all non-nuclear structural, sheet metal, boiler, rigging, electronics, electrical, insulating, lagging, ordnance, sandblasting, welding, machining, woodworking, painting, pipe fitting, and other work pertaining to the overhaul and repair of surface ships. The shipyard possessed complete design, engineering, combat systems, quality assurance, planning and public works capabilities to support its industrial work. Dry dock No. 1 was designated the West Coast nuclear powered aircraft carrier (CVN) emergency dry dock. [2]

Long Beach NSY was placed in an inactive status on 1 June 1950. The Korean War began less than one month later, and the shipyard was reactivated on 4 January 1951. [1] [2]

Bow of USS Kearsarge (CV-33) at Long Beach Naval Station, 1969 Bow of USS Kearsarge (CVS-33) at Long Beach NS 1969.JPG
Bow of USS Kearsarge (CV-33) at Long Beach Naval Station, 1969

Through the years the shipyard accomplished several special projects in addition to its primary mission. These included support or scientific projects in conjunction with programs like POLARIS, POSEIDON, and SEALAB. [1] [2]

USS New Jersey (BB-62) with the "Herman the German" crane, circa 1982 USS New Jersey (BB-62) with Herman the German crane at Long Beach Navy Yard c1982.jpg
USS New Jersey (BB-62) with the "Herman the German" crane, circa 1982
USS New Jersey (BB-62) in drydock, 1982 New Jersey Modernized.jpg
USS New Jersey (BB-62) in drydock, 1982

Closure

USS Nevada and Mobile at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, 1990 USS Nevada (SSBN-733) and USS Mobile (LKA-115) at Long Beach NS 1990.JPEG
USS Nevada and Mobile at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, 1990

Long Beach NSY was evaluated under every round of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) for possible closure since the inception of the BRAC process in 1988. [9] In 1993, California congressmen Horn and Rohrabacher cited the military value of the shipyard [10] in a successful attempt to keep it open. Mare Island NSY was closed following the 1993 evaluations, and the vote in favor of keeping LBNSY open was narrowly decided by the BRAC Commission chairman's tiebreaking vote. [11]

However, two years later, the naval shipyard was recommended for closure in the 1995 round of BRAC evaluations (BRAC IV) by then-Defense Secretary William Perry. Although the commission toured Long Beach NSY in April 1995, the BRAC Commission elected not to override the recommendation to close Long Beach NSY, [12] [13] and closure was completed on 30 September 1997. [7] By 2004, 72% of the land had been turned over to the City of Long Beach by the military. [14]

The shipyard appears in a 1995 episode of Visiting... with Huell Howser . [15]

Civilian use

In 1997, COSCO (The China Ocean Shipping Company) wanted to lease the space from the City, including building a $400 million cargo terminal. It was opposed by Rush Limbaugh, as the company was owned by the Communist run People's Republic of China, and was being reviewed for national security by the Department of Defense. [13]

After review by the DoD and CIA, the lease went through, at an agreed-upon payment of $14.5 million per year from the Chinese, with renewal scheduled after ten years. [16] However, continued controversy and opposition by Republican lawmakers caused cancellation of the lease, and the new cargo terminal, which was in fact built by the Long Beach Harbor Department (Port of Long Beach), was leased to Hanjin Shipping, a South Korean firm. Hanjin was the majority partner in Total Terminals International (TTI), which was the primary tenant at Pier T [17] [ better source needed ] until the financial collapse of Hanjin in August 2016. Hanjin entered talks to sell its stake in the Long Beach Terminal to its minority partner in TTI, Mediterranean Shipping Company in October 2016. [18]

Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach

Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach was opened at Long Beach Naval Shipyard for use as part of the United States Navy reserve fleets, also called a mothball fleet. The Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach was used to store the now many surplus ships after World War II. Some ships in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach were reactivated for the Korean War and Vietnam War. At its closing the ships stored at Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach were either scrapped or moved to other reserve fleets. Three ships reactivated for the Korean War were three minesweepers on March 1, 1952 the: USS Competent (AM-316), USS Gladiator (AM-319) and USS Devastator (AM-318). [19] [20] [21] USS Bucyrus Victory (AK-234) was place in the fleet in August 1969 and sold for scrapping the same year. The USS Isle Royale (AD-29) was laid in the fleet and used as the headquarters of the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Long Beach, in June 1962 she was put back in service for the Vietnam War. [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philadelphia Naval Shipyard</span> Naval shipyard of the United States

The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard was the first United States Navy shipyard and was historically important for nearly two centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston Navy Yard</span> Shipbuilding facility in the United States Navy

The Boston Navy Yard, originally called the Charlestown Navy Yard and later Boston Naval Shipyard, was one of the oldest shipbuilding facilities in the United States Navy. It was established in 1801 as part of the recent establishment of the new U.S. Department of the Navy in 1798. After 175 years of military service, it was decommissioned as a naval installation on 1 July 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunters Point Naval Shipyard</span> Former US Navy installation in San Francisco

The Hunters Point Naval Shipyard was a United States Navy shipyard in San Francisco, California, located on 638 acres (258 ha) of waterfront at Hunters Point in the southeast corner of the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard</span> United States Navy shipyard in Hawaii

The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility is a United States Navy shipyard located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 148 acres. It is one of just four public shipyards operated by the United States Navy. The shipyard is physically a part of Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Base San Diego</span> US Navy facility in California

Naval Base San Diego, also known as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest surface ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 150 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 1,600 acres (650 ha) of land and 326 acres (132 ha) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charleston Naval Shipyard</span> Former U.S. Navy ship building and repair facility

Charleston Naval Shipyard was a U.S. Navy ship building and repair facility located along the west bank of the Cooper River, in North Charleston, South Carolina and part of Naval Base Charleston.

USS <i>Oak Ridge</i>

USS Oak Ridge (ARD-19/ARDM-1) was originally a United States Navy Auxiliary floating drydock suitable for dry docking destroyers, submarines and landing craft, built by the Pacific Bridge Company. In the early 1960s she was upgraded to support Los Angeles-class submarines, and re-classified as ARDM-1-class. A stern door and enclosed bow design allows for open ocean transits. The dock is non-propelled and therefore must be taken under tow to operational areas of the fleet. A steering mechanism with twin rudders is installed to facilitate this operation. Sufficient electrical power was provided by four diesel-driven generator sets to maintain all normal and operational requirements. Living, berthing, and mess facilities are provided for the dock's complement of 5 officers, 10 CPO's and a crew of 186.

USS <i>Artisan</i>

USS Artisan (ABSD-1), later redesignated as (AFDB-1), was a ten-section, non-self-propelled, large auxiliary floating drydock of the United States Navy. The only U.S. warship with this name, Artisan was constructed in sections during 1942 and 1943 by the Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, in Everett, Washington; the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, in Eureka, California; the Pollock-Stockton Shipbuilding Company, in Stockton, California; and the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, in Morgan City, Louisiana. This ship was commissioned at Everett, Washington, on 10 May 1943, Captain Andrew R. Mack in command. With all ten sections joined, she was 927 feet long, 28 feet tall, and with an inside clear width of 133 feet 7 inches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Service Squadron</span> Unit of the US Navy

A Service Squadron (ServRon) was a United States Navy squadron that supported fleet combat ships and US Navy Auxiliary ships. Service Squadrons were used by the US Navy from their inception in 1943 to as late as the early 1980s. At the time of their inception during the Second World War they allowed the US Navy to operate across the vast reaches of the Pacific Ocean for extended periods of time. Service Squadrons created temporary forward bases to allow the naval squadrons to spend less time in transit and more time in the area of combat. Ulithi, a small volcanic atoll in the central Pacific, is an example of a site converted for use as a forward base of supply. Service Squadrons essentially created a major naval base near the area of operation. With naval bases like, Naval Base Ulithi, to refit, repair and resupply, many ships were able to deploy and operate in the western Pacific for a year or more without returning to a major port facility. Among the vessels operating in service squadrons were tankers, Fleet oilers, refrigerator ships, ammunition ships, supply ships, floating docks and repair ships. They provided diesel, ordnance, aviation fuel, food stuffs and all other supplies. Equally important at places like Ulithi were the portable piers and floating dry docks which allowed many ships damaged by enemy action or Pacific storms to undergo repair without having to travel the thousands of miles back to a major US naval base. Ulithi was as far forward from the US naval base at San Francisco as the San Francisco base was from London, England. To have a fully functional major port in the middle of the Pacific was a significant aid to U.S. Navy operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Subic Bay</span> Port in Philippines

The Port of Subic Bay is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, on Subic Bay in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest, largest, historical and most important of ports in the Philippines. The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Station Pearl Harbor</span> United States naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii

Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a United States naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. In 2010, as part of the recommendations of the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) commission, the naval station was consolidated with the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base to form Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Since 1940, Pearl Harbor has been the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Boston Naval Annex</span>

The South Boston Naval Annex was a 167-acre (68 ha) United States Navy shipyard annex located in South Boston. It was the annex of the Boston Navy Yard, and was operational from the 1920 to 1974, when it was closed along with the main shipyard. The annex is also home to Dry Dock Number 3, one of the largest dry docks on the East Coast. Most of the former annex site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Historic District</span> Historic district in Washington, United States

Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is a large military-industrial complex located in Bremerton, Washington along the north shore of Sinclair Inlet, which opens to Puget Sound. This large shipyard is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in length along the shore and over a half-mile in width at its greatest distance across. The shipyard has nearly 1,000 facilities such as shipfitters shops, repair shops, drydocks, piers, cranes, crane rails, railways, and tunnels. In addition to the industrial facilities, supporting structures include: residences for officers and enlisted personnel, recreation facilities, boiler, electrical substations, fuel tanks, medical facilities, and canteens. The historic district is just over a tenth of the entire shipyard, 189 acres of the shipyard's 1,347 acres. Its greatest significance was during the Second World War when it repaired large warships damaged in the Pacific theater. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auxiliary floating drydock</span> Type of United States Navy drydocks

An auxiliary floating drydock is a type of US Navy auxiliary floating dry dock. Floating dry docks are able to submerge underwater and to be placed under a ship in need of repair below the water line. Water is then pumped out of the floating dry dock, raising the ship out of the water. The ship becomes blocked on the deck of the floating dry dock for repair. Most floating dry docks have no engine and are towed by tugboats to their destinations. Floating dry docks come in different sizes to accommodate varying ship sizes, while large floating dry docks come in sections and can be combined to increase their size and lift power. Ballast pontoon tanks are flooded with water to submerge or pumped dry to raise the ship.

USS <i>AFDM-2</i> Large auxiliary floating drydock of the US Navy

USS AFDM-2,, is an AFDM-3-class medium auxiliary floating drydock built in Mobile, Alabama by the Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company for the U.S. Navy. Originally named USS YFD-4, Yard Floating Dock-4, she operated by Todd Shipyards at New Orleans, Louisiana for the repair of US ships during World War II. YFD-4 was renamed an Auxiliary Floating Dock Medium AFDM-2 in 1945 after the war.

USS <i>ABSD-3</i> WWII American floating drydock

ABSD-3 is an advanced base sectional dock, constructed of nine advance base dock (ABD) sections for the US Navy as an auxiliary floating drydock for World War II. ABSD-3 was delivered to the US Navy in April 1944, and was commissioned on 27 October 1944. Advance Base Sectional Dock-3 was constructed in sections during 1942 and 1943.

USS <i>ABSD-6</i> WWII American floating drydock

ABSD-6 is an advanced base sectional dock which was constructed of nine advance base docks (ABD) sections for the US Navy as an auxiliary floating drydock for World War II. ABSD-6 was built by Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California. ABSD-6 was commissioned on 28 September 1944. Advance Base Sectional Dock-6 was constructed in sections during 1942 and 1943. Each section are 3,850 tons and are 93 feet long each. Each Section had a 165 feet beam, a 75 feet molded depth and had 10,000 tons lifting capacity each. There were 4 ballast compartments in each section. With all nine sections joined, she was 825 feet long, 28 feet tall, and with an inside clear width of 133 feet 7 inches. ABSD-2 had a traveling 15-ton capacity crane with an 85-foot radius and two or more support barges. The two side walls were folded down under tow to reduce wind resistance and lower the center of gravity. ABSD-6 had 6 capstans for pulling, each rated at 24,000 lbf (110,000 N) at 30 ft/min (0.15 m/s), 4 of the capstans were reversible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurley Marine Shipyard</span> Shipyard in Oakland, California, United States

Hurley Marine Shipyard of Hurley Marine Works also site of Naval Reserve Armory, Oakland and the Naval Industrial Reserve Repair Facility, Oakland was a shipyard in Oakland, California. The Hurley Marine Shipyard opened in 1940 on property that previously had belonged to the General Engineering & Drydock Company, in 1951 the yard was operated by Crowley Maritime Corporation. In 1964 the site was operated by Pacific Dry Dock and Repair Company. The shipyard closed in 1992, today most of the shipyard is vacant land with part of the land now Leal Seal Boat Works owned by Leal Charonnat, of Leal Charonnat - Architect & Engineering. A small boatyard operated at the site from 1935 to 1940. The shipyard was located at 321 Embarcadero Oakland on the San Francisco bay, Inner Oakland Harbor. Crowley Maritime Corporation was the parent corporation of Pacific Dry Dock, which used the shipyard to repair its fleet of tugboats and other ships. Pacific Dry Dock also operated a shipyard across from Coast Guard Island till 1991 at 1414 Embarcadero Oakland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Advance Base Espiritu Santo</span> Major World War 2 base

Naval Advance Base Espiritu Santo or Naval Base Espiritu Santo, most often just called Espiritu Santo, was a major advance Naval base that the U.S. Navy Seabees built during World War II to support the Allied effort in the Pacific. The base was located on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides, now Vanuatu, in the South Pacific. The base also supported the U.S. Army and Army Air Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and US Marine Corps. It was the first large advance base built in the Pacific. By the end of the war it had become the second-largest base in the theater. To keep ships tactically available there was a demand for bases that could repair and resupply the fleet at advance locations, rather than return them to the United States. Prior to December 7th, Pearl Harbor was the U.S. fleet's largest advance base in the Pacific. Espiritu became capable of all aspects necessary to support the Fleet's operations from fleet logistics in fuel, food, and ammunition, to transport embarkation for combat operations or returning to the continental United States. The ship repair facilities and drydocks were capable of attending to most damage and routine maintenance. Had it not existed, ships would have had to return to Pearl Harbor, Brisbane, or Sydney for major repairs and resupply. The base became a major R and R destination for the fleet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Operating Base Terminal Island</span> World War II Naval Base in Los Angeles

Naval Operating Base Terminal Island, was United States Navy base founded on 25 September 1941 to support the World War II efforts in the Pacific War. Naval Operating Base Terminal Island was founded by combining Naval Facilities in cities of San Pedro, Long Beach and Wilmington, California under one command. Much of the base was on the man-made Terminal Island, and harbor in San Pedro Bay. The harbor was made through the construction of a large breakwater system.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hale-Burns, Pamela (22 February 2011). "Quick facts about the Long Beach Naval Shipyard". Long Beach Press-Telegram. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Long Beach Naval Shipyard (NSY)". GlobalSecurity. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  3. ↑ "Ship's Service—By the Yard" (PDF). All Hands. No. 489. The Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin. October 1957. pp. 2–9. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  4. ↑ Lockett, Brian (1980–1982). "Howard Hughes' giant Flying Boat – Popularly called the Spruce Goose (Page 1)". Air-and-Space. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  5. ↑ "Titan Crane Re-assembly". Argonautics Marine Engineering, Inc. 1996. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Bingham, Kenneth E. (1947). "VIII: Navy Yards and Graving Docks". Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940–1946. Vol. 1. US Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks. pp. 201–203. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 "Former Naval Shipyard Long Beach". Base Realignment and Closure Program Management Office. 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  8. ↑ "Drydocking Facilities Characteristics" (PDF).
  9. ↑ Newton, Edmund (1 March 1995). "Shipyard Supporters Vow Fight". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  10. ↑ Bunting, Glenn F. (15 June 1993). "Legislators Make Final Plea to Keep Bases Open". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  11. ↑ Bornemeier (26 June 1993). "Long Beach Navy Shipyard Spared". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  12. ↑ Newton, Edmund (28 April 1995). "4 From Base Closure Panel Tour Shipyard". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  13. 1 2 Church, Janice (28 March 1997). "Shuttered Long Beach Naval Station Opens Door to Controversial Client". The Christian Science Monitor . p. 3.
  14. ↑ Murphy, Dean (15 May 2005). "More Closings Ahead, Old Bases Still Wait for Hopes to Be Filled". The New York Times . p. 1. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  15. ↑ "Long Beach Naval Shipyard- Visiting (314) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University".
  16. ↑ "Chinese Got Long Beach Deal!". The Daily Republican. 7 March 1997. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Total Terminals International – Pier T". Port of Long Beach. 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  18. ↑ Lee, Joyce (20 October 2016). "Hanjin Shipping in talks to sell Long Beach Terminal stake to MSC". Reuters. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  19. ↑ pacificwrecks.com Minesweeper back in service, March 1, 1952
  20. ↑ youtube.com, The Mothball Fleet
  21. ↑ youtube.com The USN Mothball Fleet - Storing up for a rainy day
  22. ↑ navsource USS Isle Royale (AD-29)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.